Category: Class 10

Bihar Board Class 9 Hindi Book Solutions Godhuli Bhag 1 गद्य खण्ड Chapter 1 कहानी का प्लाँट Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

BSEB Bihar Board Class 9 Hindi Solutions गद्य Chapter 1 कहानी का प्लाँट

Bihar Board Class 9 Hindi कहानी का प्लाँट Text Book Questions and Answers

Kahani Ka Plot Ka Question Answer Bihar Board प्रश्न 1.
लेखक ने ऐसा क्यों कहा है कि कहानी लिखने योग्य प्रतिभा भी मुझमें नहीं है जबकि यह कहानी श्रेष्ठ कहानियों में एक है?
उत्तर-
लेखक को अपनी बड़ाई खुद करने में विश्वास नहीं है क्योंकि लेखक को कला-मर्मज्ञ होना चाहिए और यहाँ लेखक कलाविद् भी अपने को नहीं मानते हैं।

कहानी का प्लॉट का प्रश्न उत्तर Bihar Board प्रश्न 2.
लेखक ने भगजोगनी नाम ही क्यों रखा? ।
उत्तर-
यह कहानी ग्रामीण परिवेश की कहानी है और उसमें लेखक को देहाती नाम अच्छा लग

कहानी का प्लॉट का प्रश्न उत्तर Pdf Bihar Board प्रश्न 3.
मुंशीजी के बड़े भाई क्या थे? उत्तर-पलिस दारोगा।

कहानी का प्लॉट शिवपूजन सहाय प्रश्न उत्तर Bihar Board प्रश्न 4.
दारोगाजी की तरक्की रुकने की क्या वजह थी?
उत्तर-
दारोगा जी को एक घोड़ी थी। बहुत कम कीमत की मगर वह तुर्की घोड़े का कान काटती थी। उसको लेने के लिए बड़े-बड़े अंगरेज अफसर दाँत गड़ाए , हुए थे लेकिन दारोगा जी ने नहीं दिया। इसीलिए उनकी तरक्की रुक गई।

Kahani Ka Plot Question Answer Bihar Board प्रश्न 5.
मुंशीजी अपने बड़े भाई से कैसे उऋण हुए?
उत्तर-
एक गोरे अफसर के हाथ खासी रकम पर घोड़ी को बेचकर मुंशीजी अपने बड़े भाई से उऋण हुए।

Kahani Ka Plot Ka Question Answer In Hindi Bihar Board प्रश्न 6.
‘थानेदार की कमाई और फूस का तापना दोनों बराबर हैं, लेखक ने ऐसा क्यों कहा?
उत्तर-
दारोगाजी के रहते जितनी मौज मस्ती थी उनके मरने के बाद सारी बातें गायब हो गयी थी। इसी संदर्भ में उपर्युक्त बातें कही गई हैं।

Bihar Board Class 9 Hindi Book Solution प्रश्न 7.
‘मेरी लेखनी में इतना जोर नहीं’-लेखक ऐसा क्यों कहता है?
उत्तर-
भगजोगनी के रूप-लावण्य का वर्णन करने में लेखक सारी उपमाओं के बाद भी अपने को असमर्थ पाता है तभी उसने कहा है कि मेरी लेखनी में इतना जोर नहीं है कि मैं इसका सटीक वर्णन कर सकूँ।

Bihar Board Solution Class 9 Hindi प्रश्न 8.
भगजोगनी का सौंदर्य क्यों नहीं खिल सका?
उत्तर-
भगजोगनी, अनाथ बच्ची, गरीबी की चक्की में इतनी पिस गई थी कि उसे और बातों के अलावा दो जून खाना भी नसीब न था। फिर उसका सौंदर्य कैसे खिल सकता था।

Bihar Board 9th Class Hindi Book Solution प्रश्न 9.
मुंशीजी गल-फाँसी लगाकर क्यों करना मरना चाहते हैं?
उत्तर-
भगजोगनी की दशा देखकर अपनी गरीबी पर तरस खाकर बदहाली की जिंदगी जीने से मजबूर होकर गला-फाँसी लगा लेना चाहते हैं मुंशीजी।

प्रश्न 10.
भगजोगनी का दूसरा वर्तमान नवयुवक पति उसका ही सौतेला बेटा है। यह घटना समाज की किस बुराई की ओर संकेत करती है और क्यों?
उत्तर-
भगजोगनी की शादी वृद्ध से हुई थी जो उसके तरूणाई आते मर गया। आज वह युवती है, पूर्ण युवती। उसका सौंदर्य उसके वर्तमान पति का स्वर्गीय धन है। दूसरा पति उसका सौतेला बेटा। यही समाज की नियति है कि वह इस वातावरण में जीने को मजबूर है।

व्याख्याएँ

12. आशय स्पष्ट करें

(क) ‘जो जीभ एक दिन बटेरों का शोरबा सुड़कती थी, अब वह सराह-सराहकर मटर का सत्तू सरपोटने लगी। चुपड़ी चपातियाँ चबानेवाले दाँत अब चंद चबाकर दिन गुजरने लगे।’
उत्तर-
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ शिवपूजन सहाय द्वारा लिखित ‘कहानी का प्लॉट’ शीर्षक से उद्धृत हैं। इसमें लेखक ने बड़े ही सहज ढंग से अमीरी से गरीबी में आने पर होनेवाले बदलाव का चित्रण किया है।

कहानी में लेखक को मुंशीजी ने जब रो-रोकर अपना दुखड़ा सुनाते हैं उसका बड़ा ही रोचक वर्णन लेखक ने किया है। मुंशीजी कहते हैं कि “क्या कहूँ बीते दिनों की, जब याद करता हूँ तो गश आ जाता है।” दारोगाजी के जीते-जी ऐश-मौज का बखान मुंशजी जी करते हैं और दारोगा जी मृत्यु के बाद आई गरीबी का इजहार करते हैं। उसका लेखक ने बड़े ही रोचक और सत्यता के साथ उजागर करता है। लोग अमीरी में कुछ भी नहीं सोचते। अनाप-शनाप, फिजूलखर्ची उनकी आदत बन जाती है। वही जब गरीबी आती है तो याद किस तरह सताती है इसका दिग्दर्शन लेखक ने ग्रामीण परिवेश में बड़े ही रोचक ढंग से प्रस्तुत किया है।

(ख) “सचमुच अमीरी की कब्र पर पनपी हुई गरीबी बड़ी ही जहरीली होती है।’
उत्तर-
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ शिवपूजन सहाय द्वारा लिखित ‘कहानी का प्लॉट’ शीर्षक से उदधत है। लेखक ने समाज में होनेवाले उतार-चढाव का. फिर बीते दिनों की याद को वर्तमान में पश्चाताप का इतना सुंदर विवेचन किया है कि वह ही सत्य हो गया है।
मुंशीजी कहते हैं कि एक दिन वह था कि भाई साहब के पेशाब से चिराग जलता था, और एक दिन यह भी है कि मेरी हड्डियों मुफसिसी की आँच से मोमबत्तियों की तरह घुल घुलकर जल रही है। बड़ा अफसोस होता है लेकिन सच ही कहा गया है कि अमीरी के कब्र पर पनपी हुई गरीबी बड़ी ही जहरीली होती है। लेखक ने इतनी मार्मिकता से इसका वर्णन किया है जो अत्यंत ही संवेदनायुक्त है।

निम्नलिखित गद्यांशों को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़कर नीचे पूछे गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए।

1. किंतु जब बहिया बह गई, तब चारों ओर उजाड़ नजर आने लगा।
दारोगाजी के मरते ही सारी अमीरी घुस गईं, चिलम के साथ-साथ चूल्हा-चक्की भी ठंढी हो गई। जो जीभ एक दिन बटेरों का शोखा सुड़कती थी, वह अब सराह-सराह कर मटर का सत्तू सरपोटने लगी। चुपड़ी चपातियाँ चबानेवाले दाँत अब चंद चने चबाकर दिन गुजारने लगे। लोग साफ कहने लग गए कि थानेदार की कमाई और फूस का तापना दोनों बराबर हैं।
(क) पाठ और लेखक के नाम लिखिए।
(ख) इस गद्यांश में किसके संबंध में क्या कहा गया है?
(ग) ‘बटेरों का शोरवा सुड़कना’ तथा ‘मटर का सत्तू सरपोटना’ के क्या प्रतीकार्थ हैं?
(घ) इस गद्यांश का आशय लिखिए।
(ङ) “थानेदार की कमाई और फूस का तापना दोनों बराबर हैं।”
इस कथन का अर्थ स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर-
(क) पाठ-कहानी का प्लॉट, लेखक-शिवपूजन सहाय।

(ख) इस गद्यांश में दारोगाजी की मृत्यु के बाद उनके भाई मुंशीजी की आर्थिक-बदहाली और बेबसी का विवरण प्रस्तुत किया गया है। उनकी कल की खुशियाली के बाद आई वर्तमान की विपन्नता बड़ी कारुणिक है।

(ग) ‘बटेरी का शोरवा सुड़कना’ प्रतीक है-सुख-समृद्धि में शानदार सुस्वादु भोजन के आनंद का। ‘मटर का सत्तू सरपोटना’ प्रतीक है-गरीबी की लाचारी में निम्नकोटि के भोजन से किसी तरह पेट भरने की क्रिया का।

(घ) इस गद्यांश में कल के अमीर और आज के फकीर बने मुंशीजी की आर्थिक तंगी और दयनीय दशा का अंकन उनकी खाद्य सामग्री के वर्णन के माध्यम से किया गया है। कल तक बटेर के शोरबे और घी में चुपड़ी चपातियों के भोजन का आनंद लेनेवाले मुंशीजी आज मटर के सत्तू और चने के चंद दाने पर ही जीने को मजबूर हैं।

(ङ) थानेदार की कमाई घूस की रकम की अप्रत्याशित आमदनी की कमाई होती है जो देखते-ही-देखते तुरंत लहलहा उठती है, लेकिन वह फूस की आग की तरह तुरत लहककर उतनी ही शीघ्रता से मिट या बुझ भी जाती है।

2. लेकिन जरा किस्मत की दोहरी मार तो देखिए। दारोगाजी के जमाने में मुंशीजी के चार-पाँच लड़के हुए। पर सब-के-सब सुबह के चिराग हो गए। जब बेचारे की पाँचों उँगलियाँ घी में थी, तब तो कोई खानेवाला न रहा और जब दोनों टाँगें दरिद्रता के दलदल में आ फँसी और ऊपर से बुढ़ापा भी कँधे दबाने लगा, तब कोढ़ में खाज की तरह एक लड़की पैदा हो गई और तारीफ यह कि मुंशीजी की बदकिस्मती भी दारोगाजी की घोड़ी से कुछ कम स्थावर नहीं थी।
(क) पाठ और लेखक के नाम लिखिए।
(ख) मुंशीजी की किस्मत की दोहरी मार क्या थी?
(ग) “तब कोढ़ में खाज की तरह एक लड़की पैदा हो गई।” इसका अर्थ या आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए।
(घ) इस गद्यांश का आशय लिखिए।
(ङ). लेखक ने यहाँ मुंशीजी की बदकिस्मती की तुलना किससे, क्यों तथा क्या कहकर की है?
उत्तर-
(क) पाठ का नाम-कहानी का प्लॉट, लेखक का नाम-शिवपूजन सहाय।

