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Bihar Board Class 9 English Grammar Active and Passive Voice

Active, Passive Voice & Quasi Passive
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए और इसपर विचार कीजिए कि list A और list B के वाक्यों में क्या अंतर है, विशेषकर उनके verbs के अर्थ और रूप में
A – B
I teach English Grammar. – English Grammar is taught by me.
He reads a book. – A book is read by him.
We hear songs. – Songs are heard by us.

List A के वाक्यों में transitive verbs-teach, reads, hear से बोध होता है कि उनके कर्ता कुछ करते हैं। I teach; He reads; We hear-इनमें कर्ता की प्रधानता है। क्रिया के person और number भी subject के अनुसार है। लेकिन list B के verbs, is taught, is read, are heard से पता चलता है कि उनके कर्ता कुछ करते नहीं हैं, कर्ता को ही कुछ होता है। इन वाक्यों में वस्तुत कीता है। यहाँ तक कि verb के number और person भी listA के वाक्या क objects के अनुसार हैं।

इस तरह, इन वाक्यों के विवेचन से पता चलता है कि एक ही transitive verb का दो प्रकार से इस तरह व्यवहार किया जाता है कि एक से subject की प्रधानता झलकती है और दूसरे से object की। Transitive verb के इसी रूप-परिवर्तन को अंगरेजी में Voice द्वारा व्यक्त करते हैं।

वास्तव में, Voice क्रिया का एक प्रकार का रूप है, जिससे हमें यह मालूम होता है कि वाक्य में subject कुछ कर रहा है या subject पर ही किसी के द्वारा कुछ किया जा रहा है।

जिस वाक्य में subject की प्रधानता हो और जिसका finite verb subject के number और person के अनुसार हो, उसे Sentence in Active Voice कहते हैं। और जिस वाक्य में object को प्रधानता देकर finite verb को object के number और person के अनुसार ही रखना पड़ता है, उसे Sentence in Passive Voice कहते हैं।

Note-वस्तुतः, voice तो verbs का ही होता है और वह भी transitive verbs का; लेकिन verbs के voice परिवर्तन के कारण समूचे वाक्य का भी ऐसा रूपान्तर हो जाता है कि हम कह सकते हैं कि वाक्य active voice में है या passive voice में

Some special verbs – Active in form but Passive in sense
बहुत-से verbs ऐसे हैं जिनका रूप active की तरह मालूम होता है, लेकिन अर्थ passive की तरह होता है। इन्हें Quasi-Passive Verbs कहते हैं। जैस-

  1. The table feels hard (= is hard when it is felt) – टेबुल कड़ा मालूम पड़ता है (जब उसका स्पर्श किया जाता है)।
  2. Sugar tastes sweet (= is sweet when tasted) – चीनी मीठी लगती है (जब किसी के द्वारा चखी जाती है)।
  3. Rolse smells good (= is good when smelt) – गुलाब अच्छा महकता है (जब सूंघा जाता है)।
  4. Your poem reads well (=sounds well when it is read) – आपकी कविता अच्छी लगती है (जब पढ़ी जाती है)।
  5. This book sells well (is purchased by many) – यह किताब अच्छी तरह बिकती है (जब बेची जाती है तब अधिकांश लोग खरीदते हैं)।

ऊपर के सभी वाक्यों में transitive verbs अपने complement के साथ हैं। अब कुछ ऐसे transitive verbs का अध्ययन कीजिए जिनका न कोई complement है और न कोई object ही स्पष्ट रहता है, फिर भी ऐसे verbs रूप में active लेकिन अर्थ में passive होते हैं; जैसे-

  1. A place is building (एक महल बनाया जा रहा है)
  2. The drum is beating (ढोल बजाया जा रहा हैं)
  3. The guns are firing (बन्दूकें चलाई जा रही हैं)
  4. This book is printing (यह किताब छप रही है, या छापी जा रही है)
  5. The cow is milking (गाय दूही जा रही है)

