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Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Tenses

Tense

Tense- (E) Excla – क्रिया के रूप को Tense कहा जाता है । (The tense of a verb shows the time when an action takes place)

Kinds of Tense

Tense के तीन भेद होते हैं –
1. Present Tense (वर्तमान काल)
2. Past Tense (भूतकाल)
3. Future Tense (भविष्य काल)

Preseent Tense

जब क्रोई कार्य वर्तमान समय में होता है तो Present Tense कहते हैं, जैसे – Ram reads a book. He is writing a letter. Mohan has gone home. Sohan has been reading in this school for four years.

Past Tense

जब कोई कार्य बीते हुए समय में हुआ था, हो रहा था, हो चुका था, होता आ रहा था तो ऐसी क्रिया को Past Tense कहते हैं –

जैसे – He went home. He was going home. He had gone home. He had been teaching for ten years.

Future Tense

जब क्रिया से आनेवाले समय का बोध होता है, उसे Future Tense कहा जाता है जैसे-I shall go home.

1. Present Tense

Kinds of Present Tense
I. Present Simple/Indefinite
ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

Subject+full verb[Present Simple]

Present Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित परिस्थितियों में किया जाता है :

Rule I. ऐसे वाक्यों से चिरन्तन सत्य (eternal truth) या सिद्धांत (principle) का बोध होता है और इसलिए इनसे Past, Present, Future तीनों प्रकार के Time का भाव व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. The sun rises in the east.
2. The sun sets in the west.

Rule II. ऐसे वाक्यों से स्थायी कार्य (permanent activity) या स्वभाव (nature) का बोध होता है इसलिए इनसे Past, Present, Future तीनों प्रकार के Time का भाव व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. we hear with our ears.
2. We see with our eyes
3. The rose smells sweet.
4. He lives in India.

Rule III. ऐसे वाक्यों से आदत (habit) या कार्य के बार-बार होने (repetition) का बोध होता है और इसलिए इनसे Past, Present, Future तीनों प्रकार का Time व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. I like fish very much.
2. He knows English.
3. He always comes on time.
4. She never comes on time.

Rule IV. ऐसे वाक्यों से भविष्य में होनेवाले कार्यक्रम/निर्णय (firm decision/programme) को बोध होता है और इसलिए इनसे Future Time का भाव व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. He leaves for home tomorrow.
2. The plane takes off at 9 a.m.

इस प्रकार के वाक्यों में Future Time बतानेवाले Adverbs of Time का प्रयोग होता है, जैसे
tomorrow, next day, next week/month/year.

Rule v. ऐसे वाक्यों से ऐतिहासिक वर्तमान (historical present) का बोध होता है और इसलिए इनसे Past Time का भाव व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. Now the Battle of Panaipat begins.
2. Now Akbar calls Birbal and asks.

Rule VI. ऐसे वाक्यों से समय (time) या शर्त (condition) का बोध होता है और Future Time का भाव व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. You will pass if you work hard.
2. I will wait here until he comes back.
यहाँ If you work hard का अर्थ है-If you will work hard और Until he comes back का अर्थ है-Until he will come back.

2. Present Continuous Tense

ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

Subject+am/is/are+verb+ing

Present Continuous Tesne का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित परिस्थितियों में किया जाता है :

Rule I. ऐसे वाक्यों से तात्कालिक वर्तमान (immediate present-Now) का बोध होता है; जैसे –
1. The sun is rising now.
2. They are catching fish now.

Rule II. ऐसे वाक्यों से भविष्य में होनेवाले कार्यक्रम/योजना (plan/programme) का भी बोधं होता है और इसलिए इनसे Future Time व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. He is leaving for home tomorrow.
2. She is taking her examination next week.