(ख) मुंशीजी की किस्मत की दोहरी मार में पहली मार यह थी कि जब मुंशीजी खशियाली की जिंदगी के सकल साधनों से मंडित थे. तब उस स्थिति में उनके चारों-पाँचों लड़के असामयिक मृत्यु के शिकार हो गए और इस रूप में उनकी संपत्ति को कोई भोगनेवाला नहीं बचा। उनकी किस्मत की दूसरी मार यह थी कि जब बाद के दिनों में वे गरीबी और तंगी के शिकार हुए तो बुढ़ापे में जी का जंजाल बनकर एक लड़की पैदा हो गई।

(ग) इस कथन का अर्थ या आशय यह है कि जिस प्रकार कोढ़ की संकटमयी बीमारी के कष्ट में खाज का होना विशेष परेशानी और पीड़ा का कारण बन जाता है, उसी तरह गरीबी और अभाव की कष्टदायी स्थिति में बुढ़ापे में मुंशीजी के लिए लड़की पैदा होना विशेष पीड़ा एवं कष्टदायी हो गया।

(घ) इस गद्यांश में लेखक ने कहानी के मुख्य पात्र मुंशीजी की दोहरी बदकिस्मती का अंकन किया है। उनकी इस दोहरी बदकिस्मती का पहला मंजर तो यह था कि खुशियाली के दिनों में उनके चारों-पाँचो बेटे असमय में ही मौत के शिकार हो गए और उनकी संपत्ति का कोई वारिस नहीं बचा। दूसरी ओर बदकिस्मती इस रूप में आ धमकी कि उनकी बुढ़ापे और गरीबी की किल्लत-भरी और अवसादमयी जिंदगी के बीच एक लड़की पैदा हो गई।

(ड) लेखक ने यहाँ मुंशीजी की बदकिस्मती की तुलना उनके घर में पल रही दारोगाजी द्वारा खरीदी गई घोड़ी की अवसादग्रस्त किस्मत से की है। यह तुलना लेखक ने इसलिए की है कि दोनों-मुंशीजी और घोड़ी समान बदकिस्मती की स्थिति में रहकर जीने को मजबूर थे।

3. सच पूछिए तो इस तिलक-दहेज के जमाने में लड़की पैदा करना ही बड़ी मूर्खता है, लेकिन युगधर्म की क्या दवा है? इस युग में अबला ही प्रबला हो रही है। पुरुष-दल को स्त्रीत्व खदेड़े जा रहा है। बेचारे मुंशीजी का क्या दोष? जब घी और गरम मसाले उड़ाते थे, तब हमेशा लड़का ही पैदा करते थे, मगर अब मटर के सत्तू पर बेचारे कहाँ से लड़का निकाल लाएँ। संचमुच अमीरी की कब्र पर पनपी हुई गरीबी बड़ी ही जहरीली होती है।
(क) इस गद्यांश के लेखक और पाठ के नाम लिखिए।
(ख) इस गद्यांश का आशय लिखिए।
(ग) लेखक के अनुसार, तिलक-दहेज के जमाने में लड़की पैदा
करना मुर्खता है, क्यों और कैसे?
(घ) “सचमुच अमीरी की कब्र पर पनपी गरीबी बड़ी ही जहरीली
होती है।”-इस कथन को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर-
(क) पाठ का शीर्षक (नाम) है-कहानी का प्लॉट, लेखक का नाम , है-शिवपूजन सहाय।

(ख) इस गद्यांश में लेखक ने मुंशीजी की गरीबी और बेबसी का चित्रण ‘करने के क्रम में युगधर्म बनी तिलक-दहेज की प्रथा की बुराई की चर्चा की है। लेखक के अनुसार तिलक-दहेज की प्रथा की बुराई की युगीन स्थिति में लड़की पैदा करना मूर्खता है। लेकिन, मुंशीजी ऐसे गरीब और अतिसामान्य भोजन करनेवाले सहज कमजोर पिता के लिए तो पुत्र पैदा करना संभव ही नहीं है। अत: कल की अमीरी के बाद आज की आई गरीबी की पीड़ा की घड़ी में पैदा हुई बेटी कष्टदायक होती है।

(ग) लेखक के अनुसार तिलक-दहेज के जमाने में लड़की के पैदा होने पर उसके विवाह के आयोजन में अनावश्यक रूप से बहुत ज्यादा राशि अपेक्षित हो जाती है जिसे जुटाना लड़की के अभिभावक के लिए बड़ा कष्टकर हो जाता है। इस स्थिति में लड़की पैदा करना कष्टकर और मूर्खतापूर्ण हो जाता है।

(घ) लेखक के इस कथन का मंतव्य है कि अमीरी की सुख-सुविधा और ‘ खुशियाली के बाद गरीबी का आना बड़ा कष्टदायी और भयावह पीड़ाजनक होता है। इसका दुष्प्रभाव जहर के प्रभाव के रूप में बड़ा जहरीला है और विशेष कष्टदायी होता है। पहले से चली आ रही गरीबी में ऐसी बात नहीं होती।

4. कहते हैं प्रकृत-सुंदरता के लिए कृत्रिम श्रृंगार की जरूरत नहीं होती, क्योंकि जंगल में पेड़ की छाल और फूल-पत्तियों से सजकर शकुंतला जैसी सुंदरी मालूम होती थी, वैसी दुष्यंत के राजमहल में सोलहों सिंगार करके भी वह कभी न फबी। किंतु, शकुंतला तो चिंता-कष्ट के वायुमंडल में नहीं पत्ली थी। उसके कानों में उदर दैत्य का कर्कश हाहाकार कभी न गूंजा था। वह शांति और संतोष की गोद में पल कर सयानी हुई थी और तभी उसके लिए महाकवि की शैवाल-जाल-लिप्त कमलिनी वाली उपमा उपयुक्त हो सकी।
(क) गद्यांश के पाठ और लेखक के नाम लिखिए।
(ख) प्रकृत सुंदरता के लिए कृत्रिम श्रृंगार की जरूरत नहीं पड़ती। इसे एक उदाहरण देकर स्पष्ट कीजिए।
(ग) इस. गद्यांश का आशय लिखिए।
(घ) किंस महाकवि ने शकुंतला के सौंदर्य की उपमा किसके साथ क्या कहकर दी थी?
उत्तर-
(क) पाठ-कहानी का प्लॉट, लेखक-शिवपूजन सहाय।

(ख) प्रकृत, अर्थात् स्वाभाविक सौंदर्य में जो आकर्षण और मनोहरता होती है; वह कृत्रिम, अर्थात् बनावटी सौंदर्य में नहीं। बाग में खिले फूलों की सुंदरता के सामने कागज के रंग-बिरंगे फूलों की सुंदरता तो तुच्छ ही होती है। शकुंतला के – सौंदर्य की मनोरमता पेड़-पौधों और वन्य फूलों के बीच जितनी मोहक थी, उतनी राजा दुष्यंत के राजमहल के कृत्रिम सौंदर्य साधन मंडित परिवेश में कहाँ।

(ग) लेखक के अनुसार प्रकृत सौंदर्य कृत्रिम सौंदर्य की अपेक्षा ज्यादा मनोरम, मोहक और मनोहर होता है। इसीलिए शकुंतला वन-प्रदेश के प्राकृतिक सौंदर्यमंडित प्रसाधनों के बीच जितना अधिक सुंदर लगती थी, उतना राजमहल के कृत्रिम सौंदर्य प्रसाधनों से भूषित परिवेश के बीच नहीं। लेकिन लेखक के मतानुसार प्रकृत सुंदरता के लिए एक हद तक अच्छे खान-पान तथा रहन-सहन के भौतिक साधन भी जरूरी होते हैं अन्यथा उनके अभाव में प्रकृत सुंदरता कुम्हला जाती है। गरीबी की आँच में कुम्हलाई भगजोगनी की सुंदरता का यही हाल था।

(घ) महाकवि कालिदास ने शकुंतला के निष्कलुष सौंदर्य की उपमा शैवाल घास-मंडित जल में खिले सहज मनोरम कमल के फूल से दी है।

5. गाँव के लड़के अपने-अपने घर भरपेट खाकर जो झोलियों में चबेना लेकर खाते हुए घर से निकलते हैं, तो वह उनकी वाट जोहती रहती हैं-उनके पीछे-पीछे लगी फिरती है, तो भी मुश्किल से दिन में एक-दो मुट्ठी चबेना मिल पाता है। खाने-पीने के समय किसी के घर पहुँच जाती है तो इसकी डीढ लग जाने के भय से घरवालियाँ दुरदुराने लगती हैं। कहाँ तक अपनी मुसीबतों का बयान करूँ, भाई साहब! किसी की दी हुई मुट्ठी भर भीख लेने के लिए इसके तन पर फटा हुआ आँचल भी नहीं है। इसकी छोटी अँजुलियों में ही जो कुछ अँट जाता है, उसी से किसी तरह पेट की जलन बुझा लेती है। कभी-कभी एकाध फंका चना-चबेना मेरे लिए भी लेती आती है। उस समय हृदय दो टूक हो जाता है।
(क) पाठ और लेखक के नाम लिखिए।
(ख) इस गद्यांश का आशय लिखिए।
(ग) यहाँ किसकी गरीबी की दुर्दशा का क्या वर्णन किया गया है?
(घ) उस समय हृदय दो टूक हो जाता है-किसका और क्यों? इसे स्पष्ट कीजिए।
(ङ) कहाँ तक उसकी मुसीबतों का बयान करूँ, भाई साहब!-इस कथन में कौन, किसकी और किन मुसीबतों का बयान कर रहा है?
उत्तर-
(क) पाठ-कहानी का प्लॉट, लेखक-शिवपूजन सहाय।

(ख) इस गद्यांश में लेखक ने मुंशीजी और उनकी पुत्री भगजोगनी की आर्थिक बेहाली और दुर्दशा का बड़ा कारुणिक अंकन किया है। मुंशीजी की आर्थिक विपन्नता की यह स्थिति है कि उनकी एकमात्र पुत्री भगजोगनी पेट पालने के लिए भिक्षाटन की मुद्रा में डगर-डगर डोलती फिरती है। उसे घोर अपमान-उपेक्षा और तिरस्कार की स्थिति से गुजरकर किसी तरह अपने और अपने बाप के लिए भोजन के चंद दानों को जुटाने के प्रयास में पीड़ा की आग में तिल-तिलकर जलना पड़ता

(ग) यहाँ मुंशीजी और उनकी पुत्री की गरीबी की दुर्दशा का अंकन किया गया है। भाई दारोगाजी की मृत्यु के बाद मुंशीजी की गरीबी की दुर्दशा बर्णनातीत है। उनकी बेटी भिक्षाटन कर भोजन के चंद टुकड़ों को किसी तरह जुटा पाती है। इसके लिए कभी उसे झोलियों से चबाते खाते बच्चों के पीछे-पीछे भागते, तो कभी किसी के दरवाजे पर जाकर दुत्कार सहते, अपमान के विष यूंट पीकर प्रयासरत रहना पड़ता है। उसे भिक्षाटन से मिले चंद दानों को जुगाकर जमा करने के लिए आँचल के कपड़े भी मयस्सर नहीं हैं।

(घ) जिस समय भगजोगनी अपने भूखे-बाप के लिए बड़ी कठिनाई से प्राप्त भिक्षाटन के चंद दानें बचाकर लाती है उस समय उसके अभागे और दुर्भाग्यग्रस्त पिता की आँखों में करुणा, पीड़ा और ममता के आँसू उमड़ आते हैं।