How to change Active Voice into Passive Voice
Verb को active voice से passive voice में बदलते समय पूरे वाक्य का रूपान्तर करना पड़ता है। Active voice में जो noun या pronoun nominative case में रहता है, उसको objective case में बदलकर उसके पहले ‘by’ जोड़कर उसे object की जगह पर ले आते हैं। और, जो noun या pronoun active voice में objective case में रहता है, उसके nominative case में ला subject की जगह पर रख देते हैं और तब इस नए subject के number और person तथा tense के अनुकूल verb ‘to be’ का उपयुक्त रूप जोड़कर verb के past participle का प्रयोग करते हैं।
Verb ‘to be’ के उपयुक्त रूप ये हैं-
Present Tense में is या am या are.
Past Tense में was या were.
Past Participle में been.
निम्नांकित तालिका का अध्ययन करें-
Bihar Board Class 9 English Grammar Active and Passive Voice

How to change Active Voice with two objects into Passive Voice
साधारण नियम तो यह है कि अगर active voice में किसी verb के दो object रहें, तो एक को subject बना दिया जाए और दूसरे को retained object [देखें Chapter 4 के अन्तर्गत Five kinds of object] बनाकर object ही रखा जाए। जैसे-
He gave me a pen.
(i) I was given a pen by him.
or (ii) A pen was given to me by him.
Active voice के verb ‘gave’ के यहाँ दो objects हैं- me (indirect object), pen (direct object). वाक्य (i) में ‘me’ को I में बदलकर pen को ज्यों-का-त्यों retained object बनाकर रखा गया। वाक्य (ii) में pen को ही subject बनाकर ‘me’ को retained object बनाकर रखा गया। व्याकरण की दृष्टि से ये दोनों वाक्य शुद्ध हैं और विद्यार्थी दोनों का व्यवहार कर सकते हैं। लेकिन आधुनिक usage के अनुसार वाक्य (i) ही अधिक उपयुक्त है। Allen का कहना है: ‘Active voice में यदि transitive verb के दो objects हैं, तो passive voice में personal object को ही subject बनाना चाहिए।’

Verbs which cannot be used in Passive Voice.
पहले कहा जा चुका है कि verb को active voice से passive voice में बदलने के लिए subject को object और object को subject बनाना पड़ता है। इससे यह स्पष्ट है कि
(a) जिस verb का object नहीं होता, उसको passive voive में नहीं बदला जा सकता है। चूंकि intransitive verb (अकर्मक क्रिया) का कोई object नहीं होता, इसलिए intransitive verb का passive voice नहीं हो सकता। यह साधारण नियम है, लेकिन कुछ अवस्थाओं में intransitive verb का भी passive voice होता है। जैसे-

(i) अगर intransitive verb के बाद preposition आने से वह transitive verb बन जाए और उसका कोई object रहे, तो उस verb का passive voice हो सकता है। जैसे-
He laughed at the dwarf. – The dwarf was laughed at by him.
They spoke to the man. – The man was spoken to by them.
इन वाक्यों में preposition को verb का ही अंश माना जाएगा और passive voice में भी वह verb के बाद अवश्य आएगा।

(ii) अगर किसी intransitive verb का cognate object रहे, तो उसका passive voice हो सकता है। जैसे-
We ran a race. – A race was run by us.
He dreamt a sweet dream. – A sweet dream was dreamt by him.

(iii) अगर किसी intransitive verb का causative verb की तरह व्यवहार हुआ हो, तो उसका passive voice हो सकता है, जैसे-
They grow rice. – Rice is grown by them.
We feed the poor. – The poor are fed by us.
The labourers felled a tee. – A tree was felled by the labourer
(b) Perfect continuous tense – present perfect continuous past perfect continuous, future perfect continuous के verb का Passive voice नहीं होता।
(c) Quasi-passive verbs का साधारणतः passive voice नहीं होता, क्योंकि उनका अर्थ तो passive होता ही है। इसलिए इन वाक्यों के verbs का passive नहीं होगा-
The poem reads well.
The honey tastes sweet.

Passive Voice में object के पूर्व ‘by’ के स्थान पर अन्य शब्द
ऊपर कहा जा चुका है कि passive voice में बदले जाने पर active voice का subject objective case में बदलकर object की जगह पर आता है
और उसके पहले preposition by का प्रयोग होता है। लेकिन इसके कुछ अपवाद ‘भी हैं:
(i) कुछ passive verbs के बाद by के बदले किसी दूसरे preposition का (जो उस. verb के उपयुक्त हो) व्यवहार किया जाता है। जैसे-
Active – Passive
Ram knows me. – I am known to Ram.
His behaviour surprised me. – I was surprised at his behaviour.
Your attitude displeased them. – They were displaced with your attitude.
My son annoyed me. – I was annoyed with my son.
इसी तरह, astonished, pleased, disgusted इत्यादि verbs के बाद by नहीं प्रयुक्त होता। किसी दूसरे उपयुक्त Preposition का व्यवहार किया जाता है।
(ii) बहुत-से वाक्यों में जहाँ active voice का subject अनिर्दिष्ट है, जैसे- they, nobody, no one इत्यादि, वहाँ passive voice बनाने में विद्यार्थियों की कठिनाई होती है। उनकी सुविधा के लिए यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण दिए जा रहे हैं-
Active – Passive
People in East Bengal speak Bengali. – Bengali is spoken by the people in East Bengal.
They say that health is wealth. – It is said that health is wealth.
No one can do this work. – This work cannot be done by anyone.
Nobody reads this book. – This book is not read by anyone.

