Priyanshu

Students who wish to prepare the Class 8 English can rely on the Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Ending the Evil. Become perfect with the concepts of BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Ending the Evil Questions and Answers score better grades in your exams. Detailed Solutions are provided to the concepts by experts keeping in mind the latest edition textbooks and syllabus.

BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Ending the Evil

Ace up your preparation by referring to the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 8 English and learn all the topics within. Click on the topic you want to prepare from the Class 8 Ending the Evil Questions and Answers prepare it easily. You can understand your strengths and weaknesses by practicing the Questions in Bihar Board Class 8 English Solutions PDF.

Let’s Do

Question 1.
Ask your teacher or your parents about another such custom in any religion as the burning of the effigies of Ravan, Kumbhakaran and Meghnad on Vijya Dashmi. Write all details about the custom in your own words.
Answer:
Hints: Do yourself.

Question 2.
Sketch the effigies of Ravana, Kumbhkaran and Meghnad.
Answer:
Hints: Do yourself.

Question 3.
Draw a picture of Lord Ram.
Answer:

Ending the Evil Summary in English

In Gandhi Maidan, in Patna, three huge effigies of Ravan, Kumbhkaran and Meghnad are erected to be burnt by Lord Ram. The creator of these effigies are Jamaluddin and his son Panni Lal. Jamaluddin has been doing this work for four decades. This is a symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity.

On the occasion of Vijayadashmi, a great gathering comes in Gandhi Maidan. On a stage, Lord Ram has to come to shoot arrows to bum the three effigies. A colourful procession starts from Naga Baba Thakurbadi in Kadam Kuan (Patna). The procession goes to Gandhi Maidan carrying on chariots Lord Ram, Lakshaman and Hanuman with his Vanari Sena.

Lord Ram shoots arrows and the three effigies are burnt into flames. The explosives put in them burst out producing defeaning sound. People of all class-V.V.IPS and the commoners enjoy the epic battle that conveys that goodness conquers over evil. The ceremony has become the annual feature of Patna.

Ending the Evil Summary in Hindi

गाँधी मैदान, पटना में प्रत्येक वर्ष रावण, कुम्भकरण और मेघनाद के तीन बड़े विशाल पुतले खड़े किये जाते हैं जिन्हें राम के द्वारा जलाया जाता है। इन पुतलों को बनाते हैं जमालुद्दीन और उसका पुत्र पन्नीलाल । जमालुद्दीन चार दशकों यानी चालीस साल से यह कार्य करता आ रहा है। यह हिन्दू-मुस्लिम एकता का प्रतीक है।

विजयादशमी के मौके पर गाँधी मैदान में एक बड़ी भीड़ जमा होती है। एक मंच बना होता है जिस पर राम आते हैं और अपने तीर चलाकर तीनों पुतलों को जलाते हैं। नागा बाबा ठाकुरबाड़ी, कदमकुआँ, पटना से एक रंगारंग जुलूस निकलकर गाँधी मैदान जाता है। जुलूस में रथ पर सवार होते हैं राम, लक्ष्मण और अपनी वानरी सेना के साथ हनुमान ।

भगवान राम तीर चलाकर तीनों पुतलों को आग के हवाले करते हैं। उन पुतलों के अन्दर स्थित पटाखों के फूटने से कानफाड़ शोर होता है। हर वर्ग के लोग इस मौके को देखने जमा होते हैं अमीर लोग और गरीब लोग सभी प्रत्येक वर्ष इस ऐतिहासिक युद्ध को देखने आते हैं जो हमें संदेश देता है कि बुराई पर अच्छाई की जीत होती है। यह समारोह, पटना का वार्षिक उत्सव बन गया है।

Ending the Evil Hindi Translation of The Chapter

Evil (adj) (एविल) = दुष्ट | Patnaites (adj)[पटनाइट्स] = पटना वाले (लोग) | Avail (v) [अवेल] = प्राप्त करना । Symbol (n) [सिम्बल] = प्रतीक | Act |एक्ट = नाटक का अंक । Dahan (v) [दहन] = जलाना । Identify (v) [आइडेन्टिफाई = पहचानना । Triumph (v) [ट्रिअम्फा = जीत हासिल करना | Eternal (adj) [इटरनल] = नित्य होने वाला, सनातन । Trace (v) [ट्रेस] = पता लगाना । Historical (adj) (हिस्टॉरिकल] = ऐतिहासिक । Nuance (n) [नूआन्स) = भाव तथा अर्थ इत्यादि में का सूक्ष्म अन्तर । Efligies (n) [एफिजिज] = पुतले । Sprawling (adj) स्पॉउलिंग) = बेढब या बेढंगे रूप से फैला हुआ | Anxiously (adv) (एशसली] = बेचैनी से। Arrival (n) [अराइवल] = आगमन | Epik (n) [एपिक] = महाकाव्य ।

Evident (adj) एविडेन्ट] = स्पष्ट, प्रकट | Mythology (n) [माइथोलॉजी] = पौराणिक कथा । Occasion (n) [ओकेजन] = अवसर । Overpowering (adj) [ओवरपावरिंग] = अत्यधिक । Equally (adv) [इक्वली] = समान रूप से | Event (n)[इवेन्ट] = घटना । Distinct (adj) [डिस्टिंक्ट] – विशेष । Rendering (v) [रैन्डरिंग] = प्रदान करना । Marathon (adj) [मैराथन] = लम्बा । Recite (v) [रिसाइट] = कविता-पाठ करना । Slogan (n)[स्लोगन] = नारा । Procession (n) [प्रोसेएशन] = जुलुस । Mega (adj) [मेगा] = बड़ा । Patiently (adv) [पेशेन्टली] = धैर्यपूर्वक । Moment (n) मोमेन्ट) = क्षण।

Humanity (n) [ह्यूमिनिटी) = मानवता’। Capacity (n) [कैपेसिटी] = ‘सामर्थ्य | Pour (v) [पोर] = गिरना । Drawn (v) [ड्रॉन] = खींचा जाना । Divine call (phr) [डिवाइन कॉल] = दैवीय पुकार/आवाज | Joined in (phr) [ज्वाइन्ड इन] = साथ आकर जुड़ गये, मिल गये । Chariot (n) [चैरिअट] = रथ । Pass through (phr) [पास थ्र] = किसी तरफ से गुजरना । Follow (v) [फॉलो] = साथ चलना । Procession (n) [प्रोसेंशन] = जुलूस | Frolicking (v) [फ्रॉलिकिंग] = खेलना, क्रीड़ा करना । Image (n) [इमेज] = आकार | Conjure (v) [कन्ज्योर) = निष्ठापूर्वक अनुरोध करना । Presence (n) (प्रेजेन्स] = उपस्थिति । Lobe (v) [लोब) = उछालना | Devotees (n) (डिवोटीज] = भक्त । Couple (n) [कपल] = जोड़ा। Lap (v) [लैप) = घेरना । Venue (n) [वेन्यू] = समारोह का स्थान । Excitement (n) [एक्साइटमेन्ट] = उत्तेजना । Ex”pansive (adj) [एक्सपेन्सिव] = विस्तार वाला

। Spill over (phr) [स्पिल pansive (adj) [एक्सपेन्सिव] = विस्तार वाला । Spill over (phr) [स्पिल ओवर) = भीड़ का एक-दूसरे पर गिर पड़ना । Point of time (phr). [प्वॉइन्ट ऑफ टाइम) = एक खास समय । Traditional (adj) [ट्रैडिशनल] = पारम्परिक, परम्परा के अनुसार से | Costume (n) (कॉस्ट्यूम] = पोशाक, पहनावा | Perform (v) (परफॉर्म] = कार्य को करना । Overwhelming (adj) [ओवरवेलमिंग] = अति प्रबल । Signal (n) [सिग्नल) = इशारा, संकेत । Royal (adj) [रॉयल) = राजकीय । Release (v) [रीलिज] = छोड़ना । aesthetically (adv) [एस्थेटिकली] = सुन्दरता से । Flames (n) [फ्लेम्स] = लपटें

Adrenalin (n) [एड्रिनेलिन] = उत्तेजना । Firework (n) [फायरवर्क) = पटाखें छोड़ना या फोड़ना। Reiteration (n)[रेइट्रेशन] = दुहराना । Timeless (adj) [टाइमलेस] = कुसमय का। Reality (n) [रिअलिटी] = सच्चाई | Reduced to ashes (phr) [रिड्यूस्ड टू एशेज] = राख में तब्दील (बदलना) हो जाना | Ash (n) [एश) = राख । Divine (adj) [डिवाइन] = पवित्र | Stuffed (adj)[स्टफ्ड] = भरा हुआ। Explosives (n) (एक्सप्लोजिव्स) = विस्फोटक पदार्थ, पटाखे । Earsplitting (adj) (ईअर-स्पिलिटिंग] = कान को बहरा कर देने वाला । Needless (adj) [नीडलेस] = निष्प्रयोजन, निरर्थक, बेकार | Fate (n) [फेट] = भाग्य । Befell (v) [बीफेल] = आ बीतना | Defeaning (adj) |डीफनिंग) = बहरा कर देने वाला । Giant (n) [जाएन्ट] = दानव, राक्षस । Grip (n) [ग्रिप = पकड़। Gripped (v) [ग्रिप्ड] = पकड़ लिया, दबोच लिया। Assault (n) [एसॉल्ट] = धावा, चढ़ाई। Reverbrerated (v) [रिवर्बरेटेड] = गूंज उठा ।

Trice (n) [ट्राइस] = क्षण । Inatrice (phr) [इन अ ट्राइस] = क्षण भर में ही। Colossal (adj) [कोलोसल] = बहुत बड़ा, दीर्घकाय । Engulf (v) [एनगल्फ] = निकलना । Blaze (n) [ब्लेज] = आग की लपटें । Display (v) [डिस्प्ले] = प्रदर्शन करना, दिखाना, प्रकट करना | Chanting (v) [चैन्टिंग] = मंत्रोच्चारण करना । Amidst (adv) [अमिडस्ट] = के बीच में | Gathering (n) [गैदरिंग] = भीड़, जमावड़ा | Dispersing (v) [डिस्पर्सिंग] = भीड़ का छंटना या कम होना । Visible (v) [विजिबल] = दिख पड़ना । Escape (v) (एस्केप = बचना । Commoners (adj) [कॉनर्स] = आम लोग ।

For-flung (adv) [फार-फ्लंग] = दूर पर स्थित ! Feature (n) [फीचर] = रूप, आकृति | Associated (v) [एसोसिएटेड] = जुड़ा हुआ। Organisation (n) [ऑरगेनाइजेशन] = संगठन । Great (adj) [ग्रेट] = महान | Religious (adj)[रिलिजिअस] = धार्मिक । Event (n) [इवेन्ट = अवसर, घटना । Taken out (phr) [टेकेन आउट] = लिया गया । Creator (n) [क्रिएटर] = रचयिता, निर्माता | Massive (adj) [मैसिव] = ठोस, भारी, बहुत बड़ा | Effigies (n) [एफिजिज] = पुतले । Ignore (v) [इग्नोर] = ध्यान न देना । Symbol (n) [सिम्बल] = प्रतीक । Erect (v) [इरेक्ट] = खड़ा करना । Marvels (n) [मार्वेल्स] = चमत्कार | Recall (v) [रिकॉल] – याद या स्मरण करना । Decade (n) [डिकेड] = दशक, दस वर्ष का समय । Job (n) [जॉब] = कार्य ।

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Students who wish to prepare the Class 8 English can rely on the Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Chapter 16 Harvesting Rain. Become perfect with the concepts of BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Chapter 16 Harvesting Rain Questions and Answers score better grades in your exams. Detailed Solutions are provided to the concepts by experts keeping in mind the latest edition textbooks and syllabus.

BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Chapter 16 Harvesting Rain

Ace up your preparation by referring to the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 8 English and learn all the topics within. Click on the topic you want to prepare from the Class 8 Chapter 16 Harvesting Rain Questions and Answers prepare it easily. You can understand your strengths and weaknesses by practicing the Questions in Bihar Board Class 8 English Solutions PDF.

Bihar Board Class 8 English Harvesting Rain Text Book Questions and Answers

A. Warmer

Question 1.
Do you like to play in the rain ? List the things which you do in the rainwater. Have you ever seen people collecting rain water ? How do they collect the water ?
Answer:
Ail children play in the rain. I also play in the rain. I run in the rain water. I play with the rainwater. Yes, I have seen people collecting rain water. They collect it in their buckets and tubs or large vessels.

B. Let’s Comprehend

B. 1. Think and Tell

B. 1. 1. Answer the following questions orally.

Question 1.
When is collecting water a very thrilling experience ?
Answer:
After facing scarcity or shortage of water for a long time.

Question 2.
When does the rainwater harvesting become useful and necessary ?
Answer:
In summer season.

Question 3.
What is a necessary step before collecting rain water ?
Answer:
To build slopping roofs attached with pipe going to ground connected with a cement tank to collect rain water.

B. 1. 2. State whether the following statements are true or false

Question 1.

1. The islands of Maldives received rainfall from North West monsoon.
2. The people in Maldives depend entirely on rain water harvesting for their needs for water.
3. All houses in Maldives have the sloping roofs made of corrugated iron.
4. The author’s school had water round the year.
5. Rain water is highly dependable.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. False

B. 2. Think and Write

B. 2. 1. Given below are the steps for harvesting rain in Maldives. But they are not in proper order. Put them in proper order.

1. The tank has a tap at its base.
2. Each newly built house is fitted with slopping roofs. made of corrugated iron.
3. Some house have a system for locking the tap.
4. This is ideal for collecting rainwater.
5. The pipe is extended in such a way as to deliver the water into tank.
6. Gutters are nailed to the base of the roof and sealed off at one end.
7. Die other end of gutter has a pipe that leads to a huge tank made of cement

Answer:
The proper order is as such:
2. Each newly build house is fitted with slopping roofs made of corrugated iron.
4. This is ideal for collecting rainwater.
6. Gutters are nailed to the base of the roof and sealed off at one end.
7. The other end of gutter has a pipe that leads to a huge tank made of cement.
5. The pipe is extended in such a way as to deliver the water into tank.
1. The tank has as tap at its base.
3. Some houses have a system for locking the tap.

B. 2. 2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

Question 1.
Ground water is becoming scarce and still its uses are many in our daily life. How can we gather and save water ?
Answer:
We should save water by following the process of rain-water harvesting. For this houses should have slopping roofs attached with corrugated iron pipe attached to a cement tank on the ground.

Question 2.
All of us enjoy rain. We get drenched in it. We play with the paper boats. What was the author’s experience of collecting rain water ?
Answer:
The author’s family had faced severe water shortage in the summers. So, they used to store rain-water in buckets and other pots.

Question 3.
Our parents and teachers instruct us not to drench ourselves in the 1st rain shower. Why according to the author the early rain water in the season should be allowed to go a waste ?
Answer:
In the process of rain-water-harvesting the early rain water should be allowed to go a waste as to clean the roof and the tank properly.

Question 4.
Huge amount of rain water is lost in our country. It is the wastage of natural resource. Do you agree with this view ? Give reasons.
Answer:
It is quite rightly said that huge amount of rain water be wasted in our country. I agree to it. It is due to lack of seriousness and sincerity to save the rain water or drinking water.

C. Word Study

C. 1. Correct the following words to make them meaningful.

Question 1.
(Experiance, corrgated, dilighted, incouraged, abundent)
Answer:

1. Experience – Experience
2. Corragated – Corrugated
3. Dilighted – Delighted
4. Incouraged – Encouraged
5. Abundent – Abundant

C. 2. Match the words in A with their meaning in B

Question 1.

Answer:

C. 3. Pick out the words which are opposite in meaning from the text

Question 1.
(plenty, wet, empty, always, lost)
Answer:
Words Opposite – words from the text

1. Plenty – Shortage
2. Wet – Dry
3. Empty – Filled
4. Always – Sometimes
5. Lost – Found

C. 4. Find out the sentences in which the following words have been used in the lesson. Then use these words in your own sentences.

Question 1.
(shortage, thrilling, experience, groundwater)
Answer:
shortage – I have shortage of money, right now.
thrilling – To climb on the hill was a thrilling experience for me.
experience – You must experience climbing on a hill.
groundwater – Ground water becomes almost dry in the summer season.

D. Grammar

D. 1. Participles used as adjectives.

Look at the following sentence :

collecting water during the June showers, especially after facing severe water shortage all summer was a thrilling experience.

Here, ’thrilling’ is a present participle (verb + -ing) used as an adjective. The past participle (verb + ed or -en) is also used as anadjective : e.g., ‘broken leg’. Look at some more examples :

Present participles	Past participles
1. We saw an entertaining movie. 2. Robot is an exciting movie. 3. Robot has amazing visuals.	1. I kept the tickets in sealed envelopes. 2. I wasn’t bored during the movie. 3. Are you interested in action movies ?

In some cases, both the present participle and the past participle of the same verb can be used as adjective. For example:

amazing	amazed	frightening	frightened
boring	bored	interesting	interested
exciting	excited	surprising	surprised
convincting	convinced	terrifying	terrified
tiring	tired	disappointing	disappointed

Past participles, when used as adjectives, can be found in phrases such as the following:

• a broken leg
• a closed door
• crowded bus
• an air – conditioned building
• a married woman
• a used car
• a known fact
• a locked door
• an injured soldier
• a broken promise
• an educated person
• a sealed envelope

An adverb can be placed before past participle adjectives:

• a well known fact
• a well educated person
• a well behaved child
• a slightly used book
• a closely watched experiment
• closely related languages
• a well dressed woman
• a highly paid actor

Difference between almost and nearly.

Almost and nearly have similar meanings; They are both used to express ideas connected with progress, measurement or counting

He slipped and almost fell to the ground.

He slipped and nearly fell to the ground.
Dinner is almost/nearly ready. (= Dinner will soon be ready.)
Sometimes almost shows more ‘nearness’ than nearly.

Compare:
It is nearly 12 o’clock. (= perhaps 11.45)
It is almost 12 o’clock. (= perhaps 11.55)

Nearly can be used with very and pretty. Almost cannot be used with very and pretty.
I have pretty nearly finished. (NOT I have pretty almost finished.)

Nearly suggests progress towards a goal. Almost suggests ideas such as similarity.

He is almost like a father to me. (NOT He is nearly like a father to me.)
She has got a good accent.. She almost sound American.

Almost is never used with a negative:
you could say “A is almost as good as B” or “A is nearly as good as B”, but you can’t say “A is almost not as good as B”.

Nearly is not normally used before negative words like never, nobody, nothing, any etc. Instead we use almost or hardly with ever, anybody, anything etc.