(ङ) इस कथन में भगजोगनी के विपन्न पिता अपनी और अपनी पुत्री की आर्थिक दुर्दशा का बयान करते हैं। गरीबी की पीड़ा की आग में तिल-तिलकर कर जलती भगजोगनी भिक्षाटन करती है। उसके भिक्षाटन के क्रम में आई ये दो मुसीबतें बयान के काबिल नहीं हैं। इनमें मुसीबत यह है कि उसके पास भिक्षाटन में मिले चंद दानों को लपेटकर रखने के लिए फटे आँचल भी नहीं हैं और लाचारी की स्थिति में उसे अपनी अँजुली ही पसारनी पड़ती है।

6. सारे हिंदू-समाज के कायदे भी अजीब ढंग के हैं। जो लोग मोल-भाव करके लड़के की बिक्री करते हैं, वे भले आदमी समझे जाते हैं, और कोई गरीब बेचारा उसी तरह मोलभाव करके लड़की को बेचता है, तो वह कमीना समझा जाता है। मैं अगर आज इसे बेचना चाहता तो इतनी काफी रकम ऐंठ सकता था कि कम-से-कम मेरी जिंदगी तो जरूर ही आराम से कट जाती। लेकिन, जीते-जी हरगिज एक मक्खी भी न लूँगा। चाहे वह क्वाँरी रहे या सयानी होकर मेरा नाम न हँसाए।
(क) हिंदू-समाज के किन अजीब ढंग के कायदे की यहाँ चर्चा की गई है?
(ख) क्या ये कायदे आपकी दृष्टि में भी अजीब ढंग के हैं? टिप्पणी कीजिए।
(ग) समाज में लड़का बेचनेवाला भला और लड़की बेचनेवाला कमीना क्यों समझा जाता है?
(घ) इस गद्यांश का आशय लिखिए।
(ङ) पाठ और लेखक के नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर-
(क) यहाँ हिंदू-समाज के इन अजीब ढंग के कायदे की चर्चा की गई है कि मोल-जोल करके लड़के की बिक्री करनेवाला भला और गरीबी के कारण लड़की बेचनेवाला कमीना आदमी समझा जाता है।

(ख) मेरी दृष्टि में भी ये दोनों कायदे अजीब ढंग के हैं। यदि तिलक-दहेज लेकर लड़के बेचना भलापन है तो शादी-ब्याह के लिए लड़की बेचना कमीनापन क्यों है? तर्क की दृष्टि से लड़का और लड़की दोनों तो एक ही माँ-बाप की संतान होने के कारण समान स्तर के ही तो हैं। सबसे अजीब बात तो यह है कि . शादी-विवाह ऐसे पवित्र कार्य की संपन्नता में रुपये-पैसे को इतनी अहमियत देना ही नहीं चाहिए कि उसके लिए लड़की या लड़के बेचने की जरूरत आ जाए।

(ग) हिंदू-समाज की यह अजीब मान्यता है कि जो आदमी लड़के की शादी में तिलक-दहेज के रूप में जितनी मोटी रकम लड़की वाले से ले पाता है, वह आदमी उतना ही ज्यादा भला और गौरवशाली समझा जाता है। ऐसा इसलिए कि लड़के के तिलक-दहेज के रूप में मिले रुपये उस समाज में उसके आर्थिक, सामाजिक, पारिवारिक स्तर तथा मान-मर्यादा के सूचक माने जाते हैं। इसके विपरीत लड़की की शादी में लड़के वाले से रुपये लेकर लड़की की शादी करनेवाले को गरीब, निम्न, आर्थिक कोटि का और लड़की बेचवा’ कहा जाता है।

(घ) इस गद्यांश में लेखक ने हिंदू-समाज में व्याप्त तिलक-दहेज तथा लड़की बेचनेवाली दोनों प्रथाओं की आलोचना की है। लेखक की दृष्टि से ये दोनों प्रथाएँ त्याज्य है। शादी जैसे पवित्र संस्कार के आयोजन में लड़के या लड़की को बेचकर पैसे जुटाना घोर अमानवीय और घृणित कार्य है।

(ङ) पाठ-कहानी का प्लॉट. लेखक-शिवपूजन सहाय।

7. एक दिन वह था कि भाई साहब के पेशाब से चिराग जलता था और एक दिन यह भी है कि मेरी हड्डियाँ मुफलिसी की आँच से मोमबत्तियों की तरह घुल-घुलकर जल रही है।
(क) पाठ और इसके लेखक का नाम लिखिए।
(ख) ‘पेशाब से चिराग जलता था’-का अर्थ स्पष्ट कीजिए।
(ग) इस गद्यांश का आशय लिखिए।
उत्तर-
(क) पाठ-कहानी का प्लॉट, लेखक-शिवपूजन सहाय।

(ख) ‘पेशाब से चिराग जलता था।’ कथन का अर्थ है कि दारोगाजी का उस क्षेत्र में काफी रोब-रुतबा था और सब जगह उनकी ऐसी धाक जमी हुई थी कि उनकी इच्छा के अनुकूल ही वहाँ के सारे कार्य संपन्न होते थे।

(ग) इस गद्यांश में लेखक के कथन का आशय यह है कि एक समय ऐसा था जबकि मुंशीजी के भाई दारोगा काफी संपन्न स्थिति में थे। उस क्षेत्र में लोग उनके रोब-रुतबे एवं शान-शौकत के कायल थे और वहाँ उनकी इच्छा के अनुकूल ही कार्यों का निष्पादन होता था। लेकिन, समय बदला और दारोगाजी की मृत्यु के बाद उनका परिवार आसमान से जमीन पर आ गया। उनके भाई मुंशीजी आर्थिक बेहाली और दुर्दशा के इस तरह शिकार हो गए कि उन्हें लोगों की दया और करुणा पर जीने के लिए मजबूर होना पड़ा।

8. आह! बेचारी उस उम्र में भी कमर में सिर्फ एक पतला-सा चिथड़ा लपेटे हुई थी, जो मुश्किल से उसकी लज्जा ढंकने में समर्थ था। उसके सिर के बाल तेल बिना बुरी तरह बिखरकर बड़े डरावने हो गए थे। उसकी बड़ी-बड़ी आँखों में एक अजीब ढंग की करुणा-कातर चितवन थी। दरिद्रता राक्षसी ने सुंदरता-सुकुमारी का गला टीप दिया था।
(क) इस गद्यांश का आशय लिखिए।
(ख) यहाँ किस बेचारी की, किस स्थिति का, क्या वर्णन किया गया
(ग) “दरिद्रता-राक्षसी ने सुंदरता सुकुमारी का गला टीप दिया था।”- इस कथन का आशय या अर्थ स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर-
(क) इस गद्यांश में लेखक शिवपूजन सहाय ने मुंशीजी की आर्थिक-विपत्रता के वर्णन के क्रम में गरीबी की पीड़ा की मार से बेहाल उनकी पुत्री भगजोगनी. की दुर्दशा का वर्णन किया है। सहज सुंदरी किशोरी भगजोगनी की दुर्दशा यह थी कि वस्त्र के नाम पर उसके तन पर लाज ढंकने के लिए एक फटा चिथड़ा ही था।

(ख) यहाँ मुंशीजी की पुत्री और स्वर्गीय दारोगाजी की फूल-सी कोमल सहज सुंदरी किशोरी भतीजी भगजोगनी की आर्थिक विपन्नता और बेहाली का बड़ा कारुणिक चित्रण किया गया है। उसके पिता मुंशीजी इतने असहाय, साधनहीन और विपन्न स्थिति में थे.कि वे अपनी इकलौती किशोरी पुत्री को तन ढकने के लिए पर्याप्त कपड़े और बालों में डालने के लिए तेल की व्यवस्था करने की स्थिति में भी नहीं

(ग) इस कथन का मतलब यह है कि गरीबी की मार और पीड़ा का भगजोगनी इस कदर शिकार हो गई थी कि साधनों की कमी के कारण उसकी सारी स्वाभाविक कायिक कोमलता और सुंदरता विनष्ट हो चुकी थी। मानो गरीबी की राक्षसी ने उस सुकुमार किशोरी की कोमलता और सुदंरता का वध कर दिया हो। उसके तन पर कपड़े के नाम पर चिथड़े ही लिपटे रहते थे और तेल के बिना उसके. सिर के सुखे बाल बड़े डरावने लगते थे।

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1. The most enjoyable month of the year

There are twelve months in a year. Each month has its own charms. Different people like different months. Everybody has his own likes and dislikes, but we can consider March to be the most enjoyable month of the year. Most of the people love this month.

The month of March brings beautiful sights and sounds. The earth looks lovely during this month. The trees put forth tender leaves. Different kinds of beautiful flowers bloom during this month. When we walk in a garden, we are charmed by the dizzling coloours and sweet scent of flowers. The lovely roses enchant us. The bees fly from one flower to another in search of money. They butterflies with their multicoloured wings catch that fancy of children.

The earth wears a green garment during this month. The com fields offer a feast of joy. We can feast our eyes on the yellow flowers of mustard fluttering in the breeze. The ears of wheat swaying in the wind fill the peasants with joy.

The month of March brings the enchanting notes of the cuckoo. It seems that the cuckoo is mad with joy. We can hear the sweet songs of other birds in the early morning.

The days of March are very pleasant. This month is neither too hot nor too cold. It is good for health.

I like the month of March most, because it offers beautiful scenes. We have neither the bitting cold of winter not the scorching sun of summer during this month. It brings the Holi festival which provides a lot of joy and fun.

March is such a delightful month that if makes us forget our cares and anxieties, its beauties and charms make it the most enjoyable month of the year. We await its arrival eagerly.

2. Science-friend or enemy ?

Science is never a curse, rather it is a good blessing. Some persons call it a curse. I don’t agree with them. It is the people who use it in different ways. Here science is not at fault. Bombs, atom bombs and atomic energies were not invented for wars of for the people the bombarded. Planes were not invented to carry the wapons for war.

Today is the era of Science. We can’t do without it. Science is our life. In every walk of life, we need science. A peasant has to apply the methods of science for his agricultural purpsoe. Then he will get good result. Electricity, railways, cars, and planes are the gifts of science.

Electricity gives us light and water. Both are essential for us. Water is our life. We sit under electric fan; and work smoothly. We travel by trains, cars and planes and finish our work in no time. The time is past, when we covered our journey on foot. The country which is scientifically developed in certainly a developed country. If we lag behind in science, we must lag behind in other things also.

3. World peace

All the world over people crave for peace. The leaders and politicians of the world are trying to achieve world peace. But many difficulties come in the way. There is fear and suspician among nations Russia suspects the motives of America. America likewise does not trust Russia, Pakistan, Says that it is afraid of India. That is why she is arming herself with the latest weapons. Some countries are very much advanced in science. Their economic conditions is far superior to that of others such countries want to dominate weaker countries. They exploit them. This creates tension and other conflicts break out here and there.

While peace has been established in Vietnam, the middle east is still the danger spot of the world. India and Pakistan are still not on friendly terms. Local wars in these areas can military pacts also come in the way of world peace. Some countries want to capture the markets of the world for their trade. The possibilities of world war are thus increased and these of peace minimized. A art from this, there is the question of black and white. The white people hate ‘black’ men. This hatred creates difficulties in the way of the establishment of peace.