Rule III. ऐसे वाक्यों से कार्य करने के इरादे (intention) या संभावना (likelihood) का बोध होता है और इसलिए इनसे Future Time का भाव व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. He is going to buy a car.- intention
2. The patient is going to die.- likelihood

3. Present Perfect Tense

Subject+has/have+past participle

Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित परिस्थितियों में होता है।

Rule I. इससे यह बोध होता है कि कोई कार्य तुरन्त समाप्त हुआ है और इसलिए इसका सम्बन्ध वर्तमान समय (Present Time) से नहीं रहता है। जैसे –

1. I have finished the work.
2. He has returned from Delhi.

Rule II. इससे यह भी बोध होता है कि कार्य का सम्बन्ध वर्तमान समय (Present time) से जुड़ा हुआ है, क्योंकि इसका प्रभाव अभी भी जारी है; जैसे –

1. He has lived here since 1970.
2. I have known him for five years.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Subject+has/have+been+verb-ing

इससे यह बोध होता है कि जो काम भूतकाल (past) में आरम्भ हुआ था वह वर्तमान समय (present time) में जारी है, जैसे –

1. It has been raining since Monday.
2. He has been working here since January.

Past Tense

1. Past Indefinite Tense (V2)

Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है :

(a) भूतकाल में पूरी हुई किसी क्रिया के लिए :
1. We learnt English at school.
2. He killed a snake.
3. My father taught in this school.

(b) भूतकाल के सम्बन्ध में किसी आदत, अथवा प्रायः होने वाली क्रिया के लिए :
1. He came to me every evening.
2. He never told a lie.
3. I always spoke the truth.

2. Past Continuous Tense (was/were + V1-ing)

Past Progressive (Continuous) Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया भूतकाल में किसी निश्चित समय पर अथवा किसी निश्चित अवधि के दौरान चल रही हो ।

1. He was writing a letter when I saw him.
2. I was reading a novel yesterday afternoon.

Past Progressive तथा Simple Past के अन्तर को अच्छी प्रकार से समझ लेना चाहिए।

Simple Past Tense – भूतकाल में पूरी हो चुकी क्रिया के लिए।
Past Progressive Tense – भूतकाल में जारी रही क्रिया के लिए ।

Past Progressive का प्रयोग उस स्थिति में किया जाता है जब हमारी मुख्य रूचि क्रिया के समाप्ति में न हो, अपितु क्रिया के जारी रहने में हो।

क्रिया के पूरे होने में हमारी रुचि कम होती है और क्रिया के जारी रहने की स्थिति पर अधिक बल होता है। यदि हमारी रुचि क्रिया के पूरा होने में हो तो simple Past का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Completed activity (V2)

  1. He came into the room
  2. I saw her
  3. I dropped my watch
  4. When you telephoned ?
  5. It began to rain

Continuing activity was/ were V1-ing)

  1. while I was waiting.
  2. as I was passing yesterday.
  3. while I was binding it.
  4. We were playing.
  5. just as we were leaving the house.

3. Past Perfect Tense (had + V3)

Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है :

(a) ऐसी क्रिया के लिए जो भूतकाल में किसी निश्चित समय (moment) से पहले, या किसी निश्चित समय तक पूरी हो चुकी हो।

1. The patient had died before the doctor came.
2. I had funished my work by evening.

(b) किसी असन्तुष्ट इच्छा को प्रकट करने के लिए।

1. I wish my father had been here at this time.
2. I wish I had worked harder.

(c) Present Perfect अथवा Simple Past वाले किसी वाक्य को Direct कथन से Indirect कथन के बदलने के लिए भी इस Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

1. He said, “The train arrived late.” (Simple Past)
He said that the train had arrived late. (Past Perfect)

2. He said, ” I have left my parents.” (Present Perfect)
He said that he had left his parents. (Past Perfect)

(d) यदि किसी वाक्य में भूतकाल में घटित दो घटनाओं का वर्णन हो, तो उनमें से जो घटना पहले घटी हो, उसके लिए Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है, और जो घटना अपेक्षाकृत रूप से बाद में घटी हो, तो उसके लिए Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग तभी किया जाना चाहिए यदि भूतकाल में होने वाली कोई क्रिया किसी अन्य क्रिया की अपेक्षा पहले पूरी होने का भाव रखती हो।

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

(had + been+V1-ing)

Past Perfect Continuous Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है यदि कोई क्रिया भूतकाल से आरम्भ होकर भूतकाल में ही किसी निश्चित समय पर चल रही हो; जैसे –

When I reached there at 2 p.m., he had been waiting for me since 1.30 p.m.