The speaker said almost nothing.
Or
The speaker said hardly anything. (= The speaker said only a few words of little importance.) [NOT The speaker said nearly nothing.]

Almost nobody came.
Or
Hardly anybody came. (NOT Nearly nobody came.)

D. 1. 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct participle (present or past) of the verb given in brackets. One has been done for you.

Ex: I was bored (bore) during the me and fell asleep.

1. After washing clothes for two hours, I felt _______ (tire).
2. Last night I saw an _______ (interest) movie.
3. I didn’t enjoy watching Godzilla. It was a _______ (frighten) movie.
4. I have two sisters. One is single. The other is _______
5. Learning a new language is sometimes very _______ (frustrate).
6. The children were _______ (excite) to see the tigers at the circus.

Answer:

1. tired
2. interested.
3. frightening
4. surprised.
5. frustrating
6. excited.

D. 1. 2. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate past participle. One has been done for you.

Ex : 1 can’t go to the library because the door is locked.

1. Where is the Golphar _______ ?
2. Last night 1 slept only for five hours. I’m so _______ today.
3. My room isn’t _______ so it’s hot in the summer.
4. 1 have two sisters. One is single. The other _______
5. Anuj wasn’t _______ in Patna. He came here when he was six years old.
6. Many movies are _______ in Bollywood.
7. Which director was _______ in making the movie ?
8. Our school bus is always _______
9. Children shouldn’t be _______ to watch movies late a night.
10. Manoj Bajpai is a well _______ actor.

Answer:

1. Where is the Golghar situated ?
2. Last night I slept only for five hours. I’m so exhausted today.
3. My room isn’t air-conditioned, so it’s hot in the summer.
4. I have two sisters. One is single. The other is married.
5. Anuj wasn’t born in Patna. He came here when he was six years old.
6. Many movies are made tn Bollywood.
7. Which director was involved in making the movie ?
8. Our school bus is always late.
9. Children shouldn’t be allowed to watch movies laic at night.
10. Manoj Bajpai is a well known actor.

D. 2. Sequence of tenses

If one clause follows another, its verb takes from accord¬ing to certain rules. This is what we call sequence of tenses. The term sequence of tenses refers to the systematic way in which we alter the speaker’s verb tenses to make clear that all events, past or future, are not simultaneous.

The speaker says, “I am tired of hearing that song.”

We correctly report it: He said he was tired of hearing the song.
Here, changing the tense of the speaker from present to simple past constitutes about most of the process we call sequence of tenses.

We do not say : He says he is tired of hearing the song. The source says : “The weather is bad.”
We then would say/write : He said the weather was bad. Some rules regarding the sequence of tenses are :

1. If the main clause of a complex sentence is in the present tense or future tense, the verb of the dependent clause may take any form any tense. For example :

• I know that he is a good singer, (present tense after a present tense)
• I know that Anshu will help me. (future tense after a present tense)
• I will sec whether Sabiha finished her homework or not. (past tense after a future tense).

2. When the independent clause is in the past tense, the dependent clause must also be in the past tense. For example :

• Anu asked me why 1 was late, (past tense alter a past tense)
• Aslani told me that he was very tired, (past tense after a past tense)
• Ayesha replied that she had missed her train, (past tense after a past tense).

3. If the main clause is in the past tense, the dependent clause can be in the present tense only if it states a universal truth. For example :

• My mother taught me that honesty is the best policy.
• We learnt in school that the earth is round in shape.

I. Fill up the blanks with the correct tense of the verb given in brackets.

1. Anil ran as fast as he _______ (can, could)
2. Just as we _______ the station, the train came. (reach, reached)
3. You will pass the exam if you _______ (try, tried).
4. He waited for his sister until she _______ (come, came).
5. The teacher taught us that green leaves _______ chlorophyll. (contain, contains, contained)
6. Peter said that it _______ him an hour to reach the station. (take, took)

Answer:

1. could
2. reached
3. try
4. came
5. contain
6. too.

II. Fill in the blanks with the correct auxiliary verbs.

1. Paras said that he _______ write the essay.
2. Sabiha told me that she _______ come.
3. Parvez says that he _______ sing a Hindi song.
4. I wished that I _______ buy a new bicycle.

Answer:

1. could
2. can
3. can
4. could.

E. Let’s Talk

Question 1.
Discuss the following in groups or pairs.
No water, no life.
Answer:
Pinki: It is rightly said that no water, no life.
Ankit: Yes, you’re right, without water we can’t survive.
Raj: No water means death of all the living creatures.
Pawan : So, we should save the every drop of water.

F. Composition

Question 1.
Write a letter to your friend describing how water can be saved through rain harvesting.
Answer:
Dear Ravi,

You will be glad to know that I have learned how to save water through rain harvesting.
To harvest the rain water, the houses should be built fitted with slopping roofs fitted with corrugated iron that should be attached to a cement tank on the ground having a tap that could be locked. When rain falls on the roof the rain water is drained to the tank and stored there.

I wish you would be happy to know the process of ram water harvesting.
Waiting eagerly for your letter now.

Yours
Ankit

G. Translation

Question 1.
Translate the first two paragraphs of the lesson in Hindi or your mother tongue.
Answer:
(See, Hindi Translation of the Chapter. Translation of the first two paragraph are given there.)

H. Activity

Question 1.
List ways to save water.
Answer:
Water could be saved if we pay attention towards it. While taking bath we should not let the water run through the tap continuiously. We should store water in buckets and then take bath. Same is the case with brushing our teeth. We should take water in a mug or a small bucket and then sit to brush and not to brush under a running tap. We should also save rain water if necessary.

Harvesting Rain Summary in English

All over the world, there is shortage of drinking water. People should learn Rain water harvesting. So that, water is not wasted and we get rain-water stored for our domestic purposes in times of scarcity of water. Rain water is abundant, safe and very sweet and pleasant to drink, we must learn how to save rain water. The following lesson teaches us very well, the process of rain water harvesting.

Harvesting Rain Summary in Hindi

सारी दुनिया में पीने के पानी की बहद कमी है। लोगों को वर्षा-जल संग्रह की प्रक्रिया सीखनी चाहिए। यह वक्त की जरूरत है और वर्तमान के जल-संकट के दौर में बेहद जरूरी भी है। इस प्रक्रिया को सीखने से वर्षा जल जो काफी मात्रा में बर्बाद हो रहा है यह बर्बादी एक जायेगी और जब जल की कमी होगी, तो जमा किया हुआ जल हमारे पीने और अन्य घरेलू कार्यों के लिए उपयोग में आएगा । वर्मा–जल प्रचुर होता है, यह पीने में बेहद सुरक्षित होता है, साफ और भीटा होता है। प्रस्तुत पाठ हमें रोचक ढंग से और काफी सरलता से वर्षा-जल-संग्रह की प्रक्रिया को समझाता है जिसका हमें अनुकरण करना चाहिए।

Hindi Translation of The Chapter

Ever (adv) [एवर] = कभी । Showers (n) |शाबर्स] = बारिश । Shortage (n) शॉर्टज] = कमी । Thrilling (adj)[थ्रिलिंग] = रोमांचक । Experience (n) [एक्सपीरिएन्स] = अनुभव Adventure (n) [एडवेंचर] = रोमांच, साहसिक कारनामा/कार्य | Method (n) [मेथड] = तरीका । Domestic (adj) [डोमेस्टिक) = घरेलू | Archipelago (n) [आर्किपेलंगो] = टापुओं का समूह | Unpredictable (adj) [अनप्रिडिक्टेबल] = जिसके बारे में कुछ कहना या भविष्यवाणी करना संभव न हो । Fresh (adj) (फ्रेश]

= ताजा | New/tadv) [न्यूली] = नया बना हुआ । Slope (n) [स्लोप] = ढलान । Corrugated (adj) [कॉरूगेटेड] = नालीदार | Sealed (adj). (सील्ड] = बंद किया हुआ । Extend (v)|एक्स्टेन्ड = विस्तार करना | Ran dry (phr) [रैन ड्राई] = सूख गया । Plenty (adj) [प्लेन्टी] = बहुतायत, अत्यधिक । Extremely (adv) [एक्स्ट्रीमली] = बहुत ज्यादा, अधिकता से । Downpour (n) [डाउनपोर] = बारिश । Delighted (adj) [डिलाइटेड] = प्रसन्न । Encourage (v) [एनकरेज) = प्रोत्साहित करना । Level (n) [लेवेल] = स्तर | Abundant (adj) [एबन्डन्ट] = प्रचुर ।

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Students who wish to prepare the Class 8 English can rely on the Bihar Board Class 8 English Book SolutionsTenses. Become perfect with the concepts of BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Grammar Tenses Questions and Answers score better grades in your exams. Detailed Solutions are provided to the concepts by experts keeping in mind the latest edition textbooks and syllabus.

BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Grammar Tenses

Tense लिया का रूप है जो खास समय का बोध कराता है।

Tense is the form of a verb that denotes time of action.

Tense के तीन भेद हैं

1. Present Tense. प्रजेन्ट टेन्स वर्तमानकाल
2. Past Tense पास्ट टेन्स भूतकाल
3. Future Tense फ्यूचर टेन्स भविष्यत काल

1. Present Tense (वर्तमानकाल) Present Tense से वर्तमान समय में होने वाली क्रिया का बोध होता है । जैसे- I read. He plays.

2. Past Tense (भूतकाल) Past Tense से बीते हुए समय में होने वाली क्रिया का बोध होता है । He did it. He went home.

3. Future Tense (भविष्यत काल) Future Tense से आने वाले समय में होने वाली क्रिया का बोध होता है । I shall go. He will come.

प्रत्येक Tense के चार भेद हैं-

इसी तरह Past Tense और Future Tense के भी चार-चार भेद हैं। इन्हें Present के स्थान पर Past या Future शब्द रख देने से उस Tense – के भेद हो जायेंगे।

इस तरह तीनों Tense के कुल 12 भेद हैं ।

1. Present Indefinite (प्रजेन्ट इन्डंफिनिट) सामान्य वर्तमान-इस Tense से ऐसे कार्य का बोध होता है जो वर्तमान समय में सामान्य रूप से होता है।

1. जैसे- लड़के खेलते हैं – Boys play.
2. कुत्ता भौंकता है – The dog barks.
3. हमलोग स्कूल जाते हैं – We go to school.
4. वे लोग रोज टहलते हैं – They walk daily.

वाक्य की वनावट
सामान्यत: sub+ verb अपने मूल रूप में किन्तु जब subject Third person singular number में रहे तो verb (क्रिया) के साथ s/es जुड़ जाता है- sub + verb.

जैसे :

ध्यान रहे कि I/we/you/they के साथ verb अपने मूल रूप में आता He/She/It a Third Person Singular Number of art if के साथ s/es का प्रयोग जरूरी है।

Present Continuous Tense

इस Tense से verb (क्रिया) के जारी रहने का बोध होता है ।

1. जैसे- मैं पढ़ रहा हूँ। – I am reading.
2. हमलोग खेल रहे हैं। – We are playing.
3. आप आ रहे हैं। – You are coming.
4. वह रो रहा है। – He is weeping.

ऊपर के वाक्यों में am reading, are playing, are coming और is weeping Present Continuous Tense में हैं।

इस Tense के वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार होती है s + am/is/are+v+ ing

Table देखें

Present Perfect Tense

इस Tense से बोध होता है कि कोई (verb) क्रिया अभी समाप्त हुई है परन्तु उसका फल या प्रभाव बाकी है । जैसे

1. मैं पढ़ चुका हूँ। – I have read.
2. आप खा चुके हैं। – You have eaten.
3. वह जा चुकी है। – She has gone.

इन वाक्यों में have read, have eaten और has gone Present Perfect Tense में है।

इस Tense के वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार होती है..

Sub + have / has + V³

Note: V³ का अर्थ है verb का तीसरा रूप, जैसे go, went, gone इसमें gone verb का तीसरा रूप है । इस पुस्तक में verb के तीनों रूप की सूची दी गई है । छात्र इसे अवश्य कंठाग्र कर लें।

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

इस Tense से बोध होता है कि जो (Verb) क्रिया पहले शुरू हो चुकी है, वह अब भी जारी है । नीचे के वाक्यों को देखें –

1. मैं पढ़ता रहा हूँ। – I have been reading.
2. हमलोग गाते रहे हैं। – We have been singing.
3. तुम खाते रहे हों। – You have been eating.
4. वह सोता रहा है। – He has been sleeping.

इस Tense में been का प्रयोग होता है जो have/has के तुरंत बाद लगता है ।

वाक्य की बनावट इस प्रकार होती है।

Sub + have / has + been + V + ing

Past Indefinite Tense

-इस Tense से यह पता चलता है कि Verb (क्रिया) समाप्त हो गई है। जैसे

1. मैंने खाया । – I ate.
2. हमलोग गये। – We went.
3. आपलोग आ गए। – You came.
4. वह बोला । – He told
5. वे लोग गा चुके – । They sang.

इस वाक्य ate, went, came, told और sang Past Indefinite

इस Tense में V² का प्रयोग होता है Person Singular

Past Continuous Tense

इस Tense से पता चलता है कि बीते हुए समय में कोई काम हो रहा था अथवा जारी था।

नीचे के वाक्यों को देखें –

1. मैं पढ़ रहा था । – I was reading.
2. हमलोग जा रहे थे । – We were going.
3. तुम खा रहे थे। – You were eating.
4. वर्षा हो रही थी। – It was raining.
5. हवा बह रही थी। – Wind was blowing.

इन वाक्यों में was reading, were going, were eating, was raining और was blowing Past Continuous Tense में हैं । इस Tense के वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार है

Subject + was / were + v + ing

Past Perfect Tense

इस Tense से पता चलता है कि कोई काम पहले ही समाप्त हो चुका था । जैसे

1. वह आ चुका था – He had come.
2. मैं खा चुका था – I had eaten.
3. वह सो चुकी थी – She had slept.
4. वे लोग जा चुके थे – They had gone.

Note : इस Tense में जब दो क्रियाएँ एक दूसरे के पहले या बाद में होती है तो जो क्रिया पहले होती है वह Past Perfect Tense में होती है और बाद वाली क्रिया Past Indefinite में होती है ।

मेरे आने के पहले श्याम जा चुका था ।

इस वाक्य में श्याम के जाने का काम पहले हुआ और मेरे आने की क्रिया बाद में ।

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

इस Tense से पता चलता है कि कोई काम भूतकाल में जारी था । जैसे-मैं पढ़ता रहा था I had been reading.

बच्चा सुबह से रो रहा था The baby had been crying since morning.
दो दिनों से वर्षा हो रही थी It had been raining for two days.
लड़के चार घंटे से खेल रहे थे Boys had been playing for four hours.
ऊपर के वाक्यों में had been reading, had been crying.

had been raining it had been playing Past Perfect Continuous Tense में हैं।

वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार हैं

Future Indefinite Tense

इस Tense से बोध होता है कोई काम भविष्य में सामान्य रूप से होगा।

1. जैसे- मैं पढूँगा। – I shall read.
2. हमलोग जायेंगे । – We shall go.
3. वह गायेगी । – She will sing.
4. बच्चे खेलेंगे । – Children will play

इन वाक्यों में shall read, shall go, will sing और will play

Future Indefinite Tense की क्रियाएँ हैं ।

इस Tense में subject के साथ shall/will का प्रयोग होता है ।

वाक्य की बनावट- Subject + shall/will+V¹

Future Imperfect Tense

इस Tense से बोध होता है कि भविष्य में कोई काम जारी किन्तु अपूर्ण

इस Tense में shall/will के साथ be का प्रयोग होता है और main verb of Sub + shall/will + be + v + ing Person Singular
Plural First Person I shall be eating We shall be eating Second Person You will be eating You will be eating Third Person He/She/It will be They will be eating eating

Future Perfect Tense

इस Tense से पता चलता है कि भविष्य में कोई काम पूर्ण हो चुका रहेगा। जैसे

1. मैं खा चुकूँगा । – I shall have eaten.
2. हमलोग जा चुकेंगे । – We shall have gone.
3. तुम लिख चुकोगे । – You will have written.
4. वह आ चुका रहेगा । – He will have come.
5. वे लोग खेल चुके होंगे । – They will have played.

इस Tense में shall have/will have का प्रयोग होता है । वाक्य की बनावट इस प्रकार होती है- Sub+ shall have/will have + V¹ verb के तीसरे रूप का प्रयोग होता है ।

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

जिस Tense से पता चले कि कोई काम शुरू होकर लगातार जारी रहेगा। जैसे

मैं दो घंटे तक पढ़ता रहूँगा ।
I shall have been reading for two hours.

हमलोग दो सप्ताह तक काम करते रहेंगे ।
We shall have been working for two weeks.

आप पाँच दिनों तक गाते रहेंगे ।
You will have been singing for five days.

वे लोग कई वर्षों तक लड़ते रहेंगे ।
They will have been fighting for many years.

वाक्य की बनावट इस प्रकार होती है ;

Hope the data shared has shed some light on you regarding the Bihar Board Solutions of Class 8 English Grammar Tenses Questions and Answers . Do leave us your queries via the comment section and we will guide you at the earliest with help seeked. Stay connected with our website and avail the latest information in a matter of seconds.

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1. You visited the world-famous Taj Mahal of Agra last year. Write short writing in not more than 80 words describing your visit.
Answer:
A visit to a historical place is always educative. Last year I went to Agra. It has many buildings of historical interest. The most famous is the Taj Mahal. I was greatly impressed to see it. The white marble looks like silver. The four ‘Miliars’ add to its glory. The green lawns also add to its beauty. It looks like a dream, seeing it, in the moon-lit night. I can’t forget my visit, to the Taj Mahal.

2. You visited your city railway station one day to see your uncle off. Write short writing on this scene.
Answer:
The scene at a railway platform is always enjoyable in our country. It presents a picture of mini India. Last fortnight I went to the city railway station to see my uncle off. The platform was overcrowded. Passengers of many states like Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Assam, etc, were there. There were many stalls on the platform. Coolies, in a red dress, were also there. Passengers were taking tea. They were wailing for tire train. Soon the train came. My uncle got a seat and the train started. I returned home.

3. Write short writing on ’An Ideal Teacher’ in about 80 words.
Answer:
The ideal persons are rarely found in life. It is more so in the field of education. An ideal teacher is one who loves to leam and to teach. His mission in life is teaching. He sacrifices everything for education. He always offers his services to the society and the nation. He gives a lot to us, without taking anything in return. He has no interest in money or power. His only aim in life is to teach his students to be good persons. An ideal teacher is above worldly pleasures. He serves the people every time. I have great respect for my teacher.