It is said that the choice of the people is the voice of good. Now here in the world people want war. Jhey are fed up with it. The desire for peace is supreme in their hearts. So, ways and means must be found for preserving world peace. Following ways may be suggested to ensure everlasting peace in the world.

First, there must be disarmament. Powerful countries should give up the race of arming themselves and their friendly countries to the teeth. The manufacture of deadly weapons should be stopped. This will create a feeling of security. There will be faith instead of suspician among the various countries of the world.

Secondly, big countries should not only accept the principles of ‘panchsheela in theory’, but should follow them strictly in practice. These are the five principles of international conduct given to the world by our late Prime Minister Nehru, world peace can be secured only by their observance in practice.

Thirdly, peace can be established only if the U.N.O. is allowed to work smoothly. kAlI the nations of the world must respect its decisions. Problems should be solved amicably through this agency.

The density of the world rests in the hands of its leaders. They should unite of achieve this aim. The power of science should be used for human welfare alone. Scientists should put a check on its use for destructive purpose. The people and the politicians should unit and work for world peace.

4. Towards a new social order

Social order means a pattern of economy in which the disparties between the ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ are reduced to a minimum. It means levelling up of the poof, and the adoption of measures for preventing the concentration of wealth in the hands of a new.

There are two methods for bringing about such a pattern. First, force can be used as in done in communist countries. Secondly, by persuasion people can be won over to accept this pattern. India has accepted a democratic form of Government. So, force cannot be used. Our socialistic pattern cannot be of the communistic type. Over country can have only democratic socialism. Democracy and socialism are not opposed to each other. They can both go hand in hand. In such a society, there will be socialism as well as individual liberty. It is practically quite sound. Such a pattern combines the virtues both of democracy and socialism.

Furthermore, the village panchayats should be given executive and financial powers. They should be formed through elections. So, the administration will be decentralised. This will bring self-government to the rural areas. The government would only guide them from a distance. It will not interfere with their day today-working. We are happy to not that the government is already taking urgent steps in this direction. Now, under a law, electrons to the village Panchayats are to be held regularly. They will not be allowed to remain dissolved or supersceded.

We can safely conclude from the above account that the success of the socialistic pattern would depend on two things, on the one hand, upon the success of the Panchayati Raj and on the other, on co-operative farming in recent times, the life of the nation has been disturbed by frequent outbursts of violence. This comes in the way of democratic socialism. It must be put down. Corruption and the lack of a sense of responsibility on the part of the government officers are other serious obstacles in the way. Honest and sincere workers are needed to make socialism a reality.

Despite all this, the country has been marching on the road to socialism. Under the leadership of late Mrs. Gandhi, our beloved Prime Minister, the country took rapid steps towards Socialism Banks were nationalised. Privy Purses were abolished. Coal mines were taken over by the Government and State trading in food grain. Now there is stress on the development of cottage industries. Everything possible is being done for the weaker sections of society.

India is well set on the road to socialism dispite the present stress on privatisation and the crucial role that has been chalked out for multinationals.

5. Qualities of an ideal student

An ideal student has several qualities. He makes the best use of student industries. Everything possible is being done for the weaker sections of society. India is well set on the road to socialism dispite the present stress on privatisation and the crucial role that has been chalked out for multinationals.

life. His aim is not confined to studies and passing the examination only. For him, these things are not the be-all and end-all. He is polite and courteous to one and all. He cultivates good manner and habits. He is hard-working, honest and sympathetic.

An ideal student possesses a keen sense of duty and responsibility. He is regular and punctual. He is obedient to his teachers and elders. He is guided by them. He is not wayward. He keeps himself off shave bad company. He is laborious and for him labour is a great virtue. Even genius is ten percent inspiration and ninety percent perspiration.

An ideal student is peace-loving. He is free from the feeling of caste, creed and communalism. He preaches love and unity. He aims at national prosperity. He is considerate and reasonable. He is a great lover of truth. He has a thirst for knowledge and learning. Dignity, discipline, self-control, constructive organisation and self-restraint are his watchwords. He is virtuous and mentally and bodily firm and strong. He is tolerant and free from prejudices.

During his holidays and leisure hours, he educates his illiterate people. He thinks that it is his sacred duty to improve the social, culutural and economic life of the country. He is the champion of every human right. Nothing can disappoint him. He thinks, decides and acts. He always tries to attain perfection in all walks of life. Such is an ideal student.

6. Vocational education

Above thousands of B.A.’s and M.A.’s are turned every year out of the universities of our country. They run after petty jobs. But all of them do not even get such low paid services. As a result, the problem of unemployment daily grows more acute. Besides having these defects, the present system of education is providing harmful in other ways also. It is quite unsuitable for the needs of modem India.

Our country is quite rich in natural resources. But still our people are very poor. We do not know how to make the best use of our natural gifts. We do not have enough youngmen properly trained to exploit these resources. Only technical and vocational education can gives expert engineers, technicians and mechanics. They are needed in large number in our country. So there’is great need of such education.

Large number of educated young men today are fit only for office work. This increasing number of educated young men every year makes the problem of unemployment very serious. If, during their education period, they are taught to do so many things with their own hands, many of them will not like to enter service. It is necessary, therefore, that young men should be trained in different vocations of their choice. This will enable them to start their own business. They will become independent workers. They will no longer run after petty jobs. The problem of unemployment will be solved.

This is the age of large scale industries. Large factories are necessary for economic development. We cannot make much progress in the industrial field without a sufficient number of technically trained hands. Without efficient and trained experts we can not complete with other countries. For rapid industrialization. Of the country, more and more young men must be given technical education. It is the need of the hour. We can not ignore it.

It is a happy sign that the government is fully alive to this problem since independence many technical and vocational institutions have been established throught the country. There is a net-work of medical colleges, Engineering institutions and agricultural colleges. There are also Industrial Training Institute for those who has passed only Junior High School or Higher Secondary Examinations. However, technical education alone cannot solve the problem of unemployment. Family planning and population control are also a must for the purpose.

7. Environmental pollution

The fight against the pollution menace has been on since time immemorial. The magnitude of the entertaining problem was less alarming in the earlier times and its solution were also less sophisticated. Even Ashoka the great, put premium on the protection of animals and plants. The world to¬day is full of terrible prof £m of pollution. We cannot put the clock back and we cannot hark back to simplistic natural state. Technology has made a foray into our life. We must have defence mechanism against alarming pollution which threatens the extinction of human lives.

The governme it is out to minimise the effect of industrial pollution. The thrust of the anti-p dilution on compaign should be to force industries to adopt modem scier iific modes to bring down to the minimum the toxity of industrial wastes. To contain the escalating pollution legal compulsions coupled with restrictions must be restored to. Acts for monitoring pollution levels in varied ecospheres have started functioning with a tremendous success in developed states.

The third measure should be innitiated to entrap hazardous discharges or the emitting smoke from factories and to neutralise them by filters and absorbers. The accessory plants must be set up to convert toxic by produpts into sustances of utilitarian import. The pollution has resulted from deforestation of solution to the vexing problem of air pollution are to be met in the forms of afforestation. Nature has furnished us with a solution to be problem of oxygen deficiency in the ambience in the process of photosynthesis of plants. Hence planting of trees is a remendy to air pollution.

Now in school and colleges the environmental study has been made the regular subject for studies. The programmes are being launched to combat this hydra headed monster of pollution. There must be an awareness for the preservation of nature. This awareness will be our shield against pollution.

Thus plant trees and save the earth is the clarion call of environmentalists.

8. Cultural activities in india

India is a vast country. There are people of different religions and castes. The caste system in India is its peculiarity. In no other country of the world is this peculiarity found. The majority of the people in India are Hindus. The second large population in India into the Muslims. Both these communities have been livings in this country for centuries. Besides Muslims, there are Parsis, Sikhs, Jains, Christians and Buddhists in our country.

All these different communities have their own different cultural activities. The cultural activities of the Hindus and the Muslims are entirely different. The Muslims differ from Hindus in many ways. The food and dress habits of both the communities are poles apart. The Hindus are idol worshippers, where as the Muslims do not believe in idols. On account of this difference in the religion their cultural activities are quite different. The marriage and death ceremony of both the communities is different from each other. In our country there is democracy. We have a written constitution. The constitution gives equal light to each community.

Each community has fundamental right to follow and propagate its own religion and do cultural activits. Even among Hindu there is some cultural difference due to caste system. Those who are scheduled caste have their different cultural activities from those of upper castes. There is diversity in cultural activities in India. But even the, on the whole, India has a housogenous culture. There is unity in diversity. Sometimes the cultural activities lead to quarrel between two communities, mostly Hindus and Muslims. It is due to lack of humanitarien outlook among the people. The cultural activities performed by any community give it imputs to unite together. They have their own clubs and associations where they meet together and discuss their common problems and find out the solutions.

9. The scientist you like most

It is the scientists who have shered in modem civilization. Francis Bacan is called the father of modem science. The scientists from Bacan to Einstein have made great custribution to the march of civilization in the world. All of them are worthy of love respect. Among the scientists of the world Galileo has a remarkable place. No scientist of the world had to suffer for his scientisfic thinking. Galileo is the only scientist who had to suffer for his scientific thinking. It was who proved that the earth is round and moves round the sun. It was.if Gopemiches who said that the earth is round, but he had not proved, her idea. It was Galileo of Italy who proved by demonstration that the earth is round and moves round the sun. At the time of Galileo everybody believed that the earth is stand still.

The catholic church in Italy had great influence on the idea of the common people. The state itself was under the grip of church. No body could think of going against the idea of the church people. But Galileo was a fearless man who gave the idea in opposition to general belong. He was put into the prison for his new and revolutionary idea that the earth is round. It required great courage to say something which was opposite to what the church belived. Since Galileo had to suffer for his belief his sacrifices are greater than anybody else’s. That’s why I like Galileo who not only contributed to the advance of scientific thinking but also showed great courage.

10. Terrorism

Terrorism has become a burning question in the country. Many innocent men, women and children have been mercilessly massacred by the tourists. A few years back Punjab was much affected by terrorist violence. Some people of the Punjab were demanding the creation of Khalistan on the ground of religion. They wanted to scede from India and have their own nation like Pakistan. The menance of terrorism remained for about ten years in the Punjab. But with the help of the local lagal people. The government of the state as well as the centre became able to curl this menace and now there is no problem of terrorism there.

After the Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir has come under the grip of terrorism during the last ten years or so violence in Jammu and Kashmir is much more aggressive than that of the Punjab. Terrorism is Jammu and Kashmir is motivated guided and financially asserted by Pakistan. That’s why to curl the terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir is a heard nut to crack. The whole country has become the target of terrorist violence. In recent time the attack on Jammu and Kashmir assembly in October, 2001.

The attack on Parliament on 13th december on 2001 and the attack on American centre in Kolkata Jan. 2002 are the gearing example of aggressiveness of terrorism in India. Terrorists are cowardly people who shed innocent blood. Their terroristic activities are universally condemned. Due to terrorism in Kashmir many Hindus who are a minority community in Jammu and Kashmir are living in Delhi like refuges. From time to time Hindus become victims of terrorist violences in Jammu and Kashmir.