More About Voice
Interchange of Active Voice and Passive Voice
Voice के प्रसंग में आपको active voice से passive voice में बदलने के कुछ प्रमुख नियमों से अवगत कराया गया है। यहाँ हम interrogative, imperative, complex, compound sentences इत्यादि को active से passive voice में बदलने के तरीके पर विचार करें।

Infinitive वाले वाक्य का Passive Voice
अगर वाक्य में finite verb, intransitive रहे और उसके बाद infinitive का प्रयोग हो तो infinitive को उसके past participle रूप में कर देने से वाक्य passive voice में. हो जाएगा। जैसे-
Active – Passive
I expect to win him over. – I expect him to be won over.
He tried hard to obtain some help. – He tried hard for some help to be obtained.
He likes his subordinates to flatter him. – He likes to be flattered by his subordinates.
It is time to open the shop. – It is time for the shop to be opened.
There is nothing to do. – There is nothing to be done.
I have nothing to hope for. – There is nothing to be hoped for.

Imperative Verb on Passive Voice
Imperative a transitive verbs a passive voice बनाने में इस वाक्य को let से प्रारम्भ करते हैं (भले ही वाक्य में पहले से let नहीं रहे) और तब verb के बदले उसके passive infinitive, without to का प्रयोग करते हैं।
Active – Passive
(You) Fetch a glass of water. – Let a glass of water be fetched (by you).
(You) Take him home. – Let him be taken home (by your).
(You) Hear him. – Let him be heard (by you).
Note – विद्यार्थियों को उचित है कि बायीं ओर के वाक्य में subject you जो लुप्त है, उसे लिखकर, voice का परिवर्तन करें। जैसे-
Read this book = (You) read this book.
और यह passive voice में हो जाएगा-
Let this book be read by you.

Interrogative sentence के transitive verb का passive voice में परिवर्तन
1. अगर interrogative sentence, auxiliary verb से शुरू हो-
विद्यार्थी अगर गलती से बचना चाहते हों तो उनहें चाहिए कि voice परिवर्तन के पहले ऐसे वाक्य को assertive sentence में बदल लें। फिर, ऊपर दिए गए साधारण नियमों के अनुसार वाक्य का voice बदल दें। और, voice परिवर्तन के बाद sentence को पुन: interrogative sentence के रूप में लिख लें; जैसे-
Did you read this book? इस बाक्य में verb ‘read’ active voice में है। हम इसको passive voice में बदलने के पहले-
(i) इसको assertive sentence के रूप में लिखें – You read this book.
(ii) यह passive voice में हो जाएगा – This book was read by you.
(iii) अब इसको interrogative sentence के रूप में लिखें – Was this book read by you?
कुछ अन्य उदाहरणों का अध्ययन करें-
Active – Passive
(a) Did he kill the dog?
Steps:
Assertive – He killed the dog.
Assertive-Passive – The dog was killed by him.
Interrogative-Passive – Was the dog killed by him?

(b) Did you like dinner?
Steps:
Assertive – You liked the dinner.
Assertive-Passive – The dinner was liked by you.
Interrogative-Passive – Was the dinner liked by you?
(2) अगर transitive verb वाला interrogative sentence ‘who’ से प्रारम्भ हो तो passive voice में बदलने के लिए ‘who’ को active voice का subject मानकर साधारण नियमों के अनुसार वाक्य को passive में बदल देंगे, जैसे-
Active – Passive
Who did this? – By whom was this dotted?
Who killed the dog? – By whom was the dog killed?
Who reads this book? – By whom is this book read?
Note – Who का objective case ‘whom’ होता है-
तो इस question word को पहले वाक्य से निकालकर ऊपर (1) में दिए गए तरीके से passive voice बना लें और तब question word का पुनः passive voice के वाक्य के शुरू में जोड़ दें; जैसे-

  1. Why did you read this book?
  2. When did he kill the dog?
  3. How did they admit all students?
  4. How did you like dinner?