4. If TV is viewed for a long time, it has bad effects. Write a short writing on this in not more than 80 words.
Answer:
TV has become an essential part of every house. It is the cheapest source of entertainment. Children find it the most popular. But it has Dad effects also. Seeing it for long hours harms the eyesight. The students neglect their studies. Their studies suffer. Many programmes are not of good fasteClhe youth forget their own age-old culture. Tneyadopt wrong paths of life. Their lives are spoiled. So, it should be watched properly.

5. You visited a holy place last week. Write a short writing in not more than 80 words describing your visit.
Answer:
Last week I went to a holy place. It is a place for all religions. It is a simple ‘saffladhi’ of an old saint. He lived in the city about eight hundred – years back and died here. People of all faiths and religions visit the samadhi every year on 14th January. They offer their prayers and chadars on the samadhi. I also offered my prayers’ I felt’ a strange kind of mental peace. I saw boys and girls, men and women praying before this great soul.

6. Visualised yourself ‘Wedding Ceremony’ you have seen recently and write a short writing in about 80 words. [2011(A)]
Answer:
The wedding ceremony of my friend “Ritesh” held on 25th March, 2011. His friends and relatives attended the ceremony in good numbers. The function was celebrated at “Utsav Marriage Hall”, Kankerbagh, Patna, There was a grand musical programme and an orchestra party had arrived from Kolkata The venue was highly decorated with colourful light and flowers. Varieties of sweets, chats, cola and hot drinks, ice-cream, veg and non-veg dishes were served. Everybody had participated in the musical programme joyfully and danced collectively with pleasure. The newly wedded” couple also shared the colourful occasion. Marriage gifts with happy wishes were presented to the couple. It was a memorable wedding ceremony. ‘

7. Write a short paragraph in about 60 words, on ‘Advantages of Travelling ‘with the follow ing points :
Educative value—geographical and historical places-learn a lot-a source of joy-life is dull without travelling – enables us to become good citizens.
Answer:
There are many advantages of travelling. It has a great educative value. We leam a lot of new things by visiting different places. It brings people of diufferent places closer, we also see geographical and historical places from which we leam a lot. It is a constant source of joy in the otherwise dull life of ours. So, life without travelling lacks interest and excitement. It widens our mental horizon. It enables us to become good citizens.

8. Write a short paragraph in about 60 words, on ‘The Qualities of My Principal’ covering me following points: Name-strict-punctual-cnforces discipline-teachers and students are punctual-learned-orator-improves the School.
Answer:
Mrs. Ila Smha the Principal of my school. She is a strict authoritarian. She has an impressive personality. She is always punctual. Every day she comes to school at 9 o’clockl and enforces discipline and-punctuality among the teachers and students. She is a learned woman. Sne is a great orator. Her speeches are very impressive. Her constant efforts have made our school an ideal institution. She is a great source of inspiration to us. •

9. A night before the examination.
Answer:
A night before the examination is a terrible night. The first paper of Board Examination was that of mathematics. Though prepared well, I had lost my confidence and hope. I became so upset that I almost decided to leave the examination that year. I continued my study till 2 a.in. In bed I was half- walking and half-sleeping. By 6 a.m. I got up and had a quick glance over my books. Though I was feeling nervous, I was hopeful of doing reasonably well.

10. Write a short paragraph in about 60 words, on ‘A Popular Student of Your School covering the following points or words in your paragraph Name-stands first-handsome and smart-love for teacher-captain of the cricket team behaviour towards classmate-other qualities.
Answer:
Words classmate-brilliant-first-handsome-respect-captain- intelligent-truthfulness-polite-inspiration. Rohan is a popular student of my school. He is my classmate. He is a brilliant student. He always stands first in our class. He is handsome and smart. He has charming behaviour. He always shows respect to all the teachers of the school. He is the captain of the cricket team of our school. His intelligence, truthfulness, politeness and honesty have made him popular among all the students of our school. He is a source of inspiration to us.

11. Write a short paragraph in about 60 words, on ‘Advantages of Female Education covering die following points: Share the burden of men- serve the society-necessary for making our home happy-make them aware of their rights and duties.
Answer:
Educated women can play an important part in the development of the country. They can share the burden of men in different walks of life. They can serve die society as teachers, doctors, lawyers, administrators and leaders. They can earn lots of money. Today it is difficult for the people of the middle class to run their family well. Female education is necessary for making our home happy and peaceful. Education makes women aware of their rights and duties.

12. Visualize yourself “A Trip to GolGhar” and write a short writting in about 80 words. [2013(A)]
Answer:
Golghar is a magnificant structure of historied importance situated at some distance to the west of Gandhi Maidan in Patna. It was built during the British rule in India. It looks like a very big dome standing, visualizing sky-high look, (as if touching thehorizental sky). There are about 150 staircases to reach at the top of the Golghar. I along with my family members visited the beautiful site of Golghar on 26th January. We became excited to see the architecture of the picturesque view of the grand dome of Goldghar. We went to the top Everything on the parkand nearby surroundings were lopking very small. We became tired after getting down. Then we took’ice-cream and some other ltemssto refresh ourselves and returned back to home.

13. Write a short paragraph in about 60 words, on ‘The Importance of Independence Day covering the following points:
The 15 August-a historic day-sacrifices of our people-source, of inspiration-India-major power-proud’ to be Indians.
Answer:
India became independent on the 15th August, 1947. So, Independence Day is celebrated every year on the 15th of August. It is a historic day. It reminds us of the sacrifices of our people for freedom of our country. It arouses patriotism in our hearts. It is a great source of inspiration to us. It is celebrated with great enthusiasm all over India. Today India is a major power. We are proud to be Indians.

We wish the knowledge shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 10 English Short Writing Questions and Answers has been helpful to you. If you need any further help feel free to ask us and we will get back to you with the possible solution. Bookmark our site to avail the latest updates on different state boards solutions in split seconds.

Guys who are planning to learn the fundamentals of English can avail the handy study material Bihar Board Class 10 English Reader Solutions Notice Writing Questions and Answers here. Refer to the Bihar Board English Solutions for Class 10 PDF available and score better grades. Simply click on the quick links available for Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions and prepare all the concepts in it effectively. Take your preparation to the next level by availing the Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions Notice Writing prepared by subject experts.

Bihar Board Class 10 English Notice Writing

Do you feel the concept of English difficult to understand? Not anymore with our Bihar Board Solutions for Class 10 English Notice Writing Questions and Answers. All the Solutions are given to you with detailed explanation and you can enhance your subject knowledge. Use the Bihar Board Textbook Solutions PDF free of cost and prepare whenever you want.
1. Write a notice in about 80 words for your school notice-board inviting students to give their names for a Fancy Dress Competition. [2013 (A)]

Answer:

St. Joseph’s Convent High School
Notice: 20.03.2013

The cultural society of our school is organizing a “Fancy Dress Competition” on 31st March at 4 P.M, in the auditorium. The district magistrate will preside over the function. ” Mr. Ghosh, the famous dress designer has kindly consented to be present on the occasion. He will make a thermal selection of the winners of the competition. The students desirous of participating in the fancy dress competition should contact the undersigned. ”

Vartika
Cultural Secretary

2. As the Secretary of the Dance Society of your school, write a notice in about 50 words to invite the students to watch a play in Hindi, Mention the title of the play, its writer, the venue and the time. [2012(A))

Answer:

National Public School, Nalanda
Notice: 25 Jan 2015
Bonanza for Hindi Play Viewers

Raj Nath’s famous play ‘Vishwakarma’ will be performed at 10 a.m, on 5 August 2012 at the School Auditorium.
Come and enjoy this rare treat.

Madan Kumar
Secretary
Dance Society’

3. You are Vinav. You are the Secretary of the Cultural Society of your ‘ school. You want to organise an award-giving function in voiir school. Write a notice in about 50 words inviting the students to attend the award giving function.

Answer:

Town High School, Ara
Notice: 29.3.2014

A function is being organised at our school playground at 4 p.m. on 18th April 2.012 to give the awards to the winners cf the smging competition. Playback singer Kumar Sanu will be the Chief Guest.

Viriay Kumar
Secretary
Cultural Society

4. As Secretary of the Arts Club of City Public School, you are organizing a Drawing and Painting camp. Write a notice in about 50 words, informing the students of the campana inviting them to register for the same. Give all the necessary details.
Answer:

City Public School, Vaishali
Notice: 19th March 2014
Drawing and Painting Camp

The Arts Club of our school is organizing a Drawing and Painting camp between 8 a.m. to 10 a.m. on 5 April 2012 in the school premises. Interested students are invited to register themselves with the undersigned by 25 March 2012.

Roliit Kumar
Secretary,
Arts Club

6. You are NeeraiKumar, the Head Bov of Modern Public School Patna. As part of Social Service, your school has decided to join ‘The City Clean Movement’. Write a notice in about 50 words, for your school notice board, asking for the names of the students who wish to participate in this campaign.

Answer:

Modern Public School, Patna
Notice: 4 April 2014
The City Clean Movement

Our School has decided to join the city clean movement ran by the local Red Cross, Students who wish to be a part of this social service should give their names to the undersigned latest by 11 April 2013.

Neeraj Kumar
(Head Boy)

7. You are Madan Lai, the Organising Secretary’ of the Inter School Football Competition to be held in your school. Write a notice in about 50 words to be put on the school notice-board asking the class monitors to meet you to discuss the details regarding the conduct of the competition.
Answer:

Zilla School, Darbhanga
Notice: 15 March 2014
Inter school Football competition

Class monitors must attend a meeting on IstApril2013 at 4 am in the Assembly Hall to discuss details regarding the conduct of Inter school Football Competition, in which 12 schools are participating, to be held in our school from 20th April 2013 to 30th April 2013.

Madan Lai
(Organising Secretary)

8. Write a notice in about 80 words for your school notice board inviting students to appear for trial in different items on 15th August. [2011(A)]

Answer:

Ram Mohan Roy Seminary, Patna
Notice: 5th March 2014.
Secretary.
Cultural society’

The cultural society of our school is inviting trials on different items to participate on 15lh August. All the students are cordially invited to appear for the trial on 10lh August at 10:00 A.M. in the school hall. There is no entry fee for the trial. You are requested to attend the trial at the time stated above. It is our duty to make the 15th August show a grand success.

Pankaj
Secretary, cultural society

9. You are Aman, secretary of Eco Club of Bihar Public School, Patna. Write a notice of about 50 words launching ‘Tree Plantation Drive’ in your school. Put the Notice in a box.

Answer:

Bihar Public School, Patna
Notice: 20 June 2014
Tree Plantation Drive

The Eco Club of our school is organising a Tree Plantation Drive on the World Environment Day. Over 1,000 new trees would be planted in the school campus on this day. Students are invited to bring seeds and saplings for making this drive a huge success. The drive will he inaugrated by the Principal on 5th July 2012 at 9 a.m. in the school ground.

Aman
(Secretary)

10. You are organising a talk by Dr. M. K. Swami, Professor of English, Jawaharlal Nehru university, Delhi, in which entry’ will be on first come first served basis. Write a notice, in about 50 yvords, mentioning details of date, time, venue, etc.
Answer:

Educational Society
Marwari High School, Patna
Notice: 25 June 2014
Talk by a Renoyvned Professor

The Educational Society of Marwari High School is organising a talk by Dr. M. K. S\vami, Professor of English, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, on 15th July 2012 in the School Lecture Theatre, at 5 p.m. Entry will be on the first come first served basis.

Debasish Dutta
(Co-ordinator)

11. You are Prabhat, studying in class X at Patliputra Public School, Patna. You have lost your wristwatch while playing football in the playground. Write a notice in about 50 words regarding the lost watch. Put the Notice in a box.

Patliputra Public School, Patna|
Notice: 25 April 2014
Lost Wrist Watch

I have lost my wristwatch while playing football in the school playground on 24 April 2012- It is a Titan watch having white diat. It has a golden strap. If anyone finds it, please return it to the Principal’s office.

Prabhat
Class X-‘A’

We wish the knowledge shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 10 English Notice Writing Questions and Answers has been helpful to you. If you need any further help feel free to ask us and we will get back to you with the possible solution. Bookmark our site to avail the latest updates on different state boards solutions in split seconds.

Guys who are planning to learn the fundamentals of English can avail the handy study material Bihar Board Class 10 English Reader Solutions Grammar Active and Passive Voice Questions and Answers here. Refer to the Bihar Board English Solutions for Class 10 PDF available and score better grades. Simply click on the quick links available for Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions and prepare all the concepts in it effectively. Take your preparation to the next level by availing the Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions Grammar Active and Passive Voice prepared by subject experts.

Bihar Board Class 10 English Grammar Active and Passive Voice

Active, Passive Voice & Quasi Passive
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए और इसपर विचार कीजिए कि list A और list B के वाक्यों में क्या अंतर है, विशेषकर उनके verbs के अर्थ और रूप में
A – B
I teach English Grammar. – English Grammar is taught by me.
He reads a book. – A book is read by him.
We hear songs. – Songs are heard by us.

List A के वाक्यों में transitive verbs-teach, reads, hear से बोध होता है कि उनके कर्ता कुछ करते हैं। I teach; He reads; We hear-इनमें कर्ता की प्रधानता है। क्रिया के person और number भी subject के अनुसार है। लेकिन list B के verbs, is taught, is read, are heard से पता चलता है कि उनके कर्ता कुछ करते नहीं हैं, कर्ता को ही कुछ होता है। इन वाक्यों में वस्तुत कीता है। यहाँ तक कि verb के number और person भी listA के वाक्या क objects के अनुसार हैं।

इस तरह, इन वाक्यों के विवेचन से पता चलता है कि एक ही transitive verb का दो प्रकार से इस तरह व्यवहार किया जाता है कि एक से subject की प्रधानता झलकती है और दूसरे से object की। Transitive verb के इसी रूप-परिवर्तन को अंगरेजी में Voice द्वारा व्यक्त करते हैं।

वास्तव में, Voice क्रिया का एक प्रकार का रूप है, जिससे हमें यह मालूम होता है कि वाक्य में subject कुछ कर रहा है या subject पर ही किसी के द्वारा कुछ किया जा रहा है।

जिस वाक्य में subject की प्रधानता हो और जिसका finite verb subject के number और person के अनुसार हो, उसे Sentence in Active Voice कहते हैं। और जिस वाक्य में object को प्रधानता देकर finite verb को object के number और person के अनुसार ही रखना पड़ता है, उसे Sentence in Passive Voice कहते हैं।

Note-वस्तुतः, voice तो verbs का ही होता है और वह भी transitive verbs का; लेकिन verbs के voice परिवर्तन के कारण समूचे वाक्य का भी ऐसा रूपान्तर हो जाता है कि हम कह सकते हैं कि वाक्य active voice में है या passive voice में

Some special verbs – Active in form but Passive in sense
बहुत-से verbs ऐसे हैं जिनका रूप active की तरह मालूम होता है, लेकिन अर्थ passive की तरह होता है। इन्हें Quasi-Passive Verbs कहते हैं। जैस-

1. The table feels hard (= is hard when it is felt) – टेबुल कड़ा मालूम पड़ता है (जब उसका स्पर्श किया जाता है)।
2. Sugar tastes sweet (= is sweet when tasted) – चीनी मीठी लगती है (जब किसी के द्वारा चखी जाती है)।
3. Rolse smells good (= is good when smelt) – गुलाब अच्छा महकता है (जब सूंघा जाता है)।
4. Your poem reads well (=sounds well when it is read) – आपकी कविता अच्छी लगती है (जब पढ़ी जाती है)।
5. This book sells well (is purchased by many) – यह किताब अच्छी तरह बिकती है (जब बेची जाती है तब अधिकांश लोग खरीदते हैं)।

ऊपर के सभी वाक्यों में transitive verbs अपने complement के साथ हैं। अब कुछ ऐसे transitive verbs का अध्ययन कीजिए जिनका न कोई complement है और न कोई object ही स्पष्ट रहता है, फिर भी ऐसे verbs रूप में active लेकिन अर्थ में passive होते हैं; जैसे-

1. A place is building (एक महल बनाया जा रहा है)
2. The drum is beating (ढोल बजाया जा रहा हैं)
3. The guns are firing (बन्दूकें चलाई जा रही हैं)
4. This book is printing (यह किताब छप रही है, या छापी जा रही है)
5. The cow is milking (गाय दूही जा रही है)

How to change Active Voice into Passive Voice
Verb को active voice से passive voice में बदलते समय पूरे वाक्य का रूपान्तर करना पड़ता है। Active voice में जो noun या pronoun nominative case में रहता है, उसको objective case में बदलकर उसके पहले ‘by’ जोड़कर उसे object की जगह पर ले आते हैं। और, जो noun या pronoun active voice में objective case में रहता है, उसके nominative case में ला subject की जगह पर रख देते हैं और तब इस नए subject के number और person तथा tense के अनुकूल verb ‘to be’ का उपयुक्त रूप जोड़कर verb के past participle का प्रयोग करते हैं।
Verb ‘to be’ के उपयुक्त रूप ये हैं-
Present Tense में is या am या are.
Past Tense में was या were.
Past Participle में been.
निम्नांकित तालिका का अध्ययन करें-

How to change Active Voice with two objects into Passive Voice
साधारण नियम तो यह है कि अगर active voice में किसी verb के दो object रहें, तो एक को subject बना दिया जाए और दूसरे को retained object [देखें Chapter 4 के अन्तर्गत Five kinds of object] बनाकर object ही रखा जाए। जैसे-
He gave me a pen.
(i) I was given a pen by him.
or (ii) A pen was given to me by him.
Active voice के verb ‘gave’ के यहाँ दो objects हैं- me (indirect object), pen (direct object). वाक्य (i) में ‘me’ को I में बदलकर pen को ज्यों-का-त्यों retained object बनाकर रखा गया। वाक्य (ii) में pen को ही subject बनाकर ‘me’ को retained object बनाकर रखा गया। व्याकरण की दृष्टि से ये दोनों वाक्य शुद्ध हैं और विद्यार्थी दोनों का व्यवहार कर सकते हैं। लेकिन आधुनिक usage के अनुसार वाक्य (i) ही अधिक उपयुक्त है। Allen का कहना है: ‘Active voice में यदि transitive verb के दो objects हैं, तो passive voice में personal object को ही subject बनाना चाहिए।’

Verbs which cannot be used in Passive Voice.
पहले कहा जा चुका है कि verb को active voice से passive voice में बदलने के लिए subject को object और object को subject बनाना पड़ता है। इससे यह स्पष्ट है कि
(a) जिस verb का object नहीं होता, उसको passive voive में नहीं बदला जा सकता है। चूंकि intransitive verb (अकर्मक क्रिया) का कोई object नहीं होता, इसलिए intransitive verb का passive voice नहीं हो सकता। यह साधारण नियम है, लेकिन कुछ अवस्थाओं में intransitive verb का भी passive voice होता है। जैसे-

(i) अगर intransitive verb के बाद preposition आने से वह transitive verb बन जाए और उसका कोई object रहे, तो उस verb का passive voice हो सकता है। जैसे-
He laughed at the dwarf. – The dwarf was laughed at by him.
They spoke to the man. – The man was spoken to by them.
इन वाक्यों में preposition को verb का ही अंश माना जाएगा और passive voice में भी वह verb के बाद अवश्य आएगा।

(ii) अगर किसी intransitive verb का cognate object रहे, तो उसका passive voice हो सकता है। जैसे-
We ran a race. – A race was run by us.
He dreamt a sweet dream. – A sweet dream was dreamt by him.