Future Tense

Future Tense के निम्नलिखित भेद हैं।

1. Future Simple

(i) First Person + shall + Infinitive (without to)
(ii) Second/Third Person + will + Infinitive [without to]

Rule I. ऐसे वाक्यों से केवल Future time का बोध होता है, अर्थात् यह बोध होता है कि कोई कार्य भविष्य में सामान्य रूप से होगा; जैसे –

1. I shall go to Bombay tomorrow.
2. He will start for Delhi tomorrow.

Rule II. कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

(i) First Person + will + Infinitive [without to]
(ii) Second/Third Person + shall + Infinitive [without to]

ऐसे वाक्यों से भविष्यत्काल के अलावा इच्छा, संकल्प. चेतावनी (will/determination/ intention/threat) आदि भावों का बांध होता है। लिए इसे coloured future कहा जाता है। इस वाक्य को देखें –
He shall pay the fine. [threat]

Rule III. कुछ Interrogative Sentences इस प्रकार के होते हैं –

Shall + I + Infinitive [without to]

1. Shall I open the door ?
2. Shall I make tea for you ?

ऐसे वाक्यों से राय परामर्श/निवेदन (advise/suggestion/request) का भाव प्रकट होता है और Fresent Time का बोध होता है।

Rule IV. कभी-कभी Future Simple से आदत या सत्य का भाव प्रकट होता है और इससे Past, Present, Future तीनों प्रकार के Time का बोध होता है –

1. Boys will be boys.
2. Accidents will happen.

3. Future Imperfect [Progressive]
Subject+shall be/will be+verb+ing

Rule I – इससे यह बोध होता है कि कोई कार्य भविष्य में कुछ समय तक जारी रहेगा; जैसे –

1. I shall be reading a novel.
2. He will be staying here.

Rule – एसे वाक्यों से भविष्य में होनेवाले कार्यक्रम/योजना का भी बोध होता है; जैसेI shall be seeing her tomorrow.

3. Future Perfect

Subject+shall have/will have+past participle

Rule I. इससे यह बोध होता है कि कोई कार्य भविष्य में किसी निर्धारित समय तक समाप्त हो चुकेगा; जैसे –

1. He will have finished the work by next year.
2. She will have returned home by next month.

Rule II. Future Perfect से संभावना (likelihood) या अनुमान (inference) का भी बोध होता है। ऐसी संभावना या अनुमान का संबंध भूतकाल (Past) के कार्यों से रहता है, जैसे –

1. You will have heard this story. [शायद आपने इस कहानि को सूना होगा]
2. You will have seen this man. [शायद आपने इस व्यक्ति को देखा होगा]

इस प्रकार , will have + past participle agt 39ef staru may have + past participle और can have + past participle का होता है।

4. Future Perfect Continuous

Subject + shall/will have been + verb+ing

इससे यह बोध होता है कि कार्य भविष्य में बहुत समय तक जारी रहेगा –

1. I shall have been writing a novel.
2. He will have been reading a novel.

Important Questions Solved

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in brackets.

Question 1.

  1. I ……… him last year. (See)
  2. The train ……… before we reached the station. (leave)
  3. He ……… to school by bus. (go)
  4. They ……… here for five years. (live)

Answer:

  1. saw
  2. had left
  3. goes
  4. have been living

Question 2.

  1. The sun ……… in the east. (rise)
  2. He ………. to school every day. (go)
  3. I wish I ……… a good man. (was)
  4. He ……… the poor yesterday. (feed)

Answer:

  1. rises
  2. went
  3. were
  4. fed

Question 3.

  1. Have you ……… him ? (See)
  2. He ……… the school before the bell rang. (reach)
  3. They were ……… Out an hour ago. (see)
  4. We ……… a film last night (see)

Answer:

  1. seen
  2. had reached
  3. seen
  4. saw

Question 4.

  1. We have not ……… him for a year. (see)
  2. Who ……… my book ? (steal)
  3. My brother ……… home a week ago. (go)
  4. The price of mangoes ……… gone up. (has).