इन वाक्यों से अगर why, when, how को हटा लें तो इनका सही रूप रहता है जो (1) में दिए गए वाक्यों का है, तो हम (1) में बताए गए नियम के अनुसार इनका passive में रूपान्तर कर लेंगे और तब क्रमश: why, when, how को वाक्य के आरम्भ में जोड़कर लिखेंगे

  1. Why was this book read by you?
  2. When was the dog killed by him?
  3. How were all students admitted by them?
  4. How was the dinner liked by you?

Change of transitive verb in complex and compound sentences from the active voice to the passive voice
अगर किसी वाक्य में एक से अधिक finite verb रहें और वे सभी transitive हों तो एक को Passive voice में बदलने पर दूसरे को भी passive voice में बदलना पड़ेगा। जैसे, हम इन वाक्यों को लें
Active – Passive
(i) He told me that he had read the book. – I was told by him that the book had been read by him.
(ii) He wrote this book and gave it to Bharati Bhawan for publication. – This book was written by him and it was) given
(by him) to Anjana (P&D) for publication.
(iii) She wrote the letter but tore it to pieces. – The letter was written by her but (it was) torn (by her) to pieces.

ऊपर दिए गए वाक्यों में हम देखते हैं कि प्रत्येक में दो-दो clauses हैं।
(i) He told me + that he had read the book.
(ii) He wrote this book + and + (he) have it to Anjana (P&D) for publication.
(iii) She wrote the letter + and + (she) tore it to pieces.
इन वाक्यों को passive रूप में लाने के लिए हम दोनों clauses को अलग-अलग passive रूप में ले आते हैं, और तब उनको जोड़ दते हैं।
Note – अगर एक ही clause में एक finite verb रहे और उसके साथ infinitive verb रहे तो हम दोनों को passive voice में नहीं बदल सकते, क्योंकि double passive का व्यवहार नहीं हो सकता।

Passive Voice से Active Voice बनाने का नियम
(i) अगर दिए हुए वाक्यों में कुछ शब्द लुप्त हों तो उनको कोष्ठ (brackets) में लिखकर वाक्यों को पूरा कर लीजिए। अकसर passive voice में by + object लुप्त रहता है। ऐसी हालत में अपनी ओर से by + उपयुक्त object जोड़कर वाक्य को पूरा कर लीजिए। जैसे-
The thief was arrested. = The thief was arrested (by the police).
My watch was stolen. = My watch was stolen (by someone).
It is said that he is poor. = It is said (by them or by people) that he is poor.
The letter was written by her and torn to bits. = The letter was written by her and it was) torn to bits (by her).

(ii) इसके बाद passive voice के वाक्य में से object को निकालकर nominative case में ले आइए और active voice के वाक्य का उसे subject बना लीजिए।

(iii) Passive voice के subject को objective case में ले आइए और उसे active voice के वाक्य में object की जगह पर लिखिए।

(iv) Verb ‘to be’ को हटाकर, verb के past participle रूप को नए subject of 3 CHR FC FCI

(v) Passive voice के object के पहले ‘by’, ‘to’ य अन्य कोई preposition रहे तो उसे हटा दीजिए; जैसे-

Passive Voice – Active Voice
He was sentenced to death (by the judge). – The Judge sentenced him to death.
He is not known to me. – I do not know him.
Trespassers will be prosecuted (by the Government). – The Government will prosecute the trespassers.
Let the tea be brought. – Bring tea.
You will be compelled to resign your post (by the circumstances). – Circumstances will compel you to resign your post. Heavy casualties have been reported (by the Press). – The Press has reported heavy casualties.
It is time for the bell to be rung. – It is time to ring the bell.
Have the trees been cut (by somebody)? – Has somebody cut the trees?
Let it be tried by all of us. – Let all of us try it.
Let silence be observed. – Observe silence.
What cannot be cured (by us) must be endured (by us). – We must endure what we cannot cure.
The field has been overgrown with grass. – Grass has grown over the field.
English is spoken all over the world (by people). – People speak English all over the world.
The injured are being treated (by the doctors). – The doctors are treating the injured.
The house was burnt to ashes (by the fire). – The fire burnt the house to ashes.
Cricket is not liked by me but football is (liked by me). – I do not like cricket, but I like football.
Reference books must not be taken away (by readers). – Readers must not take away reference books.
It cannot be done (by anyone). – No one can do it.