(iii) अगर किसी intransitive verb का causative verb की तरह व्यवहार हुआ हो, तो उसका passive voice हो सकता है, जैसे-
They grow rice. – Rice is grown by them.
We feed the poor. – The poor are fed by us.
The labourers felled a tee. – A tree was felled by the labourer
(b) Perfect continuous tense – present perfect continuous past perfect continuous, future perfect continuous के verb का Passive voice नहीं होता।
(c) Quasi-passive verbs का साधारणतः passive voice नहीं होता, क्योंकि उनका अर्थ तो passive होता ही है। इसलिए इन वाक्यों के verbs का passive नहीं होगा-
The poem reads well.
The honey tastes sweet.

Passive Voice में object के पूर्व ‘by’ के स्थान पर अन्य शब्द
ऊपर कहा जा चुका है कि passive voice में बदले जाने पर active voice का subject objective case में बदलकर object की जगह पर आता है
और उसके पहले preposition by का प्रयोग होता है। लेकिन इसके कुछ अपवाद ‘भी हैं:
(i) कुछ passive verbs के बाद by के बदले किसी दूसरे preposition का (जो उस. verb के उपयुक्त हो) व्यवहार किया जाता है। जैसे-
Active – Passive
Ram knows me. – I am known to Ram.
His behaviour surprised me. – I was surprised at his behaviour.
Your attitude displeased them. – They were displaced with your attitude.
My son annoyed me. – I was annoyed with my son.
इसी तरह, astonished, pleased, disgusted इत्यादि verbs के बाद by नहीं प्रयुक्त होता। किसी दूसरे उपयुक्त Preposition का व्यवहार किया जाता है।
(ii) बहुत-से वाक्यों में जहाँ active voice का subject अनिर्दिष्ट है, जैसे- they, nobody, no one इत्यादि, वहाँ passive voice बनाने में विद्यार्थियों की कठिनाई होती है। उनकी सुविधा के लिए यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण दिए जा रहे हैं-
Active – Passive
People in East Bengal speak Bengali. – Bengali is spoken by the people in East Bengal.
They say that health is wealth. – It is said that health is wealth.
No one can do this work. – This work cannot be done by anyone.
Nobody reads this book. – This book is not read by anyone.

More About Voice
Interchange of Active Voice and Passive Voice
Voice के प्रसंग में आपको active voice से passive voice में बदलने के कुछ प्रमुख नियमों से अवगत कराया गया है। यहाँ हम interrogative, imperative, complex, compound sentences इत्यादि को active से passive voice में बदलने के तरीके पर विचार करें।

Infinitive वाले वाक्य का Passive Voice
अगर वाक्य में finite verb, intransitive रहे और उसके बाद infinitive का प्रयोग हो तो infinitive को उसके past participle रूप में कर देने से वाक्य passive voice में. हो जाएगा। जैसे-
Active – Passive
I expect to win him over. – I expect him to be won over.
He tried hard to obtain some help. – He tried hard for some help to be obtained.
He likes his subordinates to flatter him. – He likes to be flattered by his subordinates.
It is time to open the shop. – It is time for the shop to be opened.
There is nothing to do. – There is nothing to be done.
I have nothing to hope for. – There is nothing to be hoped for.

Imperative Verb on Passive Voice
Imperative a transitive verbs a passive voice बनाने में इस वाक्य को let से प्रारम्भ करते हैं (भले ही वाक्य में पहले से let नहीं रहे) और तब verb के बदले उसके passive infinitive, without to का प्रयोग करते हैं।
Active – Passive
(You) Fetch a glass of water. – Let a glass of water be fetched (by you).
(You) Take him home. – Let him be taken home (by your).
(You) Hear him. – Let him be heard (by you).
Note – विद्यार्थियों को उचित है कि बायीं ओर के वाक्य में subject you जो लुप्त है, उसे लिखकर, voice का परिवर्तन करें। जैसे-
Read this book = (You) read this book.
और यह passive voice में हो जाएगा-
Let this book be read by you.

Interrogative sentence के transitive verb का passive voice में परिवर्तन
1. अगर interrogative sentence, auxiliary verb से शुरू हो-
विद्यार्थी अगर गलती से बचना चाहते हों तो उनहें चाहिए कि voice परिवर्तन के पहले ऐसे वाक्य को assertive sentence में बदल लें। फिर, ऊपर दिए गए साधारण नियमों के अनुसार वाक्य का voice बदल दें। और, voice परिवर्तन के बाद sentence को पुन: interrogative sentence के रूप में लिख लें; जैसे-
Did you read this book? इस बाक्य में verb ‘read’ active voice में है। हम इसको passive voice में बदलने के पहले-
(i) इसको assertive sentence के रूप में लिखें – You read this book.
(ii) यह passive voice में हो जाएगा – This book was read by you.
(iii) अब इसको interrogative sentence के रूप में लिखें – Was this book read by you?
कुछ अन्य उदाहरणों का अध्ययन करें-
Active – Passive
(a) Did he kill the dog?
Steps:
Assertive – He killed the dog.
Assertive-Passive – The dog was killed by him.
Interrogative-Passive – Was the dog killed by him?

(b) Did you like dinner?
Steps:
Assertive – You liked the dinner.
Assertive-Passive – The dinner was liked by you.
Interrogative-Passive – Was the dinner liked by you?
(2) अगर transitive verb वाला interrogative sentence ‘who’ से प्रारम्भ हो तो passive voice में बदलने के लिए ‘who’ को active voice का subject मानकर साधारण नियमों के अनुसार वाक्य को passive में बदल देंगे, जैसे-
Active – Passive
Who did this? – By whom was this dotted?
Who killed the dog? – By whom was the dog killed?
Who reads this book? – By whom is this book read?
Note – Who का objective case ‘whom’ होता है-
तो इस question word को पहले वाक्य से निकालकर ऊपर (1) में दिए गए तरीके से passive voice बना लें और तब question word का पुनः passive voice के वाक्य के शुरू में जोड़ दें; जैसे-

1. Why did you read this book?
2. When did he kill the dog?
3. How did they admit all students?
4. How did you like dinner?

इन वाक्यों से अगर why, when, how को हटा लें तो इनका सही रूप रहता है जो (1) में दिए गए वाक्यों का है, तो हम (1) में बताए गए नियम के अनुसार इनका passive में रूपान्तर कर लेंगे और तब क्रमश: why, when, how को वाक्य के आरम्भ में जोड़कर लिखेंगे

1. Why was this book read by you?
2. When was the dog killed by him?
3. How were all students admitted by them?
4. How was the dinner liked by you?

Change of transitive verb in complex and compound sentences from the active voice to the passive voice
अगर किसी वाक्य में एक से अधिक finite verb रहें और वे सभी transitive हों तो एक को Passive voice में बदलने पर दूसरे को भी passive voice में बदलना पड़ेगा। जैसे, हम इन वाक्यों को लें
Active – Passive
(i) He told me that he had read the book. – I was told by him that the book had been read by him.
(ii) He wrote this book and gave it to Bharati Bhawan for publication. – This book was written by him and it was) given
(by him) to Anjana (P&D) for publication.
(iii) She wrote the letter but tore it to pieces. – The letter was written by her but (it was) torn (by her) to pieces.

ऊपर दिए गए वाक्यों में हम देखते हैं कि प्रत्येक में दो-दो clauses हैं।
(i) He told me + that he had read the book.
(ii) He wrote this book + and + (he) have it to Anjana (P&D) for publication.
(iii) She wrote the letter + and + (she) tore it to pieces.
इन वाक्यों को passive रूप में लाने के लिए हम दोनों clauses को अलग-अलग passive रूप में ले आते हैं, और तब उनको जोड़ दते हैं।
Note – अगर एक ही clause में एक finite verb रहे और उसके साथ infinitive verb रहे तो हम दोनों को passive voice में नहीं बदल सकते, क्योंकि double passive का व्यवहार नहीं हो सकता।

Passive Voice से Active Voice बनाने का नियम
(i) अगर दिए हुए वाक्यों में कुछ शब्द लुप्त हों तो उनको कोष्ठ (brackets) में लिखकर वाक्यों को पूरा कर लीजिए। अकसर passive voice में by + object लुप्त रहता है। ऐसी हालत में अपनी ओर से by + उपयुक्त object जोड़कर वाक्य को पूरा कर लीजिए। जैसे-
The thief was arrested. = The thief was arrested (by the police).
My watch was stolen. = My watch was stolen (by someone).
It is said that he is poor. = It is said (by them or by people) that he is poor.
The letter was written by her and torn to bits. = The letter was written by her and it was) torn to bits (by her).

(ii) इसके बाद passive voice के वाक्य में से object को निकालकर nominative case में ले आइए और active voice के वाक्य का उसे subject बना लीजिए।

(iii) Passive voice के subject को objective case में ले आइए और उसे active voice के वाक्य में object की जगह पर लिखिए।

(iv) Verb ‘to be’ को हटाकर, verb के past participle रूप को नए subject of 3 CHR FC FCI

(v) Passive voice के object के पहले ‘by’, ‘to’ य अन्य कोई preposition रहे तो उसे हटा दीजिए; जैसे-

Passive Voice – Active Voice
He was sentenced to death (by the judge). – The Judge sentenced him to death.
He is not known to me. – I do not know him.
Trespassers will be prosecuted (by the Government). – The Government will prosecute the trespassers.
Let the tea be brought. – Bring tea.
You will be compelled to resign your post (by the circumstances). – Circumstances will compel you to resign your post. Heavy casualties have been reported (by the Press). – The Press has reported heavy casualties.
It is time for the bell to be rung. – It is time to ring the bell.
Have the trees been cut (by somebody)? – Has somebody cut the trees?
Let it be tried by all of us. – Let all of us try it.
Let silence be observed. – Observe silence.
What cannot be cured (by us) must be endured (by us). – We must endure what we cannot cure.
The field has been overgrown with grass. – Grass has grown over the field.
English is spoken all over the world (by people). – People speak English all over the world.
The injured are being treated (by the doctors). – The doctors are treating the injured.
The house was burnt to ashes (by the fire). – The fire burnt the house to ashes.
Cricket is not liked by me but football is (liked by me). – I do not like cricket, but I like football.
Reference books must not be taken away (by readers). – Readers must not take away reference books.
It cannot be done (by anyone). – No one can do it.

नोट-उपर्युक्त passive voice के वाक्यों में कोष्ठ के अन्दर जो शब्द दिए गए हैं वे प्रश्न में प्रायः लुप्त रहते हैं। यहाँ विद्यार्थियों के समझने के लिए केवल संकेत हैं।

More Exercises Solved
Change the following sentences from Active to Passive:
Note : उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (italics) में दिया गया हैं।

Active – Passive

1. He knows me. – I am known to him.
2. My father has taught me. – I have been taught by my father.
3. Help the poor. – Let the poor be helped.
4. He gave me a book. – I was given a book by him.
5. The Headmaster gave him a prize. – He was given a prize by the Headmaster.
6. Raju has built this house. – This house has been built by Raju.
7. The soldiers took her to the soldiers. – She was taken to the camp by the camp.
8. Who killed the bird? – By whom was the bird killed?
9. Do it at once. – Let it be done at once.
10. The mother looks after the child. – The child is looked after my mother.
11. Motilal Nehru admired Gandhiji. – Gandhiji was admired by Motilal Nehru.
12. Who taught you English? – By whom were you taught English?
13. Who wrote this poem? – By whom was this poem written?
14. They made him captain. – He was made captain by them.
15. Who has stolen my purse? – By whom has my purse been stolen?
16. The teacher guides me. – I am guided by the teacher.
17. Give me your pen. – Let your pen be given to me.
18. Who has killed the tiger? – By whom has the tiger been killed?
19. Gandhiji respected all living creatures. – All living creatures were respected by Gandhiji.
20. We have polluted wells. – Even wells have been polluted by us.
21. May destroy the Beautiful cities. – Beautiful cities are destroyed by man.
22. We must preserve forests. – Forests must be preserved by us.
23. He has bought a house. – A house has been bought by him.
24. The police arrested the thief. – The thief was arrested by the police.
25. Mr Das teaches us English. – We are taught English by Mr Das.
26. Satish may do the work. – The work may be done by Satish.
27. We should do it. – It should be done by us.
28. They caught the thief. – The thief was caught by them.
29. Ramesh was writing a letter. – A letter was being written by Ramesh.
30. Do not insult the poor. – Let the poor be not insulted.
31. Cut down the tree. – Let the tree be cut down.
32. I do not know him. – He is not known to me.
33. You can win a prize. – A prize can be won by you.
34. Who taught you grammar? – By whom were you taught grammar?
35. Leela is learning music. – Music is being leurnt by Leela.
36. She will sing a song. – A song will be sung by her.
37. I have finished the work. – The work has been finished by me.
38. She wrote a letter. – A letter was written by her.
39. Do this work. – Let this worki’be done.
40. You must learn English. – English must be learnt by you.
41. He cannot do this work. – This work cannot be done by him.
42. Please help me. – You are requested to help me.
43. I helped the beggar. – The beggar was helped by me.
44. We should not punish him. – He should not be punished by us.
45. He bought a pen. – A pen was bought by him.
46. Post the letter. – Let the letter be posted.
47. Call the man waiting outside. – Let the man be called waiting outside.
48. We expect good news. – Good news all expected by us.
49. My father has taught me. – I have been taught by my father.
50. He gave me a look. – A book was given to me by him.
51. Raman is solving the task. – The task is being solved by Raman.
52. I saw him opening the box. – He was seen opening the box.
53. Brutus accused Caesar of ambition. – Caesar was accused of ambition by Brutus.

(B) Removal of Too’
Romove Too’ in the following sentences.
Note: उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (italics) में दिया गया है।
Active – Passive

1. The tea is too hot for me to take. – The tea is so hot that I cannot take it.
2. It is too good to be true. – It is so good that it cannot be true.
3. It is too heavy to be lifted. – It is so heavy that it cannot be lifted.
4. It is too cold. – It is excessively cold.
5. The weather is too cold to go out. – The weather is so cold that one cannot go out.

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Bihar Board Class 10 English Grammar Prepositions

Do you feel the concept of English difficult to understand? Not anymore with our Bihar Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Prepositions Questions and Answers. All the Solutions are given to you with detailed explanation and you can enhance your subject knowledge. Use the Bihar Board Textbook Solutions PDF free of cost and prepare whenever you want.
ध्यातव्य: English grammar में Preposition एक महत्त्वपूर्ण विषय है। इसकी सही जानकारी नहीं रहने के कारण अनेक गलतियाँ होती हैं और वाक्य अशद्ध हो जाता है।
अंग्रेजी में Preposition की परिभाषा इस प्रकार है-
A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to some other words in the sentence.
अर्थात Preposition किसी Noun या Pronoun के पहले आता है एवं यह उस Noun या Pronoun का सम्बन्ध किसी दूसरे शब्द के साथ दिखाता है। जैसे-
The book is on the table.
He writes with a pen.
यहाँ on और with Prepositions हैं। क्योंकि ये क्रमश: table और pen के साथ संबंध स्थापित करते हैं।

Use of Prepositions with Nouns, Adjectives and Verbs:
(i) नीचे लिखे Nouns के बाद Preposition with लगता है-
affection, ambition, anxiety, appetite, blame, candidate, capacity, compassion, desire, liking, match, need, opportunity, passion, pity, reputation.
(ii) नीचे लिखे Nouns के बाद Preposition with लगता है-
acquaintance, alliance, comparison, enmity, intimacy, relations.
(iii) नीचे लिखे Nouns के बाद Preposition of लगता हैexperience, failure, proof, result, want.
(iv) नीचे लिखे Nouns के बाद Preposition from लगता है-
escape, exemption, inference, descent, respite.
(v) नीचे लिखे Nouns के बाद Preposition to लगता है-
access, antidote, alternative, approach, assent, attachment, attention, disgrace, dislike, exception, indifference, invitation, key, limit, obedience, objection, opposition, preface, reference, submission.

Adjectives followed by Prepositions
(i) नीचे Adjectives के बाद to Preposition लगता है-
addicted, accustomed, adjacent, affectionate, alive, appropriate, beneficial, common, contrary, deaf, devoted, due, equal, essential, faithful, fall, foreign, hostile, inclined, indebted, inimical, limited, loyal, natural, necessary, obedient, obliged, opposite, painful, profitable, reduced, related, responsible, sacred, sensitive, subject, suitable, true, tantamount.
(ii) नीचे लिखे Adjectives के बाद in Preposition लगता है-
accurate, backward, correct, defective, deficient, experienced. fertile, honest, interested
(iii) नीचे लिखे Adjectives के बाद Preposition with लगता है-
acquainted, busy, contented, delighted, disgusted, gifted, infected, infested, intimate, invested, overcome, popular, satisfied.
(iv) नीचे लिखे Adjectives के बाद Preposition of लगता है-
accused, acquitted, afraid, aware, certain, composed, confident, conscious, convicted, convened, deprived, desirous, devoid, dull, envious, fearful, found, greedy, guilty, ignorant, informed. innocent, lame, proud, sick, sure, suspicious, tolerant, void, weary, worthy.
(v) नीचे लिखे Adjectives के बाद Preposition for लगता है-
anxious, eager, eligible, fit, good, grateful, prepared, proper, qualified, ready, sorry, useful, sufficient.