Terrorism is not only a national problem but also an international problem. Even the mightist power of the world. U.S.A become a victim of terrorist attack on the world trade centre and Pentagon on 11th Sept. 2001. The American government reacted violently against the attack on their looked Trade Centre and Pentagon and the vowed to uproot terrorism from the world. They attacked Taliban Government in Afganistan and forced it to quit.

11. Advantages of village life

India is a counry of villages where about eighty percent of the people live. There is great difference between city life and village life. In the village lilfe we have many advantages which are not available in a city. The 1st advantage of village life is that there peaceful atmosphere in a village. The din and fustla of a city is not found in a village. The village in entirely free from noise pollution. In a village we do not loud speakers blowing out music day in and day out. The noise of cars and fuses playing in the city is absent in a village. Here the sun set ends the day and the sun rise begins the day. At night there is silence of a churchyard in the village. The pollution spread by times generated by Auto mobiles in not found in a village. The 2nd advantage of a village life is that there is social compactness in a village.

The social circle in narrow. Therefore every day is almost known to everyday In a city the social life is not compact. We live like strangers in city where as in a village we live like-family members. At the time of any emergency the village people come together to face the situation unitedly. If any five breaks out the village people rush to the place with full devotion. There is personal contact with one another. The 3rd advantage of a village life is that the cast of living is not high. Even a poor man can happily life minimum of ameneties of a city life. From hygienic point of view a village life is an ideal one. These is little chance of breaking out of any epidemia. Though there is no menuscepality or corporation of a city in a village we do not have stinking garbage filled up like in a city.

At the time of need people come forward to help one another. In a village people live a life of peace and happiness.

12. The pleasures of reading

The objects of pleasure vary form man to man. Every body has his own object of pleasure. Somebody gets pleasure from idle gossip. Some others take pleasure from playing. There are many persons who see films for pleasure. Those who are interested aristic things take pleasure music and dance. So, objects of pleasures are variable. Among all the objects of pleasure we can count the pleasure are variable.

Among all objects of plesure we can count the pleasure of reading also. It is an intellectual pleasure. If you play a game, there is no mental labour in it. It you see a film or listen to a sweet song, there is no mental pressure. Among all the pleasures the pleasure of reading is most intellectual. Reading not only gives us entertainment, it also gives us mental enrichment. It widens the horizon of our mind. No pleasure is so wide deep, insructive and entertaining music soothes us by sweet sound.

It does not enrich our mind. ‘To see a film is purely an entertainment. It too does not enrich our mind. Playing a game eitehr indoor or outdoor does give us any knowledge. It is purely entertaining. But reading enriches out mind. Through reading we get command over language we learn the language besides entertainment. It gives us knowledge of many subjects. Some of us have some special subject for reading. Reading makes them mentally perfect.

The knowledge of any subject whether also or science can be achieved only through reading. Therefore, not all of us take pleasure in reding because nature has not endowed them with this gift. Those who are endowed with this gift are really lucky and special people. They are definely surprecies people to other who are not lucky to have this gift of nature. A great English writer has said this reading makes a full man. Without the gift of reading no man can be a full man.

13. Animals in captivity

Only a few persons are careful about the life of an animal, specially domestic animal. Most of us are insensitive towards dumb and helpless animals people are generally cruel towards even domestic animals. Animals are mercilessly beaten and killed. Only a few-people are kind towards dumb animals. The true followers of Buddhism and Jainism are very kind towards animals. They do not believe in any kind of vilence.

They are very sensitive about cruelty to animals. They are about even the insignificant creature like ants. These peace loving and non-violent people cannot see any cruelty towards animals. Many people take innocent pleasure in confinging an animal in a cage. Wild animals are victims of captivity. People confine them in a cage because the wild animals are dangerous to man. They cannot be allowed to move around freely becaue they are harmful to society. So they are kept in captivity. There is some justification to keep them in captivity because they are dangerous. But to keep a harmless creature in confinement is certainly in human and injustice to animals.

People should be made aware of this injustice to the harmless animals. This can be done through education about it. Though there is some law against cruelty towards animals, they are still victims of cruelty because most of the people are insensitive towards cruelty. Those who are kind hearted are rare in the society. Even wild animal should be treated with kindness, though they are harmful to man. Nature has made them wild. It is not their fault if they kill human beings. They hence no mental faculty like human being to judge their own action. So, even wild animals have natural right to get human sympathy. There is a need of general awareness about capiivity of animals. Only laws made about it cannot solve the problems.

14. An important day in my life

Every body has some important day in his life when he feels very happy and fortunate. Importance of a day depends on its fruitfulness for life. If the day brings happiness in life, it is certainly an important day. In my life also a day came which brought me success in life. All my ambitions are related to this importent day. It was the day of my success at the M.A. examination in English. It opened the door to my success in life and fulfilment of my dreams. That is why it is imporant for me. If I had not passed this examination, would not have fulfilled my ambitions of life. I had great ambition of become lecturer in English and go to England for further advancement in life. I was bom in a poor family. The ambition of going to England was like a dream for me because it required a lot of money for going abroad.

A poor man could not think of going abroad, but I had this dream, After passing the M.A. examination in English. I became a lecturer in English in a degree college. My income though this job was handsome. I started growing money for going abroad my dream of going abrod was fulfilled after a pretty long time. There were many handless financial and otherwise but I overcame all the handles and the dream of my early age of by hard came true. It was really a dream for me in the beginning when the idea of going abroad came into my mind. Every body of us sees dream and has some ambition their in her life. But all are not successful in fulfilling their dreams. Their dreams remain dreams for ever. But in my care. I was very lucky to get the dream fulfilled.

The day of may result of the M.A. examination was very very important for me I can nerve target this day throughout my life. Another date or day was so important as this day. It changed the whole picture of my life. I got respect, Prestige money and social recognition only because of this lucky and important day. The day which brings happiness of life is realy an important day. In one’s life there may be many days which can be regarded as important. But of all the important days that day is most important which brings the highest degree of happiness. This highest degree of happiness was on that day when I passed my M.A. exam, in English with flying colours.

15. Street hawkers

Street hawkers are those who walk about from street to street to sell their goods. They are not fixed to any place. These are very poor people. They cannot leep a fixed shop. They are found to move from street to street on account of their poverty. These people are men of physical stamina. Some street hawkers cavity their goods as their backs. It is really very difficults for then to carry a big load on their backs. They do not get tired of their work. They are instinct with hope and determination. They go from door to door to sell their goods.

Through this hawking they get acquired with many people. Since they have no fixed place, they need not spend any money on rent for a ship. In this way they save money through they do not each much because of small amount of capital, they are able to maintain themselves with dignity and selfrespect. There street hawkers of the low income group of society. They are men of small means. They strike personal friendship with some of the custoemr’s because of frequent contact with them. Those have to move on foot because the very nature of such type of work requires no conveyance. In every town or city there hawkers are found. They have to give a small amount of money as tax to the local body such as municipality or corporation.

Even in villages can find some hawkers, but in village they have nothing up pay as local tax. Their goods are also cheaper than those if the ships which are situated at a fixed place. These hawkers attract the attention of the people because their goods are cheaper. Moreover, they go to the door of the customer’s themselves. Therefore, it is convenient for the customers also. They need not go to a distant shop in the market. In this way the streets hawkers save the time of their customers. Though the hawkers have no variety of goods with them, people like to purchase from the street hawkers because of cheapness of the goods.

This is an avagre for the customers as well as the hawkers. They are able to sell their goods because of cheapness of the goods. People have the avantage of getting their goods sold without any hurdle. Therefore on the whole the business of hawkering goods from door to door is profitable. With small amount of money poor men can maintain themselves without much anxiety.

16. The value of books

Books are not a mere luxury or a superfluity of civilization; they do what men of action cannot do. They are a complelling force to make humanity feel its oneness. Folk-tale, folk-love, folk-songs have done as much for man king as the great religious or the great leaders of humanity. A book is the life blood of a man, preserved for a life beyond life, as Milton says.

To say that only noisily trumpeted men in history make civilization is an unpardonable blunder. Civilization is very largely made of anonymous forces.

A book like the Gitanjali is not a political treatise. The Ramanayan, and the Mahabharata are not political treaties. Poetry, great fiction, painting, music and dance, architecture and the little nameless unremembered acts are the best portions of a man’s life and not the noisier parts of life. They do not celebrate such names as Gandhi and Lenin. Yet they are the breath of civilization. The world can do without great men but it cannot do without great books. The great German thinker Geothe said that a word was a dead.

The Sanskrit word mantra means a world changing force. Bankim Chandra Chaerjee’s poem entitled Bande Matram has made history. The Bible and the Holy Koran are nothing but books but they have made history. Books are not merely sheets of printed paper. The novels of Dickens, the books entitled ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’, Marx’s ‘Capital’ and a hundred other books revolutionized human history.

For more valuable and important are the other services rendered by books. The value and the joy of understanding, the richness of thought, the joy of knowledge, a heightened awareness, of nature and life which books give cannot be give by any political leader. Books are not mere fashionable respectability, they are a force in life.

Books are as great a force in civilization as political leadership, political creeds, scientific and technological forces or any other noise of the moment. They are the persistent and the all conquering forces of history. This is true even of those books which are apparently aimless and purposeless. Life is no’ all Marxism and Leninism or Maoism. Humanism is greater than communism No single school of thought can give us the whole of humanism. Let thousand flowers blossom and let there be a countless variety of books. Mar and Lenin could give us much, and gave us much; they simply could not give us all the value of life.

17. Strength of character

Character is very important thing in life. It does not mean that we shoi be Brahmchari. Chafacter is a kind of quality of the mind. It involves a sense or duty. We must be dutiful to ourselves and to others. Our sense of duty should be the guiding principle in our life. It is said when money is lost, nothing is lost. If wealth is lost, we can get it back again if our luck favours. If health is lost something is lost. We can region health if it is not seriously affected. Whf ” character is lost, all is lost. We fall in the eyes of everybody. We cannot reg the lost name and fame. Therefore we lost everthig. if we lost our Character involves a sense of responsibility.

We so we must perform our di honestly and we must feel responsibility for what we do. To be regular and punctual in our work makes us dutiful. If we are dutiful, we are men of character. If our sense of duty is lost, it means our character is gone. We become ill reputed and hateful. If our character is well, our personality become more stronger in the society. On the basis of a good character we may gain any important past in our society and government. It will not be wrong to say that character makes a man mighter and perfect in their society and office. In those days character certificates is demanded while we go to take admission in school.

18. The innocent of childhood

Childhood is the happiest period in the life of a man. A child in free from cares and fears. He is so innocent that he is not aware of the vices of wordly life. He often lives in a dream land. How happy I am when I look back to the days of my childhood. Some memories of my childhood are still fresh in my mind. Some of them are very-sweet, but a few memories of my childhood also painful.

During my childhood I delighted in kites. I do not know why kite-flying had such a facination form. Whenever I got some money from my father. I bought kites. Sometimes my scolded me for flying kites, but 1 turned a deaf ear to her.

As I was youngest child in house, I was loved by everyone. My father was very fond of me. Whenever I asked him to buy anything, he fulfilled my desire at once. Though he loved me deeply, I cannot for get how he once gave me a serve punishment. One day his costly pen caught my fancy. While I was trying to write something with it, the pen was broken. When my father saw this he flew into a rage and slapped me so violently that I fell down. I still remember how I sobbed and cried on the lap of my mother for hours.

Inside of such painful incidents my childhood was very happy. I had no cares and fears. All my play-mates were my friends. All the members of my family loved me. When my mother fondled me, I thought that I was a prince.