नोट-उपर्युक्त passive voice के वाक्यों में कोष्ठ के अन्दर जो शब्द दिए गए हैं वे प्रश्न में प्रायः लुप्त रहते हैं। यहाँ विद्यार्थियों के समझने के लिए केवल संकेत हैं।

More Exercises Solved
Change the following sentences from Active to Passive:
Note : उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (italics) में दिया गया हैं।

Active – Passive

  1. He knows me. – I am known to him.
  2. My father has taught me. – I have been taught by my father.
  3. Help the poor. – Let the poor be helped.
  4. He gave me a book. – I was given a book by him.
  5. The Headmaster gave him a prize. – He was given a prize by the Headmaster.
  6. Raju has built this house. – This house has been built by Raju.
  7. The soldiers took her to the soldiers. – She was taken to the camp by the camp.
  8. Who killed the bird? – By whom was the bird killed?
  9. Do it at once. – Let it be done at once.
  10. The mother looks after the child. – The child is looked after my mother.
  11. Motilal Nehru admired Gandhiji. – Gandhiji was admired by Motilal Nehru.
  12. Who taught you English? – By whom were you taught English?
  13. Who wrote this poem? – By whom was this poem written?
  14. They made him captain. – He was made captain by them.
  15. Who has stolen my purse? – By whom has my purse been stolen?
  16. The teacher guides me. – I am guided by the teacher.
  17. Give me your pen. – Let your pen be given to me.
  18. Who has killed the tiger? – By whom has the tiger been killed?
  19. Gandhiji respected all living creatures. – All living creatures were respected by Gandhiji.
  20. We have polluted wells. – Even wells have been polluted by us.
  21. May destroy the Beautiful cities. – Beautiful cities are destroyed by man.
  22. We must preserve forests. – Forests must be preserved by us.
  23. He has bought a house. – A house has been bought by him.
  24. The police arrested the thief. – The thief was arrested by the police.
  25. Mr Das teaches us English. – We are taught English by Mr Das.
  26. Satish may do the work. – The work may be done by Satish.
  27. We should do it. – It should be done by us.
  28. They caught the thief. – The thief was caught by them.
  29. Ramesh was writing a letter. – A letter was being written by Ramesh.
  30. Do not insult the poor. – Let the poor be not insulted.
  31. Cut down the tree. – Let the tree be cut down.
  32. I do not know him. – He is not known to me.
  33. You can win a prize. – A prize can be won by you.
  34. Who taught you grammar? – By whom were you taught grammar?
  35. Leela is learning music. – Music is being leurnt by Leela.
  36. She will sing a song. – A song will be sung by her.
  37. I have finished the work. – The work has been finished by me.
  38. She wrote a letter. – A letter was written by her.
  39. Do this work. – Let this worki’be done.
  40. You must learn English. – English must be learnt by you.
  41. He cannot do this work. – This work cannot be done by him.
  42. Please help me. – You are requested to help me.
  43. I helped the beggar. – The beggar was helped by me.
  44. We should not punish him. – He should not be punished by us.
  45. He bought a pen. – A pen was bought by him.
  46. Post the letter. – Let the letter be posted.
  47. Call the man waiting outside. – Let the man be called waiting outside.
  48. We expect good news. – Good news all expected by us.
  49. My father has taught me. – I have been taught by my father.
  50. He gave me a look. – A book was given to me by him.
  51. Raman is solving the task. – The task is being solved by Raman.
  52. I saw him opening the box. – He was seen opening the box.
  53. Brutus accused Caesar of ambition. – Caesar was accused of ambition by Brutus.

(B) Removal of Too’
Romove Too’ in the following sentences.
Note: उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (italics) में दिया गया है।
Active – Passive

  1. The tea is too hot for me to take. – The tea is so hot that I cannot take it.
  2. It is too good to be true. – It is so good that it cannot be true.
  3. It is too heavy to be lifted. – It is so heavy that it cannot be lifted.
  4. It is too cold. – It is excessively cold.
  5. The weather is too cold to go out. – The weather is so cold that one cannot go out.

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