Verbs followed by Prepositions
(i) नीचे दिए Verbs के बाद Preposition to लगता है-
accede, adapt, allot, apologize, appoint, assent, attend, belong, consent, contribute, lead, listen, object, prefer, refer, revert, stoop, submit, succumb, surrender, yield.
(ii) नीचे दिए Verbs के बाद Preposition from लगता है-
abstain, alight, debar, derive, differ, escape, prevent, prohibition, protect, recover, refrain.
(iii) नीचे दिए Verbs के बाद Preposition with लगता है-
associate, bear, clash, comply, condole, credit, disagree, dispense, fill, part, quarrel, side, sympathize.
(iv) नीचे दिए Verbs के बाद Preposition of लगता है-
acquit, beware, boast, complain, despair, die, disapprove, dispose of, dream, divest, repent, approve.
(v) नीचे दिए Verbs के बाद Preposition for लगता है-
canvass, care, feel, hope, mourn, pine, start, wish, vote
(vi) नीचे दिए Verbs के बाद Preposition in लगता है-
delight, employ, excel, fail, indulge, persist.
(vii) नीचे दिए Verbs के बाद Preposition on लगता है-
comment, depend, dwell, encroach, insist.

नीचे कुछ Important Nouns. Adjectives तथा Verbs दिए जाते हैं जिनके साथ भिन्न-भिन्न Prepositions का प्रयोग वाक्यों में करके दिखाया गया है। छात्र उन्हें ध्यान से पढ़ेंगे और प्रयोग जान लेंगे।

Important Questions Solved

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate preposition given in the brackets.

1. I am agreed ________ you (in, at, with)
2. He fell ________ the well. (in, on, into)
3. He is at home ________ English. (in, up, by)

Answer:

1. with
2. into
3. in

Question 2.
Select suitable preposition and fill in the blanks.

1. He is leaning ________ a wall. (to, towards, on, against)
2. He will soon start ________ home. (to, for, towards, at)
3. He send me a box ________ books. (with, of, for to)

Answer:

1. against
2. for
3. of

Question 3.
Select suitable prepositions and fill in the blanks.

1. The frog fell ________ the well. (down, into, in)
2. Rama went ________ market. (from, away, to)
3. Nancy is afraid ________ days. (of, from, with)

Answer:

1. into
2. to
3. of

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions given in the brackets.

1. The Principal is ________ the office. (in, into, on)
2. Radha writes ________ a pen. (by, with, from)
3. A novel is written ________ him (with, by, of)

Answer:

1. in
2. with
3. by

Question 5.
Select the suitable prepositions and fill in the blanks.

1. I am anxious ________ the result. (for, from, on)
2. He is disqualified ________ the post (for, from, t0)
3. He deals ________ rice. (in, with from)

Answer:

1. for
2. for
3. in

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. It is ________ ten o’clock. (above, as, about)
2. The sun was ________ the clouds. (before, by, behind)
3. I bought this pen ________ five rupees. (from, for, in)

Answer:

1. about
2. behind
3. in

Question 7.
Fill in the blansks with appropriate prepositions given in the brackets.

1. He felt pity ________ the poor. (with, to, for)
2. It is a disgrace ________ your school. (on, of, to)
3. It is ten ________ my watch. (with, by, as)

Answer:

1. for
2. to
3. by

Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions given in the brackets:

Note – प्रत्येक वाक्य के अंत में brackets के अंदर मोटे-काले अक्षरों में उत्तर दिया गया है।

Question 1.

1. I prefer milk ________ tea. (with, to, by)
2. She is proud ________ her beauty. (of, with on)
3. You have no taste ________ music. (in, for, on)
4. He felt pity ________ the poor. (to with, for)

Answer:

1. to
2. of
3. for
4. for

Question 2.

1. He does not listen ________ me. (for, on, to)
2. I am waiting ________ the postman. (on, for, to)
3. How will you deal ________ him? (in, on, with)
4. Men are different ________ animals. (with, from, on)

Answer:

1. to
2. for
3. with
4. from

Question 3.

1. He came here ________ three o’clock. (on, at, for)
2. It has been raining ________ Monday. (for, on, since)
3. I have not seen him ________ five days. (from, since, for)
4. He goes to school ________ bus. (on, by, from)

Answer:

1. at
2. since
3. for
4. by

Question 4.

1. It is ten ________ my watch. (with, in, by)
2. She danced ________ joy. (with, for, in)
3. They set the house ________ fire. (on, with, to)
4. It is a disgrace ________ our school. (on, for, to)

Answer:

1. by
2. with
3. on
4. to

Question 5.

1. Take care ________ your health. (on, of, about)
2. The teacher is angry ________ you. (at, upon, with)
3. He died ________ cholera. (of, with, by)
4. Beware ________ mad dogs. (to, on, of)

Answer:

1. of
2. with
3. of
4. of

Question 6.

1. I agree ________ you. (in at, with)
2. He fell ________ the well. (in, on, into)
3. He is at home ________ Englsih. (in, up, by)
4. A thief broke ________ my house. (in, into, on)

Answer:

1. with
2. into
3. in
4. into

Question 7.

1. Be attentive ________ your duty. (to, on from)
2. I believe ________ what he says. (on, upon, in)
3. We should abide ________ your advice. (to, by, from)
4. He was brought ________ by his grandfather. (on up, in)

Answer:

1. to
2. in
3. by
4. up

Question 8.

1. Some people have a real liking ________ the parrot. (for, to, in)
2. Manish appeared ________ the examination. (in, at, on)
3. He was making fun ________ her. (at, of, in)
4. I am anxious ________ the result. (for, from, on)

Answer:

1. for
2. at
3. of
4. for

Question 9.

1. He is disqualified ________ the post. (for, from, to)
2. The book fell ________ the ground. (at, on, to)
3. He believes ________ hard work. (in, on, upon)
4. They laughed ________ me. (on, at, for)

Answer:

1. for
2. to
3. in
4. at

Question 10.

1. Gandhiji had no ill-will ________ the Lancashire labourers. (for, against, about)
2. The village panchayat sat ________ the banyan tree. (of, on, under)
3. He looked ________ his parents. (on, after, up)
4. She is pleased ________ you. (at, upon, with)

Answer:

1. against
2. under
3. after
4. with

Question 11.

1. The ring was sold ________ rupees sixty. (in, for, on)
2. I called ________ the Chief Minister of Bihar yesterday. (at, on, to)
3. Miranda was aware ________ the danger. (from, of, for)
4. He is angry ________ his sons. (at, upon, with)

Answer:

1. for
2. on
3. of
4. with

Question 12.

1. The car came ________ a halt. (to, on, by)
2. We are not found ________ sweets. (for, of, with)
3. He stopped to look ________ the notice-board. (up, at, in)
4. Our school breaks ________ at five o’clock. (up, on, by)

Answer:

1. to
2. of
3. at
4. up

अब आपकी सुविधा के लिए प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने brackets के अंदर केवल उत्तर दिया गया है ताकि आप उसे शीघ्र याद कर सकें।

Question 13.

1. I am pleased ________ you.
2. Don’t laugh ________ the beggar.
3. He is superior ________ this man.
4. I do not agree ________ you.
5. He waited ________ you.

Answer:

1. with
2. at
3. to
4. with
5. for

Question 14.

1. He has no interest ________ games.
2. He is always in need ________ help.
3. He travelled ________ his friend.
4. He travelled ________ car.
5. What is the time ________ your watch?

Answer:

1. in
2. of
3. with
4. by
5. by

Question 15.

1. She is blind ________ her faults.
2. The dog jumped ________ the river.
3. He was absent ________ school.
4. She succeeded ________ her examination.
5. I am satisfied ________ him.

Answer:

1. to
2. into
3. from
4. in
5. with

Question 16.

1. None will approve ________ your action.
2. We should abide ________ your advice.
3. I believe ________ what he says.
4. He is disgusted ________ his life.
5. Good health depends ________ several factors.

Answer:

1. of
2. by
3. in
4. with
5. on

Question 17.

1. Macbeth was written ________ Shakespeare.
2. She was standing ________ the gate
3. He was born ________ 1978.
4. She is jealous ________ me.
5. He is interested ________ music.

Answer:

1. by
2. at
3. in
4. of
5. in

Question 18.

1. Girls are found ________ dolls.
2. The book feil ________ the ground
3. I am not acquainted ________ him.
4. He has been working ________ four hours.
5. I have faith ________ him.

Answer:

1. of
2. to
3. with
4. for
5. in

Question 19.

1. I have been reading this book ________ three hours.
2. Please keep ________ the grass.
3. He was ashamed ________ his deeds.
4. You must pay attention ________ your health.
5. He is eligible ________ this post.

Answer:

1. for
2. off
3. with
4. to
5. for

Question 20.

1. You should give ________ smoking.
2. He went home ________ Monday.
3. He took ________ his coat.
4. He was deaf ________ my requests.
5. Be good ________ others.

Answer:

1. up
2. on
3. off
4. to
5. to

Question 21.

1. She is blind ________ the right eye.
2. He is prepared ________ the worst.
3. Satish is very ________ English.
4. We write ________ a pen.
5. He is fond ________ sweets.

Answer:

1. in
2. for
3. in
4. with
5. of

Question 22.

1. He is afraid ________ me.
2. Please send ________ a doctor.
3. The glass is full ________ milk.
4. He objected ________ my proposal.
5. The teacher is kind ________ all students.

Answer:

1. of
2. for
3. of
4. to
5. to

Question 23.

1. This house belongs ________ me.
2. She is sorry ________ what she did.
3. He deals ________ rice.
4. The work was done ________ haste.
5. The teacher is kind ________ at students.

Answer:

1. to
2. for
3. in
4. in
5. to

Question 24.

1. I am tired ________ this work.
2. What brought ________ the quarrel?
3. He is famous ________ his wisdom.
4. What are you talking ________?
5. I bought this book ________ Rs. 50.

Answer:

1. of
2. about
3. for
4. about
5. for

Question 25.

1. You cannot compete ________ him.
2. You prevented me ________ doing this.
3. He cried ________ the top of his voice.
4. He was disqualified ________ the post.
5. They were invited ________ tea.

Answer:

1. with
2. from
3. at
4. for
5. to

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Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Grammar Reported Speech Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Reported Speech

Direct and Indirect Speech

Narration का अर्थ है कथन । इसे अंग्रेजी में इस प्रकार कह सकते हैं –
Narration means to narrate something said by someone.

अर्थात् किसी की कही गई बातों का वर्णन करना ही Narration कहलाता है।

अंग्रेजी में किसी के कथन को व्यक्त करने के दो तरीके हैं –

1. वक्ता के कथन को हू-ब-हू उसी रूप में व्यक्त करना
2. वक्ता के कथन को अपने शब्दों में व्यक्त करना ।

जब हम वक्ता के कथन को उसी के शब्दों में व्यक्त करते हैं तो Direct Narration या Speech कहते हैं। जब हम उसे अपने शब्दों में न व्यक्त करते हैं तो उसे Indirect Narration कहते हैं।

इन वाक्यों को पढ़े और देखें कि इनमें क्या अन्तर है –
Ramesh said, “I am going home.”… (Direct speech)
Ramesh said that he was going home. (Indirect speech)

यहाँ पहले वाक्य में Inverted Commas (“”) के भीतर वक्ता के कथन को ज्यों-का-त्यों उसी के शब्दों में रखा गया है। इसलिए यह Direct Narration में है। दूसरे वाक्य में वक्ता के कथन को उसके शब्दों में नहीं व्यक्त कर हमने अपने शब्दों में व्यक्त किया है, अतः यह Indirect Narration में है।

Direct Narration वाले वाक्य के दो हिस्से होते हैं। जो भाग Inverted commas के भीतर होता है उसे Reported speech तथा जो भाग बाहर होता है उसे Reporting verb कहा जाता है। लेकिन, Inverted commas के बाहर का सब हिस्सा verb नहीं है सिर्फ said ही . verb है।

Direct Speech से Indirect Speech में बदलने के नियम –

Rule (i) यदि Reporting verb Present या Future tense में हो तो Reported speech के tense में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है; जैसे –

(a) He says, ” I want to play in the morning.”
He says that he wants to play in the morning.

(b) He will say, “I am listening to radio.”
He will say that he is listening to radio.

Rule (ii) यदि Reporting verb Past tense में है और Reported speech का Present या Future tense उसी form में Past tense में बदल जाता है ; जैसे –

(a) He said to me, “I am going home.”
He told me that he was going home.

(b) He said to me, “I shall help you”.
He told me that he would help me.

(c) The boy said to me, “I have come just now”.
The boy told me that he had come just then.

(d) He said, “I have been talking for two hours”.
He said that he had been talking for two hours.

(e) I said to him, “I am glad to see you here”.
I told him that I was glad to see him there.”

Rule (iii) यदि Reporting verb Past tense में हो और Reported speech में कोई Universal truth (शश्वत सत्य) हो तो Indirect Narration में उसका tense नहीं बदलता जैसे –

(a) He said, “The earth is round.”
He said that the earth is round.

(b) He said, “Man is mortal.”
He said that man is mortal.

ऊपर के दोनों वाक्यों में हम देखते हैं कि Indirect Narration में बदलने के बाद भी tense में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं हुआ।

Rule (iv) यदि Reporting verb Past tense में हो तथा Reported speech भी Past tense में हो तो Reported speech का Past indefinite Past perfect में बदल जाता है। Past continuous, Past perfect continuous में बदल जाता है । अर्थात् पहला form तीसरे form में चला जाता है और दूसरा form चौथे form में Past perfect और Past perfect continuous में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता; जैसे –

He said, “I went home yesterday.”
He said that he had gone home the previous day.
He said, “I saw him going to cinema yesterday.”
He said that he had seen him going to cinema the previous day.
He said to me, “I was playing cricket in the morning.”
He told me that he had been playing cricket in the morning.
I said to him, “I was listening to radio.”
I told him that I had been listening to radio.

Past perfect और Past perfect continuous Reported speech में रहने पर कोई परिवर्तन tense में नहीं होता है; जैसे –

He said, “I had met him long ago.”
He said that he had met him long ago.
He said, “I had been living in Patna for four years.”
He said that he had been living in Patna for four years.

जब Reporting verb Past tense में रहता है तब Reported speech में केवल verb का tense ही नहीं बदलता वरन् Reported speech में जिगने भी निकटतासूचक Verbs, Adjectives और Adverbs रहते हैं, उन्हें दूरीसूचक शब्दों में बदल दिया जाता है; जैसे –

Examples:
He said, “I will go tomorrow.”
He said that he vould go next day.
He said, “I have been living here since last night.”
He said that he had been living there since the previous night.

Special Rules

Special Rules : भिन्न-भिन्न प्रकार के वाक्यों के लिए भिन्न-भिन्न हैं।

Sentence कई तरह के होते हैं, जैसे-Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative, Optative और Exclamatory हैं Interrogative sentence को Indirect speech में नेम्नलिखित ढंग से बदला जाएगा :

Interrogative sentence में दो तरह से प्रश्न किए जाते हैं। कुछ प्रश्नों के आरम्भ में Auxiliary verbs रहते हैं और कुछ प्रश्नों में Question words रहते हैं।

1. सबसे पहले Auxiliary verbs.से आरम्भ होनेवाले प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों को Indirect speech में बदलने के नियम –

Auxiliaries से शुरू होनेवाले Questions को Direct से Indirect speech में बदलते समय General rules के अनुसार Verb का tense तथा Pronoun का person आदि बदलने के बाद कछ और नियमों का पालन किया जाता है।
(i) Said को asked में बदल जाता है।
(ii)Reported speech को that से शुरू नहीं किया जाता है, बल्कि if या whether से शुरू किया जताा है।
(iii) If या whether के बाद subject और तब verb रखा जाता है अर्थात् Indirect Narration में Interrogative वाक्य Assertive हो जाता है।
(iv) प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न (Mark of Interrogation) को हटा दिया जाता है और प्रश्न के चिह्न की जगह Full stop दिया जाता है; जैसे –

He said to me, “Are you going away today?”
He asked me if I was going away that day.
He said to me, “Can you do the work ?”
He asked me if I could do the work.
He said to his friend, “Are you well today?”
He asked his friend if he was well that day.

Interrogrative sentences beginning with question words in reported speech –

कुछ Questions who, which, why, how, where, what से शुरू होते हैं ऐसे वाक्यों को Indirect speech में बदलने में if या whether नहीं लगता परन्तु said को asked में बदलना पड़ता है एक Conjunction की जगह उसी प्रश्न सूचक शब्द का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे –

He said, to me, “What are you doing?
He asked me what I was doing.
He said to his friend, “Where are you going ?”
He asked his friend where he was going.

ऊपर के वाक्यों को ध्यानपूर्वक देखने से यह स्पष्ट हो जाता है कि इन वाक्यों में Inverted Commas का लोप तो हो गया है लेकिन That का प्रयोग नहीं किया गया है । Said को asked में बदल दिया गया है। यदि say रहे तो Present tense में ask या asks में बदल देते हैं।

2. Imperative Sentence को IndirectNarration में बदलने के नियम Imperative sentence से आदेश, प्रार्थना, विनती, सुझाव, सलाह, मनाही का भाव व्यक्त होता है।

Imperative sentence में व्यक्त भाव के अनुसार Reporting verb को order, request, ask, advise, forbid (मना करना) इत्यादि में बदल देते हैं।

Imperative verb को Infinitive verb में बदल देते हैं अर्थात् verb के Present form के पहले to लगा देते हैं। इसलिए इसमें that का प्रयोग नहीं होता है; जैसे –

He said to his servant, “Go away at once.”
He ordered his servant to go away at once.
He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen.”
He requested his friend to lend him his pen.
The doctor said to the patient. “Take exercise daily.”
The doctor advised the patient to take exercise daily.
The father said to his son. “Do not live in bad compnay.”
The father forbade his son to live in bad company.
The teacher said to the boys. “Keep quiet.”
The teacher asked the boys to keep quiet.

3.Optative sentence को Indirect Narration में बदलने के नियम –

Optative sentence इच्छासूचक वाक्य May से शुरू होते हैं । इनसे कोई इच्छा (wish), आशीर्वाद (blessing), अभिशाप (curse), प्रार्थना (prayer) का भाव व्यक्त होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों में Reported speech में व्यक्त भाव के अनुसार Reporting verb को wish, curse, bless, pray इत्यादि में निम्नांकित तरीके से बदला जाता है। इसमें that का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे –

He said to me, “May you be happy !”
He wished that I might be happy.
He said to me, “May God bless you !”
He prayed that God might bless me.
He said to me, “May you live long !”
He wished that I might live long,
He said to him, “May you go to hell !”
He cursed him that he might go to hell.