The memory of my school days is still fresh in my mind. My friends loved and admired me. I never quarrelled with any boy. I always paid a target attention to my studies. I was never punished by my teacher.

Now the happy days of childhood are gone, but the memories of childhood are still fresh in my mind. When I recollect the days of childhood, I am lost in a world of dreams. I wish I were a child again.

19. Taking pride in one’s work

A man without aim is no man. He can not attain success in life. Every man just have some definite aim in life. But all our desires cannot be fulfiled in life. There are many problems in life too. But a man should not be disappointed. They should try hard to succeed. He must have hope and confidence. Mahatma Gandhi was a very simple man. But he had a great strength of conficence. He led India free from the British. He got the pride of his confidence. He is called the father of the nation.

I do not know what will happen to me. But I want to do some such work which will be symbol for the society. Only than I know what a human life is. To serve the society is a great service to God. My service have not any profit motive. I have no my own axe to grind. I had the people and save them from exploitation. I laboour for the people and save them from political trap. I will break their illusion and explode their superstitions. Once they are disillusioned they shall not to do anything imical for the society are for the nation. Only than I understand and feel the taking pride of my work.

20. India’s cultural diversity

India is a vast country. It is called sub-continent, here cultural diversity is found every where peoples are coming close to one another. But politician are thinking that communal or cultural harmoney will be a great danger for them. Communalism is the badge of a backward country, not of the modem as. The cultural monster is a relic of our British connection. The Britishers nurrured on the separatist forces of culturalism. Which enventually led to the partition of India and creation of Pakistan. The major task before India was emotional national integration of the country. The disruptive forces of culturalism could not be weeded out completely.

Sporadic communal violence become future of our national life. Quite often communal and cultural roits flared up like wild fire and took an angry turn. Communal hatred has gripped people. There is nothing but agony and trauma in the wake of the cultural violence. Hindus and Muslims are intolerant of are anothers religion. The social and cultural alientiation between the two communities is widening. The question crops up is this senseless can be prevented or not ?

Our political culture, signifies power sans responsibility. There is a mushrooming of politicians and political parties in India. A country’s moral and social well-being is determined by its political and administrative conditions. In India politics has turned ugly and without ethical and moral considerations. In such a polluted political scenario the spurt of communal flare up is unavoidable.

21. The bihar of my dreams

The Bihar of my dream, every man will have a high moral sense and a deep lover for the state. Our state is backward in the field of science and industry. I want Bihar to be leading state in new technology our industries should grow fast. We should produce everything we need. The Bihar of my dream every men will get a joy of his choice. Education will get its due importance. Students will be devoted to their studies, politicians will not be allowed to misuse students.

Today we find a gap between rich and poor. Then is corruption in all walks of life. The Bihar of my dream will have social justice. The gap betweeen the rich and poor will be narrowed down. Everybody will get equal opportunity to be his best self. There will be no shortage of anything. Then will be discipline, peace and progress all around. Nationalism will overcome the feelings of casteism and regionalism. There will be an atmosphere of equality, brother hood and freedom all over the state. There will be ‘Ram Rajya’ in true sense of the term. May God fulfil my dream.

22. My favourite book

I have recently read a book that is, Bhagwat Gita. I like Bhagwat Gita very much. The Bhagwat Gita is holy book of the Hindus. It is said that lord Krishna himself gave out the whole story. A great battle was fought at Kurukshetra. It is said that lord Krishna gave his support to the Pandavas. He was Arjuna’s chariot driver. First, Arjuna refused to fight against his own men. At this lord Krishna made a long speech.

Lord Krishna advised Arjuna to take heart. He encouraged him to fight. Lord Krishna told him not to think of the result but he should go on doing his duty. He also showed the real nature of the world to Arjuna. Thus Arjuna was convinced of the need to fight. He realised the notliingness of human life.

The Bhagwat Gita is a great book. Every’ Hindu worships this book and reads it. This book presents the basic principle of Indian philosophy it tells us that all questions regarding castes, races and religions are meaningless. It also says that all people are the children of God. A man must do his duty.

This Bhagwat Gita is a book of everlasting value. Every Indian finds hope and light in its pages. This book has been translated into all the great languages of the world. I love this book. I like to read it again and again. I worship it, too. It is the poetry of human life.

23. A trip to the moon

The mysteries of outer space have long held a singular fascination for man. He has always felt a mysterious attraction for the dots and orbs which appear to be suspended from the blue sky above. He has been fascinated by the sun, the moon and they stars. He has often wondered as to how they came to be born of what material they are all made, what keeps them from falling etc. In order to satisfy his curiosity, he has longed to explore these splendid worlds in person. It is this longing of his he given birth to a whole body of science fiction.

The first step towards the conquest of the moon was taken when Sputnik. I was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4,1957. It was on that day that the Mascow Radio thrilled the wondering world with the breath-taking news that Russia had rocketed an earth satellite into outer space. It was also announced that the satellite was circling the world once every ninety five minutes. It was however, on May 25, 1961 that a positive impulse was given for the conquest of the moon. That day, President J. F. Kennedy, in a special message to a the U. S. Congress declared : “I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safety to earth.

The goal was announced. During ten years that followed a lot of space- work was done. Through numerous spacecraft, both manned and unmanned sent into orbit a whole body of information about the hazards in outer space was collected. Services of experts were harnessed to combat technological problems of space travel and to study the effects of such journeys on living creatures, conditions on the moon etc.

At the back of this prolonged research was a fantastic organisation of science and technology. It was this, together with the spirit of adventure inherent in man that made the achievement of the goal possible. Since then, man has visited the moon several times. So that fresh moon landings do not make news now. In 1984, with Soviet Union’s Astronaut first India astronaut Captain Rakesh Sharma landed on moon and said Sare Jahan Se Achha about India.

On of the reasons why scientist all over the world had been loooking forward to man’s first visit to the moon was the belief that it held the secret to the history of the solar system. That was because the moon has no atmosphere. In fact it has an almost complete vaccume. Scientists hoped that a close look at the lunar soil would give them better understanding of now the earth was formed. Analysis of the moon rock brought back by the American astronaute does not appear to have fulfilled their hopes.

24. Television as entertainment

Television is one of the most fascinating invention of Science. Wireless and radio were considered one of the greatest marvels of science. Television was invented by John L. Baird of London in 1925. Now, the television is in a very improved from. People were thrilled to hear the voice as well as see the picture across thousands of miles live.

The television was started on an experimental basis in India is 1959. It has gained increasing popularity as an effective medium for conveying news and information besides entertainment. Music system, VCD, DVD are also Very important means of entertainment. Among all these television play an important role in field of entertainment.

Television has revolutionized life all over the world. There is a television set in al most every home in most of the town of advanced countries and India also with the help of television sets we can see various kinds of programmes at home in a relaxed mood and manner. It has brought stage and cinema into our drawing rooms. It is also known as the small screen. Its popularity is now well known. It is very powerful. There is no other means so cheap, powerful and popular as television. It caters to the tastes of people of all ages and callings.

One can sit back in the comfort of one’s drawing room and select a programme of ones choice. There are special programme for special fields and activities all the 24 hours of the day and nights. It has also revolutionised advertisement, business and shopping.

Besides Doordarshan, there are other channels like starplus, star sports, zee sports, zee TV, sab TV, Sahara TV, Star movies, HBO, FIBO, ESPSN, Ten sports, Discovery, D.D. Bharti, BBC, CNN, Aaj Tak and many others.

Serials like Ramayana Mahabharata, Bharat Ek Khoj, Humlog, Khandan have already been screened on T.V. many modem and scientific programmes, mega serials, Game shows like KBC, KYZ, Saregama Pa and other music based programme have been very popular on T.V. It has replaced cinema to a great extent. Then there are televison lession for all the levels of students from primary to university. It has helped a lot in the spread of edcation and removal of ignorance and superstitious.

Television has become a part of our daily life. People spend many hours daily viewing television programmes. It’s reach is very wide. Even in rural and for flung areas, it is now common and popular. There are programmes for the youth. Women, rural population, farmers, traders business men, sports lovers and music lovers. There are also cartoon films and other programmes for children.

T.V. has certainly made the world a better place to live if and it has proved to be a very useful means for broadening our vision, enhancing our general awareness besides, entertainment.

25. Computers in everyday life

Modem science has given us many wonderful gifts. These have helped us to advance rapidly on several fronts. These have almost revolutionised human day to day life. Consequently, life has become more efficient easy, convenient fast and comfortable. The invention of computer and its further development is one of these most marvellous gifts of modem science.

A computer can be defined as a machine which stores information, data etc. on magnetic tapes, analyses and retrieves the same instantly when required. Thus it has helped us in overcoming many difficult problems of multiple calculation, data processing record keeping scientific analysis etc. As far as Storage of information and calculation of data are concerned it has surpassed common human mind. The speed accuracy reliability and capacity of a modem computer is really astounding. It short, a computer is a fantastic machine.

Now the use of computer is in every field of life. It has entered almost all our activities. Their use and application in various services departments business establishments, defence services, railways, communication etc. have become a must. They have become part and parcel of schools and education system as well. In defence services, railways, communication etc, have becomes a must. The have become part and parcel of Schools and education system as well. In defence they help radars missile and rocket launching automatic flights data analysis forcasting etc. It has revolutionised the business activities. A manager now can depend on it many of his activities and office duties.

It can complete and calculate, with a lighting speed huge and office duties. It can complete and calculae with a lighting speed huge and mind boggling amounts and data is inputs, expenses, income tax etc. without any mistake. Railway, airlines, hotels, tourist agencies now offer instant booking and reservation through internet it networking has reduced distance as it can be used to coordinate activities as different places of country of the world.

Computer industry in India has been a great source of foreign exchange. Many Indian companies in the field of hoarware software production have done marvellously. The foreign exchange earn many other things from other countries for our use.

A computer works fantastically, its operation are subtle. Complex and wonderful. It has seen phenomenal progress and upgradation in the recent years. The coming computers would before more fast, complicated, reliable powerful small handy and light. Each successive generation of computer has proved it. Now note-book pocket computer are very common thing. Gradually the personal computer would become a consumer applicance. It will be a matter of course. Computer will further revolutionise our life and working. We can very well look forward to more fantastic bread of computers.

26. A book fair

Books are the treasure house of knowledge. Books are our real companions. A book has a great power to shape our life. Good books prove useful and provide guidance. Books enable us to cultivate our mind and they broaden our outbook. Reading also provides an intellectual feast of knowledge and statistics our hunger. Books cover innumerable subjects and reading them is always a pleasure.

A visit to a book fair provides us a unique opportunity of having books realating to all most all spheres of life under one roof. One is almost lost in the wonderful world of books and seams very difficult to pull oneself out of the fair. Books provide food for tought and are a store house a knowledge and wisdom. Hence, a book fair should never be missed.

Recently, I visited a book fair in Patna Gandhi Maidan, Book fair held in Gandhi Maidan was a very bid book fair. Publishers from, all over the country had in stalled their shops in the fair. Books written by many eniment writers, were being sold there. The fair lasted for one month.

Students from all over Bihar used to visit the book fair and purchased books on different subjects. Boys, girls, mens, womens, and children in large number used to visit the fair and purchased book on different subject and classes. It was a very grand fair. Our Chief Minister Sri Nitish Kumar inaugurated the fair. I also visited the fair thrice.