Answer:

  1. seen
  2. stolen
  3. went
  4. has

Question 5.

  1. While we worked, they ……… (play)
  2. I ……… working there. (has)
  3. She ……… here since 1989. (live)
  4. The sun ……… when we went out. (shine)

Answer:

  1. played.
  2. have been
  3. has been living
  4. was shining

Question 6.

  1. He ……… for Patna next week. (leave)
  2. It ……… since last night. (rain)
  3. The price of things ……… up. (go)
  4. She did not ……… a letter. (write)

Answer:

  1. leaving
  2. has been raining
  3. has gone up
  4. write

Question 7.
Fill in the blanks with correct Tense of the verbs given in brackets.

  1. Columbus ……… America (discover)
  2. The cinema show ……… when I reached the hall. (start)
  3. After he met with an accident he ……… to a hospital. (take)
  4. The old lady ……… the Gita when the guests arrived. (read)

Answer:

  1. discovered
  2. had started
  3. was taken
  4. was reading

Question 8.
Put the verbs in any three of the following sentences into the correct tense form: [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

  1. He always (come) late.
  2. He (buys) a pen yesterday.
  3. He (live) here since 1990.
  4. They (be) happy at the turn of the events.
  5. Hari (come) tomorrow.

Answer:

  1. comes
  2. bought
  3. has been living
  4. became.
  5. will come

Question 9.
Fill up the blanks with correct tense form as given in the brackets : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

  1. He ……… hot milk. (likes/is/liking)
  2. I ……… my work an hour ago. (have finished/finished)
  3. He is ……… today. (coming/comes)

Answer:

  1. He likes
  2. finished
  3. coming

Question 10.
Put the verbs in the following sentences into correct forms : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

  1. Honesty (be) the best policy.
  2. The dog (bite) her on the ankle while she (catch) it.

Answer:

  1. is
  2. bit catching

Question 11.
Choose the correct tense forms of verbs in brackets and fill in the blanks : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

  1. The Ganga ……… a holy river. (are/is)
  2. Sania Mirza ……… tennis. (plays/playing)
  3. He ……… children. (loves/is loving)

Answer:

  1. is
  2. plays
  3. loves

Question 12.
Put the verbs in the following sentences into correct tense forms : [Board Exam. 2009 (Arts)]

  1. It ……… since morning. (rain)
  2. The sun ……… (rise) in the east and ……… (set) in the west.

Answer:

  1. raining
  2. rises sets

Question 13.
Put the verbs in the following sentences into correct tense forms : (Board Exam. 2009 Sc. & Com.)

  1. Honesty (be) the best polity.
  2. He (leave) Patna a month ago.

Answer:

  1. is
  2. Patna

Question 14.
Choose the correct tense forms of the verbs given in brackets and fill in the blanks : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

  1. He ……… (come) to see me yesterday.
  2. If he comes I ……… (go).
  3. Look ! They ……… (work) in the field.

Answer:

  1. came
  2. shall go
  3. are working.

Question 15.
Put the verbs in the following sentences into correct tense forms :

  1. Macbeth ……… Written by Shakespeare. (was/would)
  2. I wish I ……… a king. (be, will)
  3. The senant has been ……… by the master. (beat, beaten)

Answer:

  1. was
  2. be
  3. beaten

Question 16.
Fill in the blanks with correct form of tenses as given in the brackets :

  1. He has ……… every law (broke, broken).
  2. The report was ……… A guilty. (destorting, distorted)
  3. Mind ……… always suspicious. (is/are)

Answer:

  1. broken
  2. distorting
  3. is

Question 17.
Put the verbs in any three of the following sentences into correct tense forms:

  1. I(leve) Patna last year
  2. He already (buy) a new house
  3. He (return) the book tomorrow
  4. I (not see) any picture since January

Answer:

  1. had left
  2. bought
  3. will return
  4. have not seen

Question 18.
Fill in the blanks with correct tense formed an given in the brackets :

  1. My horse ……… very fast. (run)
  2. I ……… all my sums. (solve)
  3. I ……… to mumbai in next week. (go)

Answer:

  1. runs
  2. can solve
  3. shall go

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