4. Exclamatory Sentence को Indirect.Narration के बदलने के नियम –

Exclamatory sentence में किसी प्रबल आवेग (strong emotion) को अभिव्यक्ति होती है। यह आवेग हर्ष (joy), विषाद (sorrow), आश्चर्य (surprise), तिरस्कार (contempt), घृणा (hatred), प्रशंसा (applause) आदि का हो सकता है। ऐसे वाक्यों को Indirect speech में निम्नांकित ढंग से बदला जाता है –

(i) Said को Exclaimed में बदल देते हैं। Exclamatory sentence में व्यक्त भाव के अनुसार Exclaimed with joy, with sorrow, with wonder इत्यादि का प्रयोग करते हैं।
(ii) इसमें that का प्रयोग होता है
(iii) Exclamatory words जैसे – Ah, Hurrah, Alas, Fie को हटा देते हैं ।
(iv) Exclamation का चिह्न भी हटा देते है और Exclamatory sentence Assertive में बदल जाता है जैसे –

He said, “Hurrah ! we are going home.”
He exclaimed with joy that they were going home.
She said, “Alas ! I am ruined.”
She exclaimed with sorrow that she was ruined.
The teacher said to the boys, “Well done !”
The teacher exclaimed with 2dmiration that the boys had done well.
He said, “What a beautiful flower it is !”
He exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful flower.

Good morning! Good evening ! Good bye ! Good night ! रहने पर said को bade में बदल देते हैं; जैसे –

He said to me, “Good morning !”
He bade me good morning.
He said, “Good bye my friends !”
He bade good bye to his friends.
He said to me, “Good night !”
He bade me good night.

Indirect speech में कभी Thank you! रहता है। ऐसी स्थिति में thank को Past tense में बदल देते हैं जैसे –

I said, “Thank you !”
I thanked him.

Sentences beginning with Let

Let से आरम्भ होनेवाले sentences से दो तरह के भाव व्यक्त होते हैं-प्रस्ताव का भाव और अनुमति का भाव । कहीं-कहीं इससे Command का भाव भी व्यक्त होता है।

जहाँ प्रस्ताव का भाव व्यक्त रहता है वहाँ said को proposed में बदल देते हैं और जहाँ अनुमति का भाव व्यक्त रहता है वहाँ said को requested में बदल देते हैं; यदि इससे command का भाव व्यक्त होता हो तो said को ordered में बदल देते हैं।

कुछ उदाहरणों को देखें –

Direct-He said to his friends. “Let us go home.”
Indirect—He proposed to his friends that they should go home. यहाँ प्रस्ताव है।
Direct-He said to the teacher, “Let me go home.”
Indirect-He requested the teacher to allow him to go home. इसमें अनुमति मांगी गई है।

नीचे command का भाव व्यक्त करनेवाले एक उदाहरण को देखें –
Direct-He said to his servant, “Let the boy go home.”
Indirect – He ordered his servant to let the boy go home.
कहीं-कहीं इससे Speaker की इच्छा का भी बोध होता है; जैसे –
Direct – He said, “Let her rest in peace.”
Indirect -He wished that she should rest in peace.
Direct – He said to me, “Let me help you.”
Indirect – He wished that he should help me.

Important Questions Solved

(A) Assertive Sentences

Rewrite the following into indirect form of speech :

1. He said to her, “You were absent yesterday.” – He told her that she was absent previous day.
2. He said, “It was nine days wonder.” – He said that it had been nine days wonder.
3. The boy said to me. “You are my best friend.”- The boy told me that I was his (boy) best friend.
4. The teacher said in the class, “India is an independent country.” – The teacher said in the class that India is an independent country.
5. The teacher said, “The Ganga is a beautiful river.” – The teacher said that the Ganga is a beautiful river.
6. The old man said. “The sun rises in the east.” – The old man said that the sun rise in the east.
7. The teacher said, “The earth is round.” – The teacher said that the earth is round.
8. The teacher said, “When the cat is away, the mice will play.” – The teacher said that when the cat is away mice will play.
9. “I loved my father well” said the son. – The son said that he had loved his father well.
10. The teacher said, “Honesty pays in the long run.” – The teacher said that honesty pays in the long run.
11. Hermia siad, “I am going to leave Athens.” – Hermia said that she was going to to leave Athens.
12. The sage told me, “No one can steal your knowledge.” – The sage told me that no one can steal my knowledge.

(B) Imperative Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech :

1. He said to me, ”Please give me a book. – He requested me to give him a book.
2. She said to me. “Do not sit here.” – She forbade me to sit there.
3. The teacher said to Gopal, “Bring a glass of water.” – The teacher asked Gopal to bring a glass of water.
4. The mother said to her daughter, “Go to the market.” – The mother asked her daugher to go the market.
5. He said to me, “go home.” – He asked me to go home.
6. The student said to the teacher, “Please help me.” – The student requested the teacher to help him.
7. The teacher said, “Sit down. boy.” – The teacher ordered the boy to sit down.
8. The student said to the teacher, “Please allow me leave for two day.” – The student requested the teacher to allow him leave for two days.

(C) Interrogative Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech :

1. The poet said to the little girl, “Where are your brothers and sisters?” – The poet asked the little girls where her brothers and sisters were.
2. The beggar said to me, “Will you lead me to the station ?” – The beggar asked me if I would lead him to the station.
3. Ravi said to me, “Are you going to the market now?” – Ravi asked me if I was going to the market then.
4. “Whom do you want”, He said to me. – He asked me as to whom I wanted.
5. He said to me, “What do you want ?” – He asked me what I wanted.
6. He said to us, “Do you know me ?” – He asked us if we knew him

(D) Optative Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech :

1.(a)He said to me, “May you succeed?” – He wished that I might succeed.
(b) He said to me, “May you live long?” – He wished that I might live long.
(c) The father said to his son, “May God help you !” – The father prayed that God might help his son.
(d) He said, “May God pardon this sinner!” – He prayed that God would pardon that sinner.

2(a) The priest said to me, you live long !” – “May The priest wished that I might live long.
(b) He said to me, “May God Bless you !” – He prayed that God might bless me.
(c) He said to me, “May you be happy !” – He wished that I might be happy.
(d) I said to him, “May you be blessed with a son !” – I wished that he might be, blessed with a son.
(e) The saint said, “May God grant him a long life! – The saint prayed that God might grant him a long life.

(E) Exclamatory Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech :

1.(a) The Poet said, “How beautiful is the moon !” – The poet exclaimed with aplarn that the moon was very beautiful.
(b) He said to Ram, “What a man he is !” – He exclaimed with surprise that he was a strange man.
(c) The players said, “Hurrah ! we have a great victory.” – The players exclaimed with joy that they had a great victory.
(d) He said to me, he is !” – “What a man He exclaimed that he was a wonderful man ?
(e) The farmer said, “What a loss !” – The farmer exclaimed with sorrow that it was a great loss.
(f) “What a clever disguise !” said the princess. – The princess exclaimed with wonder that it was a very clever dis guise

2.(a)The Principal said, “Well done, boys !” – The Principal admired the boys and exclaimed that they had done well.
(b) Sonu said, “What a beautiful sight it is!” – Sonu exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful sight.
(c) He said, “Good morning!” – He wished me good morning.
(d) He said, “How dark the night is !” – He exclaimed with surprise that the night was very dark.

3.(a) The girl said, “What a fine morning!” – The girl exclaimed that it was a very fine morning.
(b) He said, “What a fine place it is ?” – He exclaimed with wonder that it was fine morning.
(c) She said, “What a fool I am !” – She exclaimed with regret that she was a great fool.
(d) He said, “How clever I am!” – He exclaimed that he was very clever.

Miscellaneous Exercises Solved

Question 1.
Turn the following into Indirect Narration :-[Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. He says, “Ram will come tomorrow”
2. He said to me, “You have never helped me”.
3. They will say, “We are happy at the turn of events”

Answer:

1. He says that Ram will come tomorrow.
2. He told me that I had never helped him.
3. They will say that they are happy at the turn of events.

Question 2.
Turn the following into Indirect Narration :-[Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. Ram said to me, “can you sing this song” ?
2. The king said to the soldier, “Kill the enemy”.
3. He said to Nehru, “May you like long”.

Answer:

1. Ram asked me if I could sing that song.
2. The king ordered the soldier to kill the enemy.
3. He wished Nehru that he might live long.

Question 3.
Turn the following into Reported speech :- [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. The teacher said, “The Earth moves round the sun.”
2. She said to me, “I like music.”
3. The examinar asked, “Have you read the text-book ?”

Answer:

1. The teacher said that the Earth moves round the sun.
2. She told me that she liked music.
3. The examiner asked if they had read the text-book.

Question 4.
Change the following in Reported speech :- [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. They said, “We are going to Rajgir on New Year’s Day.”
2. The child said, “Two and two makes four.”
3. I said to Moti, “When will the college reopen ?”

Answer:

1. They said that they were going to Rajgir on New Year’s Day.
2. The child said that two and two makes four.
3. I asked Moti when the college would reopen.

Question 5.
Turn the following into Indirect speech :- [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. He said, “Well, Ram, you did very well.”
2. He said to me, “What are you doing these days ?”
3. Radha said to me, “Do this work at once.”

Answer:

1. He told Ram that he had done very well.
2. He asked me what I was doing those days.
3. Radha told me to do that work at once.

Question 6.
Turn the following in Indirect speech : [Board Exam. 2009 (Sc. & Com.]

1. He said, “Let me sleep well tonight.”
2. “What am I to do, sir?” said Rupesh.
3. He said, “I shall go as soon as it is possible.

Answer:

1. He wished that he should sleep well that night.
2. Rupesh asked as to what he had to do.
3. He told me that he would go as soon as it was possible.

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Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Combination of Sentences

(Conversion of Sentences)

एक Sentence (वाक्य) या Clause को तथा दूसरे sentence या clause को दूसरे वाक्य में बदलने की क्रिया को conversion of sentence कहते हैं।

Sentence और Clause में अन्तर

Sentence : A sentence is a group of words put together according to the rules of Grammar. A sentence has a subject and a finite verb.

शब्दों के किसी ऐसे समूह को वाक्य कहा जाता है जो अर्थ को पूर्ण रूप से स्पष्ट करता हो। वाक्य में एक कर्ता और एक क्रिया अवश्य रहती है।

जैसे – He went home yesterday.

Clause : A Clause is part of a sentence. एस शब्द समूह को clause (उपवाक्य __ या पद्) कहा जाता है जो किसी पूर्ण वाक्य का अंश हो तथा जिसका अपना अलग subject और predicate हो । जैसे – He is the man who is honest.

इसमें वाक्य (Sentence) में He is the man. एक clause हुआ और who is honest भी एक clause हुआ। दोनों clause मिलने पर एक वाक्य बना।

Kinds of Sentence –

Sentence के मुख्यतः चार भाग होते हैं –
(1) Simple Sentence
(2) Compound Sentence
(3) Complex Sentence
(4) Mixed Sentence

(1) Simple Sentence: जिस वाक्य का केवल एक ही Clause हो उसे Simple Sentence कहा जाता है, जैसे –
1. The boy broke his leg.
2. She washed her clothes.

(2) Compound Sentence: जिस वाक्य में दो या दो से अंधिक अनाश्रित उपवाक्य (Clauses) हों, उसे Compound Sentence कहा जाता है, उदाहरण के रूप में –
1. Sita saw Ram and she became happy.
2. You must work hard or you will fail.
3. Many were called, but few were chosen.
Compound Sentence के प्रत्येक Clause को Co-ordinate clause कहा जाता है।

(3) Complex Sentence (मिश्रित वाक्य): जिस वाक्य में एक मुख्य-वाक्य (Principal Clause) हो तथा एक या एक से अधिक आश्रित वाक्य (Subordinate Clauses) हों,

उसे Complex Sentence कहा जाता है। Principal Clause को Mair Clause भी कहा जाता है।

Sub-ordinate Clause को Dependent Clause भी कहा जाता है।

जैसे-The company that supplied goods has failed. यह complex sentence है ।

(4) Mixed Sentence: Mixed Sentence में कम-से-कम दो Principal Clause रहते हैं और कम-से-कम एक Subordinate Clause. इन नियमों का सदा ध्यान रखें –

1. Simple Sentence – One Principal Clause.
2. Compound Sentence – At least two Principal Clause.
3. Complex Sentence – Principal Clause + Subordinate Clauses.
4. Mixec Sentence – Compound + Subordinate Clause.

तो, इससे यह स्पष्ट है कि Simple Sentence को एक Mixed Sentence बनाने के लिए __ आपको उन्हीं नियमों की सहायता लेनी पड़ेगी जो Compound और Complex Sentence के सम्बन्धों में बताये गये हैं। आप Co-ordinating और Subordinating Conjunctions के द्वारा यह काम आसानी से कर सकते हैं, जिसकी चर्चा पहले ही हो गयी है।

Exercise

Combine each set of Simple Sentence into a Compound Sentence :

1. He is rich. He leads an unhappy life.
2. The train is about to leave. We should get into the train.
3. He works in a college. He manages his farm.
4. My marriage will take place in April. If it does not, it will take place in October.
5. You must help him in his studies. If you don’t, he will fail.
6. Kapil Dev is a good bowler. Kapil Dev is a good batsman.
7. I will not go to Srinagar. I will not go to Bangalore.
8. The day dawned. The birds began to chirp.
9. Keep quiet. I shall turn you out of the room.
10. We do not borrow money. We do not lend money.

Answers:

1. He is rich but he leads an unhappy life.
2. The train is about to leave, therefore, we should get into it.
3. He both works in a college and manages his farm.
   Or,
   He not only works in a college but also manages his farm.
4. My marriage will take place either in April or in October.
5. You must help him in his studies, or otherwise) he will fail.
6. Kapil Dev is both a good bowler and a good batsman.
   Or,
   Kapil Dev is not only a good bowler but also a good batsman.
7. I will go neither too Srinagar nor to Bangalore.
8. The day dawned and the birds began to chirp.
9. Keep quiet, (or, otherwise) I shall turn you out of the room.
10. We neither borrow nor lend money.

Simple Sentences into a Complex Senence

आप जानते हैं कि Complex Sentence में केवल एक ही Principal Clause होता है __ और उसमें कम-से-कम एक Subordinate Clause भी रहता है। इसलिए Simple Sentence को जोड़कर उन्हें एक Complex Sentence बनाते समय उसमें एक ही Principal Clause रखें और अन्य वाक्यों को Subordinate Clause का रूप दे दें।

Subordinate Clause तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause
3. Adverb Clause

ये तीनों प्रकार के Subordinate Clauses Relative Pronouns/Relative Adverbs/Subordinating Conjunctions से आरम्भ होते हैं जिनमें से मुख्य हैं –

that, who, which, what, because, since, so that, in order, that, as, as if, as soon as, though, before, after, if, when, where, till, until.

किस Subordinating Conjunction का प्रयोग कहाँ और कब होता है या (दूसरे शब्दों में) कब और कहाँ Noun Clause या Adjective Clause या AdverbClause का प्रयोग करके वाक्यों को Complex Sentence बनाया जाता है, यह वाक्यों के अर्थ पर ही निर्भर करता है। यह काम इन नियमों की सहायता से आसानी से कर ले सकते हैं –

How to Use Adverb Clause

Rule I. यदि वाक्यों से मालूम हो कि उनके बीच cause (कारण), condition (शर्त), – constrast (विरोध), compariso (तुलना), time (समय) या place (स्थान) का सम्बन्ध है, तो Adverb Clause के द्वारा वाक्यों को जोड़ना चाहिए इन्हें देखे –

1. He succeeded. He laboured hard.
Combined : He succeeded because he laboured hard.

2. He has been very unfortunate. He is always cheerful.
Combined : Though he has been very unfortunate, he is always cheerful.

3. He is a clever boy. No other boy in the class is more clever.
Combined : No other boy in the class is cleverer than he is.

4. You must sign your name. He will then agree to your terms.
Combined : He will agree to your terms, if you sign your name.

5. Men may sow much or little. They will reap accordingly.
Combined : Men will reap according as they sow much or little.

इन वाक्यों को Adverb Clauses के द्वारा जोड़कर Complex Sentence बनाये गये हैं। पहले दो वाक्यों में cause का सम्बन्ध है। इसलिए इन्हें because के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है। दूसरे दो वाक्यों के बीच contrast का सम्बन्ध है और तीसरे दो वाक्यों के बीच comparision का । अतः दूसरं दो वाक्यों को though के द्वारा और तीसरे दो वाक्यों को than के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है। चौथं दो वाक्यों से condition का बांध होता है। इसलिए इन्हें if के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है। . पाँचवें वाक्य सं manner बतलाया गया है। इसलिए इस according as के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है ।

Rule II. समय (time) का बोध करानेवाले वाक्यों को इनकी सहायता से जोड़ा जाता है-after, before, until.

इन वाक्यों को लें

1. He finished the work. Than he went out.
Answer:
He went out after he had finished the work

2. I wrote a letter. Then I read the newspaper.
Answer:
I read the newspaper after I had written a letter. Or, I had written a letter before I read the newspaper.

3. I finished the book. Then I went to bed.
Answer:
I went to bed after I had finished the book. Or, I had finished the book before I went to bed.

4. The bus stopped. Then I got off.
Answer:
I did not get off the bus until it stopped.

5. She finished the work. Then she went out.
Answer:
She did not go out until she finished the work.

इन नियमों का ध्यान रखें –

1. पहले समाप्त होनेवाले कार्य के साथ before का प्रयोग होता है, पर बाद में समाप्त होनेवाले कार्य के साथ after आता है।
2. Until से आरम्भ होनेवाले clause में not नहीं आता, पर Principal Clause में not का प्रयोग होता है।

How to Use Adjective Clause

1. Adjective Clause के द्वारा भी Simple Sentences को जोड़कर एक Complex Sentence बना जाता है। यदि वाक्य में किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु की चर्चा हो जाए और अन्य वाक्यों में उसी के गुणों पर प्रकाश डाला जाय, तो Adjective Clause बनाने के लिए who, which, that, when या where का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे –

I suffered anxiety. The anxiety was extreme.
Combind : The anxiety that I suffered was extreme.

यहाँ पहले वाक्य में anxiety के विषय में बताया गया है और दूसरे में उसी पर और प्रकाश डाला गया है। इसलिए उन्हें Adjective Clause के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है। एक और उदाहरण लें –

A small house stood at the foot of the hill. We stayed there for the night.

Combined : We stayed for the night at a small house which stood at the foot of the hill.