27. If i were the principle of my college school

The present education system of India was introduced by the British to serve their own ends. Now, it is not suited to the needs of free India. Urgent reforms are needed. If ever I become a principal. I would introduce the following reforms to have the ideal college of my dreams.

Good and impressive building do not make a good college. Its goodness lies in its teachers. I will have highly qualified teachers on my staff. They will be given decent salaries. So they will work heart and soul for the welfare of students.

In my college care will also be taken of the character of students. Booking knowledge alone will not be sufficient. They will be taught to be and honest in their work and co-operate with other. Effort will be made to develop them mentally morally, physically and emotionally. All round development of their personality will be the main aim of education in my college.

Games and sports will be made compulsory. Arrangements will be made for all the students to take part in them. Sports will be given their due importance. Stress will be made on Indian games and sports like kabaddi, wrestling etc.

College unions, scout clubs, (Debating societies etc. will be organised through elections, student will elect the office bearers from among themselves. They will thus get training in democracy. In fact, the democracy spirit will prevail in the college. But they will not be allowed to misuse their freedom. They will also be taught the value of discipline.

Some other minor reforms will also be made. I will not work in haste to bring about these reforms. They will be introduced gradually but steadily. I shall work with the co-operation at all. I will administer my college not only by authority but also by love, sympathy and affection. Such is the college of my dreams.

28. Noise pollution in the cities

Man is the luckiest among all the creation of God. He has the capacity to avoid of all the facilities available in Nature. Even he is capable to control some forces of Nature. He is still on the path of pursuing what is unknown to him.

But on this path man has become myopic. He has been trying to change system of Nature of his petty gains. He has forgotten the ecological balance which is so impotant for his own survival. In search of truth, he has forgot the bitter truth of essence of survival. Pollution of environment is fall out of his own deed.

Environment Pollution is segmented into four categories : air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution and sound pollution.

Sound pollution is caused by the increased number of motor vehicles on the road, increased number of trains and air crafts in the sky. People diving in the vicinity of air ports, factories and train tracks suffer from partial deafness.

Earth is not of the current generation. It has been inherited from the previous generation and it is to be passed on to the next generation. People are realizing the danger that we are going to face.

Efforts are being made to same the earth. Aforesation, cleaning of rivers and seas, treatment of affluents in the industries, using better quality of fuel, phasing out plastic bags are stop in this regards.

29. Tv serial sand their effect on our society

A large number of TV channels have come up during the last ten years or so. These TV channels telecast different types of programmes round the clock. Programmes on sports, films, health and new are very popular.

Almost may of the TV Serials are shown every day. These TV serials teach good and bad lessons both. Our society is being affected to a very large extent.Some TV serial are very interesting. “Ba, Bahu Aur Baby” is a TV serial at present that entertains both men and women. Children are also liking this serial. Serials like this give very good effect on society.

But there are serials like ‘Kasauti’ are very bad. In “Kasauti” one Indian women marries two husbands. Both are alive. This is not prevalent in our society. These types of serials have very bad effect on our society.

“Virashat” serial shows that there is tension every where. These types of serials have very bad effect on our society. Some serials telecast that there is quarrel between mother in law and daughter-in-law. This type of serial has bad effect on our society.

It is my opinion that at present may TV serial are against our culture. Western culture is being imposed on our society. English serials are also not suited to our Indian culture.

Social and religions serials are good for our society. Ramayan, Mahabharat. Om Namah Shivaya are very good TV serials. The effects of these historical and religions TV serials are praiseworthy.

So, the government should take care of these serials. Government should see that no bad serials are released.

30. Mahatma gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2nd October, 1869 in a respectable vaishya family of Porbandar state in Khathiawad. His parents were well-to-do people. His father Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi held a high and responsible post in the Porbandar state.

He received his early education at the local primary and high schools. After passing the entrance examination, he want to England to qualify himself for legal profession. He was truthful and honest from his very childhood. He was very careful about his character.

After qualifying himself for the legal profession, he returned to India and started practice in the Bombay high court. He went to Natal in South Africa to appear in a case of his client. There were he saw how how the Indians were subjected to utter humilation by the European population of South Africa. He established the natal Indian congress. Under its auspices, he led an agitation for the removal of those disabilities from which the Indians were suffering. He invented the new weapon to satyagraha. He fought with this weapon tenaciously. He suffered imprisonment but he stuck to his resolve. He efforts met with a great success there.

The European indigo plantes in Bihar were oppressing th tenants very much. Mahatma Gandhi transferred his activities to Motihari. He took up the cause of the Indigo cultivators. His intervention brought about a settlement between them.

Mahatma Gandhi started his non-co-operation movement in 1921. Since then he led the Indian National Congress. The Indian National Congress went on gaining strength under his able guidance. He led various struggles from time to time for the independence, of the country. The country reached its goal under his able guidance.

Mahatma Gandhi was the greatest son of India. Say he was one of the greatest men the world has ever produced. He was great not because of his politics. His greatness lies in his moral outlook of life. Truth was not a virtue or ideal for him. It was the very breath of his life. It is this which armed him with the invincible power he possessed. He feared nobody. He was prepared to face the mightiest power of the earth for the cause of truth and justice. He made an intensive study of the Gita and followed its teaching in practical life.

Mahatma Gandhi succeeded in bringing about the political salvation of India. He wanted to see the supremacy of truth and non-violence in the whole world. Unfortunately the world is inclined otherwise today. But the future of the world can be safe only when it follows the path shown by him. Any other course is perilous.

He was shot dead while going to attend a prayer meeting on the 30th of January 1948 at Delhi. India, may the whole world is poorer today on account of his death. May his soul rest in peace.

31. Unemployment

Unemployment is a big curse. Man is made for work, it has been said that ‘an idle brain is a devil’s workshop1. It is perfectly true. An idle man always thinks of one mischief or other. Thus, an idle man is not only a burden to himself, but also a positive danger to society.

Many people remain unemployment not because they want to remain unemployed but because they have nothing useful to do. It is the duty of the government of open a venues of employment for various classes of people.

In our country unemployment is growing increasingly among the educated middle class. Schools and colleges are growing in number and every year they turn out lakhs of graduates who wander from door to door in search of jobs.

What is the cause of unemployment particularly among the educated people ? The answerlies in the defective system of education. Modern education teaches people to detest manual labour. Educated people can do nothing except table work. They book down upon business or other professions involving manula labour. Thus, a solution of the problem lies mainly in the change of mentality of the educated people. When the educated people will come to realise the independent work is better than any service, the problem of unemployment would be solved to a great extent.

Along with the change of mentality, it is also necessary to create avenues of employment people. The Employment Exchange is doing good work in many big towns. Many people have got employment through these Employment Exchanges.

Since independence our government has been making earnest efforts to open various avenues of employment. It has started many schools and insttutions to trained educated person in various arts and trades. It is encouraging cottage industries too. Certainely our government has gone a long way in providing employment to many but still a long course remain to be covered.

32. The summer season

The summer starts in India from the beginning of March and continues up to June. Up to February the rays of the sun are soothing and we like to bask in the sun. But in March the season changes. The sun-rays become hotter day by day and we begin to get perspiration. The entire earth becomes heated in this season.

In summer, the few hours of the morning are pleasant. In March the sun does not become too hot before noon. But by April the sun becomes not by 9 a.m.

The sun becomes very hot by noon in May and June and scorching winds also begin to below. Then it becomes very’ troublesome. People cannot come out of their homes and all work remains suspended till evening. They can not work even inside their houses because of heat. Moreover, they feel sleepy in the after noon. They shut all doors and take rest in the coolest part of the building.

People do not get relief even in the evening and at night. They can not sleep comfortable at night on account of heat.

Summer causes inconvenience in many other ways. The hot wind causes much thirst, but people can not get cool water. Rivers and ponds dry up and cause scarcity of water. It adds to the difficulty of the people. Their throats get perched. Even birds and beasts feel thirsty and run from place to place in search of water. Many people birds and beasts die as a result of sunstoke. Many fatal diseases such as Cholera, small-pox etc. break out in the summer season.

People in towns have got many amenities which are not available to the villagers. Therefore, towns we can reduce the discomforts of summer to a great extent if they can afford to spend money. In towns, people get electric fans to cool them and ice to quench their thirst.

In spite of these disadvantages the farmers welcome the summer because it brings the clouds which give them rain. Though we dislike the heat and dust of the summer, we await it anxiously because we get sweet mangoes during this season.

33. The rainy season

The rainy season starts in India in early July and continues up to September. It comes as a great relief to the world suffering from excessive heat and scorching rays of the sun. Birds, beasts, plants and human beings all welcome the rainy season, because it gives them the much needed relief.

When the rainy season starts th sky is very often overcast with clouds and it presents a very beautiful scene. The clouds of different shades and colours move hither and thither in the sky and look very nice. Nature itself wears a new apparel. The trees which shed their leaves in the summer come to have new leaves. New grass growsin the dry fields and they look like turht of green velvet. The wind blows away dust from the roads and they look neat and clean. When it drizzles for several days the kachacha roads, however, become muddy, rivers, ponds and ditches are filled with water.

The rainy season has both its advantages and disadvantages. Rain helps cultivation. Failure of rain causes famine and many people die. While it gives relief to the world suffering from heat, it also causes much inconvenience. People are confined to their houses and if they have to come out, they need umbrellas and water-proofs. The Kachcha roads become muddy and it becomes difficult to walk on them. The rivers often overflows their banks and create much havoc. Too much of rain makes the roofs of houses leakage and the mud built walls collapse and cause much damage to the household articles.

Rain is a great boon to the peasants. Without rain crops would not grow and agriculturists would be put to much loss. In India, agriculturists have to depend mainly on rain for cultivation and for the raising of crops on their lands.

34. Winter season in india

The winter season comes after the rainy season. It beings from November and lasts till the end of January. It is pleasant season. It is not as beautiful as the spring but it has its own charms.

When the winter season comes, we like to basic in the warm sunshine. The sunshine is pleasant. We sit in the sun for hours. We put on warm clothes to protect ourselves from cold. During winter, days are much shorter than nights.The days are very pleasant. Sometimes the nights are very cold. In the morning the earth is often covered with fog. At night we like to sit round the fire place. We need quilts and blankets. We like to sleep in warm bed. We often catch cold if we go out at night.

The winter season has its own beauties and charms. In the morning the dew drops shine like pearls. When we walk in a garden, we see maRy kinds of beautiful flowers. The winter flowers with their dazzling colours are very attractive. The rose, sunflower, marigold, dahlia and other flowers present a beautiful sight.

We get different kinds of vegetables in the winter season. Usually vegetables are very cheap in this season. Winter is the season of fruits. We get different kinds of fruits during this season.

Paddy is harvested in this season. The golden ears of paddy look beautiful. They please the farmers. Harvestors are seen in the fields with their sickles.

The winter season has several advantages. It gives us a lot of fruits and vegetables. It is good for health. It is suitable for hard work. We do not get tired soon. Students like tis season because they can work hard during this season. They play cricket, hockey and badminton during this season. The winter season improves our health. Our digestion improves during this season. We look energetic and smart in this season. The winter evening is very pleasant. It is delightful to sit round the fire in the evening and chat with friends.

The winter season is very painful for the poor. The poor people do not have warm clothes. They shiver with cold at night. It is difficult for them to sleep at night. Many people die from cold. It is difficult to go out at night. We often catch cold during winter.