यहाँ पहले वाक्य में house की चर्चा हुई है और दूसरे में उसी पर प्रकाश डाला गया है। (We stayed there for the night.)। इसलिए इन्हें भी Adjective Clause के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है।

इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें –

1. He had received a good education. This raised him above many men.
Combined : The good education that he had received raised him above many men.

2. That is the house. He was born there.
Combined : That is the house where he was born.

3. This is the book. I wanted to buy it
This is the book that I wanted to buy.

4. Daniel came alive out of the den. In that den lion were kept.
Combined : Daniel came alive out of the den in which lions were kept.

Note : Who/Which/That के द्वारा जब Adjective Clause बनाया जाता है, तब इनका अर्थ हिन्दी में कोई भी ऐसे शब्द से होता है जो ‘ज’ से आरम्भ होता है; जैसे-‘जो’ ‘जिस’ आदि । विशेष जानकारी के लिए Analysis के अध्याय को देखें।

How to Use Noun Clause

Rule I. जब तक Simple Sentence के कथन (fact, opinion, belief, hope आदि) को दूसरे में स्वीकार (affirm) या अस्वीकार (deny) किया जाता है, तब ये that के द्वारा जोड़े जाते हैं। ऐसा that + clause होता है; Noun Clause और यह वाक्य हो जाता है Complex; जैसे –

(1) Better luck may be in store for us. We hope so.
Combined : We hope that better luck may be in store for us.

(2) He is honest. I know this.
Combined : I know that he is honest.

इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें –

(1) He is honest. I do not doubt it.
Combined: I do not doubt that he is honest.

(2) He will come today. I am sure of it.
Combined: I am sure that he will come today.

(3) You have acted wrongly. I believe so.
Combined : I believe that you have acted wrongly.

(4) A lazy man injures no one but himself. This is not ture.
Combined : It is not true that a lazy man injures no one but himself.

(5) Someone has been making a great noise. I should like to know the person.

Combined : I should like to know who has been making a great noise.

Note :- ऐसे वाक्यों को जोड़ने पर it/this/that/so का लोप हो जाता है।

Rull II. Simple Sentence को इन शब्दों की सहायता से जोड़ा जाता है –

who, which, whom, whose, what, when, where, why, how, if, whether,

इन्हें जोड़ने पर who + clause/which +clause आदि Noun clasue होते हैं और पूरा वाक्य complex बन जाता है।

Assertive + Interrogative = Assertive + Assertive; जैसे –
1. I don’t know. Who is she? = I don’t know who she is.
2. I can’t say. Is he ill ? = I can’t say if/whether he is ill.

Imperative + Interrogative = Imperative + Assertive; जैसे –
1. Tell me, Where is he? = Tell me where he is.
2. Inform me. When will he come ? = Inform me when he will come.

Interorogative + Interrogative = Interrogative + Assertive;

1. Do you know? Why is she sad ?
= Do you know why she is sad ?

2. Can you tell me ? How have you come ?
= Can you tell me how you have come ?

Assertive + Exclamatory = Assertive + Assertive; जैसे –
1. How well he plays ! Nobody can believe.
= Nobody can believe how well he plays.

2. No one can imagine. What a great man he is!
= No one can imagine what a great man he is.

Assertive + Assertive = Assertive + Assertive; जैसे –

1. Somebody called me. I don’t know who.
= I don’t know who called me.

2. He will come. I can’t say when.
= I can’t say when he will come.

Rull III. जब एक Simple Sentence से प्रबल इच्छा का बोध होता है और दूसरे से इच्छापूर्ति का अभाव व्यक्त किया जाता है, तब इन्हें इस प्रकार जोड़ा जाता है –

Simple Sentence + [‘that’ understood] + Subject + Were + Other Words
Simple Sentence + [‘that’ understood) + Subject + Verb (Past Tense) + Other Words

Example

1. I wish to be a king. I am not a king.
Combined: I wish I were a king.

2. I wish to know him. I don’t know him.
Combined: I wish I knew him.

3. I wished to know him. I didn’t know him.
Combined : I wished I had known him.

Simple Sentence into Mixed Sentence

Mixed sentence में कम से कम दो Principle clause एवं एक या एक से अधिक sub-ordinate clauses होता है । जैसे –

We heard the sad news. We immediately started for the afficted house. There we found the mourners.

Combined : We heard the sad news and we immediately started for the afflicted house, where we found the mourners.- Mixed sentence.

Miscellaneous Exercised Solved

Question.
Combine the following sentences into a complex or Mixed Sentence :

1. He behaved prudently under the circumstances. Few men would have acted so prudently.
Combined : Few persons would have acted so prudently as he did under the circumstances.

2. His difficulties become greater and greater. He shows more and more energy
Combined : The greater his difficulties, the more energy he shows.

3. I will visit your house in June next. You have frequently asked me to do so. I will not disappoint you any longer.
Combined : I will visit your house in June next, as you have frequently asked me to do; and I will not disappoint you any longer.

4. The supply of pasture often runs short. The nomads of Tartary then shift their abode. They search for new pasture elsewhere.
Combined : When the supply of pasture runs short, the nomads of Tartary shift their abode in search of new pasture elsewhere.

5. We heard the sad news. We immediately started for the afficted house. There we found the moumers.
Combined : On hearning the sad news, we immediately started for the afficted house, where we found the mourners.

6. They spoke in defence of their absent friend. They could not have spoken better.
Combined : They could not have spoken better than they did in defence of their absent friend.

7. Combine the following sentences :- (Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) I am going to Kolkata. I am going by the evening train. The train leaves at 7:30 P.M.
Answer:
I am goin to Kolkata by the evening train leaving at 7:30 P.M.

8. Combine the following sentences : (Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) I went home. I talked to my parents.
(b) I missed the bus. I was late.
(c) You can take tea. You can take coffee.
Answer:
(a) I went home and talked to my parents.
(b) I missed the bus as I was late.
(c) You can take either tea or coffee.

9. Combine the following sentences into one : (Board Exam. 2009 (Arts))
He finished his work. He went to catch the train. He had to go to Mumbai.
Answer:
He finished his work and went to catch the train to go to Mumbai.

10. Identify the following sentences whether they are simple, compound or compler. [ Board Exam. 2009 ]
(a) You must work hard or you will fail.
(b) The company that supplied goods has failed.
(c) She washed her cloth.
Answer:
(a) Compound sentence
(b) Complex sentence
(c) Simple sentence.

11. Combin the following simple sentences into one complex sentence each : [ Model Paper 2009 (A) ]
(a) Where is the museum ? Can you tell me ?
(b) Dhoni will play to his potential. I know this.
(c) How to deal with the situation ? Can you tell me ?
Answer:
(a) Can you tell me where the museum is ?
(b) I know that Dhoni will play to his potential.
(c) Can you tell me how to deal with the situation ?

We believe the information shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English Poem Grammar Combination of Sentences Questions and Answers as far as our knowledge is concerned is true and reliable. In case of any queries or suggestions do leave us your feedback and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on several state board Solutions at your fingertips.

Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Grammar Reported Speech Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Modal Auxiliaries

Auxiliary Verb (सहायक क्रिया)-जिस Verb में अपना कोई महत्त्व न हो, किन्तु वह मुख्य Verb के साथ मिलकर Tense के बनने में सहायता करे, उसे Auxiliary Verb अथवा Helping Verb कहा जाता है। जैसे –

1. She is going to school.
2. I have finished my work.
3. You will win a prize.
4. I can solve this question.

List of Auxiliary Verbs:

1. Be:am, is, are, was, were
2. Have, has, bad
3. Do, does, did
4. Shall, should
5. Will, would
6. Can, could
7. May, might
8. Must, have to, am to, etc.
9. Ought to
10. Used to
11. Need
12. Dare

Types of Auxiliaries

सहायक क्रियाएँ दो प्रकार की हो सकती हैं –

(1) Primary Auxiliaries
Be :am, is, are, was, were; do, does, did; have, has, had.

(2) Modal Auxiliaries
Will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must (am to, is to, are 10. have to, etc.) ought to, used to, need, dare.

The use of Some Modals

Will and Shall का प्रयोग Will और Shall सम्बन्धी प्रयोग के लिए निम्नलिखित नियम ध्यान में रखिए –

In assertive Sentences

(1) यदि किसी भविष्य की घटना का केवल साधारण रूप में ही वर्णन करना हो, तो- First Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Second और Third Persons के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

I shall finish my work quickly.

(2) यदि वाक्य में किसी भविष्य सम्बन्धी आदेश (command), प्रण (promise), निश्चय (determination), धमकी (threat) आदि का वर्णन हो तो. First Person के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Second और Third Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

I will return your money without fail.

(3) यदि वक्ता अपने किसी भविष्य-सम्बन्धी उद्देश्य (intention) को प्रकट करना चाहता हो, तो वह अपने लिए will का प्रयोग करेगा। अर्थात् ऐसे वाक्यों में First Person के साथ will का प्रयोग किया जाता है। .

I will appear in the Senior Secondary Examination next year.

Would तथा Should का प्रयोग

(1) Would का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है

Will का Past – I told him that I would come.
2. प्रार्थना वाचक – Would you close the window ?
3. शर्त वाचक – He would pass if he worked hard.

(2) Should का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –
1. उपदेश वाचक – You should give up smoking.
2. सम्भावना वाचक – They should be here by now.
3. नैतिक फर्ज – You should do your duty.
4. Shall का Past – He told me that I should/would pass.

Can तथा Could का प्रयोग

(1) Can का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. योग्यता सूचक – She can dance very well.
2. इजाजत सूचक – You can go home now.
3.सम्भावना सूचक – It can happen to anyone.
4.Pt.Cont. की जगह – I can hear people talking.

(2) Could का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1.शर्त वाचक
1. I could lift this box (if I tried.)

2. प्रार्थना वाचक
1. Could (would) you tell me the time?
2. Could (would) you bring me a glass of water.

3. संभावना सूचक
1. One of the prisoners escaped yesterday.
He could be anywhere now.

4.Can का Past
1. He said that I could go.
2. He could come to me any time he liked.

May तथा Might का प्रयोग

(1) May का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. अनुमति/इजाजत सूचक
1. You may go now.
2. May I come in, sir ?

2. सम्भावना सूचक
1. His statement may (can/could) be true.
2. His plan may (can/could) succeed.

3. इच्छा/प्रार्थना/सूचक
1. May you live long !
May our country prosper !

(2) Might का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1.May का Past
1. He said that I might go.
2. I thought that he might help her.

2. भावी सम्भावना
1. He might (may) pass this year.
2. He might (may) reach here by evening.

3. इजाजत होना
1.Might I have your pen?
2. You might do me a favour.

(May की अपेक्षा Might में अधिक झिझक और विनम्रता का संकेत होता है ।)

Must का प्रयोग

Must का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. उपदेश सूचक
1. you must consult some good doctor.
2. you must work hard this year.

2. आवश्यकता सूचक
1.You must be back by evening.
2. The students must bring their books daily.

3. सम्भावना सूचक
1. The child must be hungry.
2. He must have made some big mistake.

4. बनधन/मजबूरी सूचक
1. You must do as you are told.
2. He must his accounts before leaving.

Ought to तथा Used to का प्रयोग

(1) Ought के साथ सदा to का प्रयोग किया जाता है । (Ought to = Should) ought to का प्रयोग (should की तरह) निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है- .

1. नैतिक फर्ज
1. You ought to respect your elders.
2. You ought to have helped the poor.

2. इच्छा-योग्य सम्भावना
1. You ought to win the race this time.

3. इच्छा-योग्य जरूरत
1. He ought to build a new house now.

(इस तालिका में दिए गए सभी वाक्यों में ought to के स्थान पर should का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।)

(2) Ought की भान्ति used भी एक ऐसा modal है जिसके साथ to का प्रयोग करना जरूरी होतो है –

1. He used to live here.
2. He never used to live here.

Need का प्रयोग

(1) Auxiliary के रूप में Need का प्रयोग केवल Negative और Interrogative वाक्यों में किया जाना चाहिए । इसका प्रयोग किसी सन्देह doubt) अथवा मनाही (prohibition) को जोरदार ढंग से व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।

1. Need you go yet ? No, you needn’t.
2. Need she come tomorrow ? No, she needin’t.

(2) Need का Third Person Singular सदा need ही होता है, न कि needs:
1. Need Mohan go there now ?
2. He need not worry any more.

(3) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में need का प्रयोग तभी किया जाता है जब negative उत्तर वांछित हो।
Need you go there ?
No, I needn’t.

(4) Interrogative और negative वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।

Need he do any work?
No, he needn’t do any work.

(5) किन्तु निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग किया जाता है –

1. He need to go mow. (Affirmative)
2. He does not need to go now. (Negative)
3. Does he need to go now? (Interrogative)

यदि ध्यान से देखा जाए तो पता चलेगा कि इन सभी वाक्यों में need को मुख्य क्रिया ..(Principal Verb) के रूप में प्रयोग किया गया है, न कि Auxiliary के रूप में।

(6) Need not की जगह haven’t got to, don’t have to, don’t need to का प्रयोग किया । जा सकता है।

He need not go.

(7) जब needs का प्रयोग must के साथ किया गया हो, तो यह एक adverb का कार्य कर रहा होता है। वास्तव में needs एक Possessive Case है जिसमें apostrophe (‘) का लोप किया जाता है। इस प्रकार

needs = need’s = of need = of necessity = necessarily (adv.)

इस प्रकार हमने देखा कि needs को एक adverb क्यों माना जाता है।

He must needs finish his work by evening.

Dare का प्रयोग

(1) Auxiliary के रूप में dare का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. Negative वाक्यों में ।
2. Interrogative वाक्यों में ।
3. सन्देह में (doubt) व्यक्त करने वाले वाक्यों में ।
4. ऐसे वाक्यों में जिनमें hardly, never, no one, nobody का प्रयोग किया गया हो।

(2) जब dare का प्रयोग auxiliary के रूप में किया गया हो, तो इसके साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
(3) Dare का Third Person Singular सदा dare ही होता है, न कि dares. उदाहरण:

(Negative)
1. He dare not fight with me.
2. He will hardly dare go there again.
अब क्या आप बता सकते हैं कि Need और Dare के प्रयोग के सम्बन्ध में कौन-कौन सी बातें एक जैसी हैं?

Important Questions Solved

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences with suitable modals given in brackets. (May, must, could will)

1. …..I ask a question ?
2. He ….go to call me tomorrow.
3. Who…..win the race ?

Answer:

1. May
2. must
3. will

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must)

1. You….pay the examination fee at the nick of time.
2. Labour hard so that you……pass.
3. He….submit the report next week.

Answer:

1. must
2. may
3. must
4. should.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (should, might, may)

1. He said that …..do the work.
2. …..God protect you !
3. We….help the poor.

Answer:

1. might
2. may
3. should.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (Should, would, ought, needn’t)

1. We ….. to improve the lot of the poor in our country.
2. You ….. have taken all that trouble.
3. He said he …… be moving into his new house next month.

Answer:

1. ought
2. necdn’t
3. would

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets : (Would, can ‘t, may, could)

1. My uncle ….. speak five languages.
2. Can I smoke here ? Yes, you …..
3. Can I smoke here ? No, you ..

Answer:

1. could
2. may
3. can’t.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets : (have, needn’t; ought, used to)

1. The driver ……. to have been more careful.
2. I will do it myself. You ……… come.
3. The candidates …….. to appear for an interview

Answer:

1. ought
2. needn’t
3. have

Question 7.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (might, can’t, would, could)

1. I said I ….. do it.
2. …. I ask you a question.
3. He ….. hear. He is deaf.

Answer:

1. could
2. Would
3. can’t

Question 8.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (ought, shouldn’t can, could)

1. He………. read and write English.
2. He asked if he ………. borrow my bicycle.
3. He ………. worry so much about his matter.

Answer:

1. can
2. coulod
3. shouldn’t

Question 9.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (can, used to, must not, could)

1. I don’t want to see your face. You ……..come here again.
2. He ………. come and see me again in a day or two.
3. He wanted to know if he ……… attend the show.

Answer:

1. must not
2. used
3. could

Question 10.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (Would, should, would, would)

1. …….. you like to have a cup of tea ?
2. He said that he ……… not come the next day.
3. ………. you please stop talking ?

Answer:

1. Would
2. would
3. Would

Question 11.
Fill in the blanks with suitable auriliary verbs. (Board Exam 2009 (Arts)]

1. You …….. not go in this old car.
2. He………. obey the teacher.
3. We ……….. die sooner or later.

Answer:

1. should
2. must
3. have to

Question 12.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliary verbs. (Board Exam 2009 (Sc. & Com.)]

1. We….. love our country.
2. ……….. hire a taxi.
3. He……….. come to day.

Answer:

1. should
2. must
3. should

Question 13.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliary verbs. [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. This letter ……. be posted by today’s mail.
2. Work hard lest you ……….. fail.
3. We………. always obey our parents.

Answer:

1. must
2. would
3. must or should.

Question 14.
Complete the sentences using appropriate forms of modal auxiliary verbs given in brackets : (Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. I come here so that I ………. get a job. (may/can)
2. She ………. come today morning. (will/must)
3. We being the citizens of India……..serve the country. (must/ought to)

Answer:

1. can
2. will
3. ought to.

Question 15.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals.

1. We…………. help the poor.
2. They ……… do this work.
3. Children ………. obey their parents.

Answer:

1. should
2. must
3. should

Question 16.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliary verbs. [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. …………. you teach me.
2. We ………….. respect our teachers.
3. He …………. work hard for success.

Answer:

1. would
2. should
3. must.

Question 17.
Fill in the blanks with suitable model verbs : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. We ………. have a stormy night.
2. He …………speak English fluently.
3. We eat that we ………….. live.

Answer:

1. should
2. can
3. may

We believe the information shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English Poem Grammar Reported Speech Questions and Answers as far as our knowledge is concerned is true and reliable. In case of any queries or suggestions do leave us your feedback and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on several state board Solutions at your fingertips.

Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Grammar Analysis Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Analysis

Analysis का अर्थ होता है वाक्य के अंगों या अंशों को अलग-अलग कर उनकी जाँच करना। सविधा की दृष्टि से इस कार्य को हम तीन भागों में बाँट सकते हैं –

(A) वाक्य के Clauses को अलग-अलग करना ।
(B) उन Clauses का नामकरण करना ।
(C) वाक्य का नामकरण करना।

[A] How to Find Out Clauses

सबसे पहले हमें यह देखना है कि clause किसे कहते हैं, क्योंकि इसके बिना clauses को अलग-अलग किया ही नहीं जा सकता । कुछ लोग दिये हुए वाक्य को अन्दाज से कई टुकड़ों में बाँट देते हैं। यह तरीका ठीक नहीं। यह तो सच है कि clause किसी sentence का एक भाग होता है, पर sentence का हर भाग clause नहीं भी हो सकता है।

Sentence के उस भाग (part) को clause कहते हैं जिसमें Subject और Finite Verb हों। यदि Subject और उसके Finite Verb का पता लग जाए, तो clauses आप-से-आप अलग हो जाएँगे, पर कुछ लोगों को इनका (Subject और Verb का) पता ही नहीं चलता ? इसलिए यहाँ इन दोनों पर विस्तारपूर्वक विचार करना आवश्यक है।

How to Find Out the Subject

आप जानते हैं कि केवल Noun या उसके equivalents (जो शब्द Noun का काम करें ही Subject हो सकते हैं, जैसे –

1. Noun – This book is good.
2. Pronoun – He is a good man.
3. Infinitive – To walk is healthy.
4. Gerund – Walking is good.
5. Phrase – What to do is difficult to decide.
6. Clause – What he says is quite right.

इस तालीका (chart) की मदद से आप subject को आसानी से पहचान सकते हैं।

[A] How to Find Out the Finite Verb

Finite Verb उस Verb को कहते हैं जिसका Number और Person Subject के अनुसार होता है। जैसे –
1. We go home
2. He goes home.

पहले वाक्य का Subject (We) Plural है इसलिए यहाँ Verb (go) plural है अतः ‘go’ Finite Verbहै इसी प्रकार दुसरे वाक्य में Verb (goes) singular है क्यों की subject (He) singular है इसलिए goes भी finite verb है ।

Note (a): जिस Verb का Number और Person Subject के अनुसार नहीं होता अधात् जो Subject की परवाह नहीं करके सदा स्वतन्त्र रूप में रहता है। उसी Absolute Verbहते हैं। ये Absolute Verbs तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. Infinitive – I like to walk.
2. Gerund – I am fond of walking.
3. Participle – (i) Present Participle – Going there he saw a tiger.
(ii) Past Participle – Having gone there they saw a tiger.

तो, इस प्रकार Finite Verb और Absolute Verb में बहुत अन्तर है । Finite Verb सदा Subject के अनुसार होता है पर Absolute Verb कभी भी Subject के अनुसार नहीं होता, जैसे –
1. Having gone there he saw a tiger.
2. Having gone there they saw a tige

पहले वाक्य में Subject (he) Singular है और दूसरे में (they) Plural; पर Verb का रूप एक ही है। यही लक्षण Infinitive और Gerund का भी है।

इसलिए Absolute Verb को कभी भी Finite Verb नहीं समझना चाहिए, नहीं तो clauses ठीक-ठीक अलग हो ही नहीं सकते ।

Note (b) : कभी-कभी Infinitive (to + verb) का to चिह्न छिपा रहता है और केवल verb का प्रयोग होता है। इन वाक्यों को लें –

1. He can speak.
2. He should speak.
3. he must speak.
4. He had better speak.
5. I made him speak.
6. He did nothing but speak.

यहाँ speak Infinitive है । यह Finite Verb नहीं है। इसे Infinitive without to कहा जा सकता है। इसलिए ऐसे Infinitive को Finite Verb का एक भाग मान लेना चाहिए, इसे Finite Verb नहीं समझना चाहिए । इन सभी वाक्यों में केवल एक-एक Finite Verb है –

can speak, should speak, must speak, had better speak.

(ii) Elliptical (Contracted) Sentences.

Kinds of Sub-ordinate clauses

Subordinate Clauses तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause.
3. Adverb Clause.

1.Noun Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद एक संज्ञा (Noun) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Noun Clause कहा जाता है।

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Noun Clause बनाते हैं –

1. That John is a theif was not known to me.
2. He was told that he must not be late again.
3. Listen to what the teacher says.
4. The fact is that he knows nothing.

2. Adjective Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी विशेषण (Adjective) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adjective Clause कहा जाता है।

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Adjective Clause बनाते हैं –

1. The Company that supplied goods has failed.
2. The house where my brother lives has been sold.

3. Adverb Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी क्रिया-विशेषण (Adverb) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adverb Clause कहा जाता है।

1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. Where there is a will, there is a way.
3. You should act as the doctor advises you.
4. He talks as if he were mad.

Noun Clause

Noun Clauses निम्न शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं –

Who, which, what, when, where, whether, why,if, how, that क

Kinds of Noun Clauses

(i) Noun Clause,Object to verbor preposition

Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, Transitive Verb या Preposition के Object (कर्म) के रूप में आता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती हैं.:

I think that he is poor

It depends on what your plan is.

ध्यान दें कि –

Rul I. Who/Which आदि से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause N.C. तब होता जब यह P.c. में ओय हुए Transitive Verb या Preposition का Object होता है।
Rule II. Who/Which/That आदि का अर्थ हिन्दी में ऐसा शब्द होता है, जो ‘क’ से आरम्भ होता है; जैसा-कि, कौन, क्या, कब, कहाँ ।

Example :
1. I don’t know/who has stolen my pen. who = कौन।
2. I don’t know/whether she is poor. whether = कि।
3. Tell me/how you have come. how = कैसे।
4. I find/that he is not honest. that = कि। .
5. I will judge you by/what you do. what = क्या।

(ii) Noun clause (Subject to a verb)

Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, Subject का कार्य करता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
Noun Clause – P.C.
What he says – is right
That he is honest – Is known to all.
Why he killed her – Is a mystery.

(iii) Noun Clause complement to a Verb

P.C.+ N. CI[As Complement]

Noun Clause, Noun 19, (complement) at foref I DÀ वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

जैसे – My opinion is that he is a driver.

(i) My opinion is – Principal Clause
(ii) That he is a driver – Noun Clause Complement to a verb ‘is’.

(iv) Noun clause in apposition to Noun

Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, apposition का कार्य करता है, अर्थात् Noun की व्याख्या करके उसे स्पष्ट करता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –
P.C. [With A Noun] – + N.C. (In Apposition)
I haven’t heard the news – that he has resigned.
I hold the view – that she is guilty.

(a) I have heard the news. – P.C.
(b) That he has resigned – Sub. Noun clause in apposition to the noun new’s.

(v) Noun Clause in apposition to ‘it’

P.C. + N. C. (In Apposition to it.)

ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

P.C. [It + is + noun/adj.] – + N.C. (In Apposition to it)
It is sure – that he will pass.
It is evident – that he a criminal.
(a) It is sure.- P.C.
(b) That he will pass, – Noun Clause in apposition to”It”.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Clause इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं –

that, who, which, why, when, where, how

(i) Kinds of Adjective clause

(1)P.C. [With Noun] + Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause, एक Adjective के समान, किसी noun की विशेषता बताता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
P.C. [With Noun] + Adjective Clause
I know the girl – who is dancing
I have read the book – that is lying here.
ध्यान दें कि –

Rule I. Who/Which/That if # 37114 Ettalin clause Adjective Clause तब होता है जब यह P.C. में आये हुए Noun की विशेषता बताता है।

Rule II. ऐसे Noun और Adjective Clause के बीच कॉमा नहीं रहता।

इन वाक्यों को लें –

1. I don’t know the man/who is standing there. who = जो
2. He desn’t know the place/where he was born. where = जहाँ
3. He doesn’t know the time/when he will reach. when = जब

(ii) Noun + Adjective Clause + P.C.

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट ऐसी होती है –
Noun + Adjective Clause + P.C. [Verb + Other Words]
The reason why she was absent is not known.

The boy/who is here/is intelligent.

(a) The boy is intelligent – P.C.
(b) Who is here – Adj. Clause.

(iii) Noun + Adjective Cl. [Without Conj.] + P.C.

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

(a) The boy is my brother.- P.C.
(b) You help – Adjective clause qualifying Noun ‘boy’
(c) The food/you eat/is not pure.
(d) The boy is my brother. – P.C.
(e) You eat – Adj. clause qualifying the noun-‘food’.

(iv) Noun + Adj. Cl. [Without Conj.] +Prep. + P.C.

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट ऐसी होती है –

(v) P.C. + Adj. Clause [With As/But]

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

ध्यान दें कि-Rule 1. As/But से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause Adjective Clause तब होता है जब यह P.C. में प्रयुक्त Noun के बाद आता है और उस Noun की विशेषता बताता है ।

Adverb Clauses

Kinds of Adverb Clause

Sub-ordinate Adverb clause के निम्न प्रमुख भेद हैं –

(i) Adverb clause of Time : Principal Clause + Adverb Clause of Time कुछ Adverb clauses से समय (time) का भाव व्यक्त होता है और इनकी बनावट होती है –

Adverb Clause of Time इन Subordinating conjunctions से आरम्भ होते हैं –

as, after, as soon as, as long as, as quickly as, before, when, whenever, while, since, till, than, until, the moment/ the minute.

Note (a):-No sooner से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause होता है Principal और than से आरम्भ होनेवाला होता है Adverb Clause : जैसे –

No sooner had the thief entered than I woke up.
(a) No sooner had the thief entered than I woke up.
(b) Than I woke up-Adv. Cl.

(ii) Adverb clause of place

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Place:

कुछ Adverb Clauses से स्थान (Place) का बोध होता है और उनकी बनावट होती है –

कुछ और वाक्य लें –
1. I live where he lives.
2. He feels happy wherever he lives.
3. Where there is a will there is a way.

ध्यान दें कि Adverb Clause of Place इन Subordinating conjunctions से aid – where, wherever.

(iii) Adverb Clause of Condition

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Condition

कुछ Adverb Clauses से शर्त (condition) का बोध होता है और इनकी बनावट होती है –

P.C. + Adverb Clause (Showing Condition]
Or, Adverb Clause (Showing Condition) + P.C.

1. Unless you work hard, you can’t get success.
2. Write to me in case you need money.
3. If you work hard, you will get success.
4. He has to do the work, whether he likes it or not.
5. Hand he gone to Delhi, he would have seen the Red Fort.
6. Were I the Chief Minister, I would abolish examinations.
7. You may stay here so long as you behave well.
8. You may take this book provided you return it to me in a week.

ध्यान दें कि ऐसे Adverb Clauses इन Subordinating conjunctions से आरम्भ होते हैं –

if, unless, in case, supposing, provided.

(iv) P.C. + Adverb Clause of Comparison

कुछ Adverb Clauses से तुलना (comparison) का बोध होता है जैसे –

1. Mohan is as rich as Sohan.
2. Radha is richer than Mohan.
3. The more you have, the more you want.

ध्यान देखो ऐसे Adverb Clauses इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –

as, than, the + comparative degree

(v) Adverb clause of concession ·

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Concession
कुछ Adverb Clauses से यद्यपि-तथापि (concession) का बोध होता है। इसलिए Adverb Clause में जो कुछ कहा जाता है उसके विपरीत (Contrast Principal Clause में कहा जाता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

P.C. + Adverb Clause [Showing Concession]
Or, Adverb Clause (Showing Concession) + P.C.

1. Though he is poor, he is happy.
2. Although he started late, he caught the bus.
3. Even if though she deceives me, I won’t harm her.
4. However rich he may be, he is not happy.
5. However hard he may work, he can’t get success.
6. Wherever he may go, he can’t be happy.
7. Considering/admitting that he is very old, he is in good health.

‘Adverbs of Concession इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं, क्योंकि इनका अर्थ होता है -“यद्यपि”

though, although, even if, even though, for all, no matter, it doesn’t matter, come what may, say what you will, however + adjective/adverb, adjectivel adverb + as, much + as, whatever (चाहे कुछ भी), wherever (चाहे कहीं भी), considering that, admitting that, not withstanding that.

(vi) Adverb clause of Cause

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Casue

कुछ Adverb Clauses से कारण (cause) का बोध होता है और उनकी बनावट होती है –
P.C. + Adverb Clause (Showing Cause)
Or
Adverb Clause (Showing Cause] + P.C.

1. He missed the train because he started late.
2. As he was ill, he was absent yesterday.
3. Since he is poor, he should be helped.
4. Now that he is dead, we shouldn’t criticise him.
5. I am glad that he has passed.
6. I am sorry that she has failed.
7. I am glad that you agree with me now.
8. He needn’t be punished in as much as he offers an apology.

ध्यान दो की ऐसे Adverb Clauses of Causes इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –

as, because, since, now that, considering that, in that, in as much as, seeing that, noun + that, adjective + that.

(vii) Adverb clause of Purpose

कुछ Adverb Clauses से उद्देश्य (purpose) का बोध होता है और इनकी बनावट होते है –

1. We work that/so that/in order that we may be happy.
2. He died that/so that/in order that man might learn a lesson.
3. Note down the point, lest you should forget it.

ध्यान दो की ऐसे Adverb Clauses of Causes इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –
that, so that, in order that, lest.

(viii) Adverb clause of Result

P.C. + Adverb Clauses of Result/Consequence

कुछ Adverb Clauses से कार्य होने के परिणाम/फल (result/consequence) का बोध होता है और Principal Clauses के कारण (cause) का भाव व्यक्त होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

कुछ और वाक्य लें –

1. He is so great that he forgives even his enemies.
2. The door is so high that the baby can’t reach it.
3. She ran so fast that she won the race.

ध्यान दें कि ऐसे Adverb Clauses आरम्भ होते हैं that से और Principal Clause में _so या such आता है। इस प्रकार, वाक्य में so…..that/such….. that का प्रयोग होता है।

(ix) Adverb Clause of Manner

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Manner

कुछ Adverb Clauses से कार्य करने की रीति/ढंग (manner) का बोध होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

[C] How to Name a Sentence

इस प्रकार, clause को पहचान लेने के बाद, अन्त में हमें यह देखना चाहिए कि अमुक वाक्य किस तरह का है। कुछ लोग वाक्य को पहले ही पहचानकर clauses को अलग करते हैं और तब नामकरण करते हैं। मेरी समझ में यह तरीका तो घोड़े के आगे गाड़ी रखने के समान है। हम वाक्य का नामकरण कर ही कैसे सकते, जब तक यह पता ही न चले कि अमुक वाक्य में कितने clauses है और वे किस प्रकार के हैं ? इसलिए sentence का नामकरण अन्त में होना चाहिए । पर, यह किया कैसे जाय? इसके लिए वह जानना आवश्यक है कि वाक्य कितने प्रकार के होते हैं।

बनावट की दृष्टि से Sentence चार प्रकार का होता है –
(i) Simple
(ii) Compound
(iii) Complex
(iv) Mixed.

(i) Simple Sentence =1 Principal Clause.
(ii) Compound Sentence = at least 2 Principal Clause.
(iii) Complex Sentence = Simple Sentence + Subordinate Clause.
(iv) Mixed Sentence = Compound Sentence + Subordinae Clause.

इस प्रकार हम देखते हैं कि Simple और Compound Sentences में Subordinate Clause नहीं रहता, पर इन दोनों में अन्तर यह है कि Simple में एक ही Principal Clause रहता है ओर Compound में एक से अधिक अर्थात् कम-से-कम दो) Principal Clauses.

Complex Sentence में सिर्फ एक ही Principal.Clause रहता है जैसे कि Simple में, पर Complex में कम-से-कम एक Subordinate Clause का रहना आवश्यक है।

Mixed Sentence में कम-से-कम दो Principal Clauses और कम-से-कम एक Subordinae Clause का रहना आवश्यक है।

Some Important Solved Questions

Question 1.
Pick out the principal clauses in the following sentences :

1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. We love them, that love us.
3. As far as I know, Ram Lal is not to blame.

Answer:

1. The mice will play.
2. We love them.
3. Ram Lal is not to blame.

Question 2.
Pick out the principal clauses in the following sentences.

1. The place where I reside is far off from here.
2. He that is down needs fear no fall.
3. The man whom I met at the railways station is my friend.

Answer:

1. The place is far off from here.
2. He needs fear no fall.
3. The man is my friend.

Question 3.
Pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences. [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. As he entered the room, he saw a snake.
2. I know who he is.
3. Walk carefully lest you should fall.

Answer:

1. As he entered the room – Sub-ordinate clause.
2. Who he is sub – ordinate clause.
3. Lest you should fall – Sub-ordinate clause.

Question 4.
Analyse the following sentences : [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. If I were a bird, I would fly.
2. I believe in the principle that fortune favours the brave.

Answer:

1. (i) I would fly-Principal clause.
   (ii) If I were a bird — Subordinate, Adverb clause of condition.
2. (i) I believe in the principal – Principal clause.
   (ii) That fortune favours the brave – Sub-ordinate Noun clause.

Question 5.
Analyse the following sentences: [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. The principal liked your idea; so did I.
2. When bell rang students came out of the class.

Answer:

1. (i) The principal liked your idea – Principal clause.
   (ii) So did I – Co-ordinate clause to (i).
2. (i) Students came out of the class – Principal clause.
   (ii) When the bell rang – Sub-ordinate Adverb clause.

Question 6.
Identify the following sentences whether they are compound or complex. [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. The sun rose and the fog dispersed.
2. He returned home when the evening came.
3. I know Rani who is a clever girl.

Answer:

1. Compound sentence
2. Complex sentence
3. Complex sentence.

Question 7.
Pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences : (Board Exam. 2009 (Art)]

1. He said that he was going to the school.
2. I have read the book that is lying there.
3. As he is ill, he is absent.

Answer:

1. That he was going to the school- Sub-ordinate clause
2. That is lying there – Sub-ordinate clause
3. As he is ill-Sub-ordinate clause.

Question 8.
Pick out the Principal clauses in the following sentences : [Boare Exam. 2009 (Sc. & Com.)]

1. That he will come today is certain.
2. I know who he is.
3. Walk carefully lest you should fall.

Answer:

1. It is certain
2. I know
3. Walk carefully.

Question 9.
Identify sub-ordinate clause in the following sentences : (Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. That he will come today is certain
2. He that is down needs fear no fall.
3. As he came into the room all rose to their feet.

Answer:

1. That he will come.
2. That is down.
3. As he came into the room.

Question 10.
Pick-out the sub-ordinate clauses and name them : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. He said not to go to school became he was ill.
2. Ram said that he was present.
3. The boy who is coming is my friend.

Answer:

1. He was ill
2. He was present.
3. Who is coming.

Question 11.
pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. That he is honest is beyond any doubt.
2. I do not know when he came from.
3. The book that you took is mine.

Answer:

1. He is honest.
2. He came from.
3. You took is mine.

Question 12.
pick out the subordinate clauses in the following sentences : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. I know the girl who is dancing.
2. Sing while you play.
3. I don’t follow what you say.

Answer:

1. Who is dancing.
2. You play.
3. What you say.

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