In spite of these disadvantages the winter season is charming.

35. The season i like most

There are four seasons in our country-summer, rains, winter and spring. The different seasons have their own beuties and charms. Summer brings sweet mangoes, the rainy season gives life to the burning earth, and winter delights us. Each season is good in itself.

Different people like different seasons. Everybody has his own likes and dislikes. Of all the seasons I like the spring season most. Spring is certainly the best season of the year. Most of the people are fond of this season. It is the favourite season of poets. It is called the queen of seasons.

Spring comes after the winter season. It designs from the middle of February and lasts till the middle of April. As the spring season sets in, the earth looks lovely and charming. The trees put forth new leaves. Nature looks charming. Many kinds of beautiful flowers bloom during this season. The lovely roses win our hearts. When we walk in a garden, we are enchanted by the dazzling colours of flowers. As a matter of fact spring is the season of beautiful flowers. Beers are very busy during this season. They move from one flower to another in search of honey. We see the beautiful butterflies flying about. They catch the fancy of children.

The days of the spring season are very pleasant. Spring is neither hot not cold. It is very delightful. It is good for health.

Spring is the season of charming sounds. The bees humming in the garden fill our hearts with joy. The cuckoo is mad with joy. Its sweet notes enchant us. In the early morning we hear the birds twittering in trees.

It is delightful to walk through the corn-fields during spring. The green plants please the eyes. The yellow flowers of mustard flutter in the breeze. The earth wears a green garment. Spring transforms it into a paradise.

I like the spring season most because it offers great pleasures. The biting cold of winter makes me hate it. I am afraid of the scorching sun of summer. I dislike mud and durt caused by the rains. It is the spring season which catches my fancy. It brings extraordinary beauties and charms. So, it gives me great delight.

The beauties of spring make us forget our cares and sorrows. If we have eyes to see and ears to hear, we shall find lots of pleasant sights and melodious notes during spring.

36. Rivers

Rivers rise from mountains or big lakes. Flowing through the mountains, rocks, plateau, and plain lands they fall into the sea or some otehr river. Some rivers are fed by snow-water and some by rain-water and some by both.

In their onward journey the rivers proceed with much force and sweap away everything in front of them. As the rivers fall from great heights, the rocks are ground into dust and the rivers carry and deposit the dust in the plains. This is called ‘silt’. The silt makes land fertile. The river is very thin and narrow at the place of its origin. But gradually, as it proceeds futher, it widens. On the way it is joined by other rivers. Sometimes, a river branch off into two or three currents. These are called tributaries of the river. The moUth of the river where it falls into the sea is much wider.

Rivers are of great use to us. They provide water for drinking and other purposes. River-bath is very good for health. It refreshes our body and mind. Transport by water is cheap and, therefore, a good deal of inland trade is done by water. Towns on the banks of big rivers are prosperous because of this Boats carrying goods of merchandise sail up and down the rivers and carry goods to big towns for sale. Thus, the rivers help trade, industry and agriculture. They also help industry in another way. At some places there are big water¬falls in a river.

The falls can be used to generate electricity which is called hydro-electric power. This power is arrested and utilized for lighting towns. It is also used for running mills and factories and drawing water from wells for irrigating land. It is used for turning the wheels of mills. The water of the river is carried through big canals to distant places for watering land. In this way barren and unproductive areas are converted into fertile lands.

37. The flood

Rain-water falls on big mouontains as well as upon plains. As the river bed is lower in level, all the rain-water flows to low lands and rivers. When the rainfall is heavy, rivers, streams and other channels can not contain all the rain water in their beds. Then the water overflows their banks. This is called a flood. Sometimes, a flood is caused by the melting of snows on the mountains which increases the volume of water in the rivers. Breaches in the embankment of a river also cause floods.

At times flood comes all on a sudden. People sleep at night in their houses peacefully. They wake in the morning to see their houses surrounded with water. This causes untold suffering and immense miseries to the people. Their belongings are washed a way. Houses collapse and people are rendered homeless. Many men, women, children and cattle are swept away by the current of the river.

Many people lose their resources and tools and thus lose their occupation. It is a very pitiable sight to see cattle and men being washed away by the current of the river during the floods. Often entire families are washed away and they drift on the thatches and frailbarges, aimlessly. The flood also damages railway lines and makes the running of trains impossible.

In times of flood the Government adopts various measures to alleviate the sufferings of the people. It arranges for both long-term and short term relief. This includes distribution of food cloths, medicine etc. The long term relief means free distribution of seedlings, remission of rent, grant of loan for reconstructing house and for reclaiming land etc. Even private relief societies are organized by the people. They also render much help to the flood-stricken people.

It is possible to check the frequent visits of floods. We can do so by digging canals, by raising the level of river-banks and by putting strong drams accross the rivers. All this requires great engineering skill and heavy expense. The Government often carries out these projects when funds permit.

38. Gardens

Man has loved nature since the beginning of his life on the earth. He is fascinated by the beautiful sights of nature. He delights in planting trees and flowers. He maintains gardens for his pleasure. A garden represents the beauty of nature. Flowers grow in wild forests. Man plants them in gardens for his pleasures. He arranges them according to his taste. He loves beauty. So, he maintains a garden.

A garden should be carefully maintained. It needs constant labour and care. It should be divided into different parts. A part of the garden should be set apart for cultivation of flowers. Different kinds of flowers should be planted in the garden. Fruits and vegetables should be grwon in the other parts of the garden. There should be proper arrangement for watering the plants regularly.

Gardens are very useful. They present beautiful sights of nature. There are beautiful flowers of various colours in gardens. If we walk through gardens, we are filled with joy. The lovely flowers fluttering in the breeze catch our fancy. We look at their dazzling colours and wonder at the imagination of their creator.

The beautiful flowers make us forget our cares and anxieties. Gardens enable us to read the book of Nature. It is very interesting to watch the growth of plants and flowers. Plants grow silently in the gardens. Flowers blooom at the proper time. Plant life is as interesting as our own life. If we have eyes to see, we can watch the miracles of Nature in gardens.

Gardens provide healthy surroundings. We can improve our health by walking in gardens. We get many kinds of fruits and vegetables from gardens.

Gardens are very pleasant, but we are so busy that we fail to enjoy their beauties and charms. Those people who do not love flowers are certainly heartless. We must have beautiful gardens in towns too. They will make the towns lovely places to live in. We should learn to love gardens and flowers.

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Guys who are planning to learn the fundamentals of English can avail the handy study material Bihar Board Class 10 English Reader Solutions Grammar Narration Direct and Indirect Speech Questions and Answers here. Refer to the Bihar Board English Solutions for Class 10 PDF available and score better grades. Simply click on the quick links available for Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions and prepare all the concepts in it effectively. Take your preparation to the next level by availing the Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions Grammar Narration Direct and Indirect Speech prepared by subject experts.

Bihar Board Class 10 English Grammar Narration Direct and Indirect Speech

Reporting (Narration)
Direct से Indirect Speech बनाने के लिए Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative, Optative and Exclamatory Sentences for जा सकते है। आगे दिए गए Examples को ध्यान से पढ़ें
Change the following sentences into the indirect form of speech.
Note: उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (Italics) में दिया गया है।

A. Assertive Sentences (Statements)

Rewrite the following into indirect form of speech:

1. He said to her, “You were absent yesterday.”
He told her that she was absent the previous day.

2. He said, “It was nine days wonder.”
He said that it had been nine days wonder.

3. The boy said to me. “You are my best friend.”
The boy told me that I was his (boy) best friend.

4. The teacher said in the class, “India is an independent country.”
The teacher said in the class that India is an independent country.

5. The teacher said, “The Ganga is a beautiful river.”
The teacher said that the Ganga is a beautiful river.

6. The old man said, “The sun rises in the east.”
The old man said that the sun rises in the east.”

7. The teacher said, “The earth is round.”
The earth The teacher said that the earth is round.

8. The teacher said, “When the cat is away, the mice will play.
The teacher said that when the cat is away mice will play.

9. “I loved my father well”, said the son.
The son said that he had loved his father well.

10. The teacher said, “Honesty pays in the long run.”
The teacher said that honesty pays in the long run.

11. Hermia said, “I am going to leave Athens.”
Hermia said that she was going to leave Athens.

12. The sage told me, “No one can steal your knowledge.”
The sage told me that no one can steal my knowledge.

13. He said to her, “I shall help you in your work.”
He told her that he would help her in her work.

14. “I wrote him a letter yesterday”, said the girl.
The girl said that she had written him a letter the day before.

15. He said, “God is everywhere.”
He said that God is everywhere.

16. The traveller said, “I went from place to place.
The traveller said that he had gone from place to place.

17. He said, “It was a nine days wonder.”
He said that it had been a nine days’ wonder.

18. The teacher said in the class. India is an independent country.
The teacher said in the class that India is an independent country.

19. The girl said, “I never saw such a lovely bird in my life.”
The girl said that she had never seen such a lovely bird in her life.

20. My father said, “The sun rises in the east.”
My father said that the sun rises in the east.

21. The driver said to the passengers, “The bus is damaged.”
The driver told the passengers that the bus was damaged.

22. She said, “I am going home.”
She said that she was going home.

23. He said, “The sunsets in the evening.”
He said that the sun sets in the evening.

24. Hari said, “Charity begins at home.”
Hari said that charity begins at home.

25. Ramesh said to the teacher, “Sir, I am very sorry.”
Ramesh respectfully told the teacher that he was very sorry.

26. He said, “I saw this man long ago.”
He said that he had seen that man long before.

27. The teacher said to the boys, “I will teach you English Grammar today.”
The teacher told the boys that he would teach them English Grammar that day.

28. She said to me, “I shall call on you tomorrow.”
She told me that she would call on me the next day.

B. Commands and Request (Imperative Sentences)

Change the following sentences into indirect speech:

1. He said to me, ‘Please give me a book.”
He requested me to give him a book.

2. She said to me. “Do not sit here.”
She forbade me to sit there.

3. The teacher said to Gopal, “Bring a glass of water.”
The teacher asked Gopal to bring a glass of water.

4. The mother said to her daughter, “Go to the market.”
The mother asked her daughter to go to the market.

5. He said to me, “go home.”
He asked me to go home.

6. The student said to the teacher. “Please help him.”
The student requested the teacher to help him.

7. The teacher said. “Sit down.”
The teacher ordered the boy to sit down.

8. The student said to the teacher, “Please allow me to leave for two days.”
The student requested the teacher to allow him to leave for two days.

9. He said to me. “Please send me your book.”
He requested me to send him my book.

10. The teacher said to the boys, “do not make a noise.”
The teacher forbade the boys to make a noise.

11. Titania said to Bottom. “getaway.”
Titania order Bottom to getaway.

12. The master said to the servant, “Bring me a glass of water.”
The master ordered the servant to bring him a glass of water.

13. The father said to his son, “Don’t smoke.”
The father ordered his son not to smoke.

14. He said to the boys, “Don’t touch these flowers.”
He ordered the boys not to touch the flowers.

15. The boys said to the teacher, “Please teìch us English Grammar.”
The boys requested the teacher to teach them English Grammar.

16. He said to me,“Please come as early as you can.”
He requested me to come as early as I could.

17. “Come and sit with me on the bed of flowers”, said Titania to Bottom.
Titania asked Bottom to come and sit with her on the bed of Flowers.

18. Sonal said to her husband, “Please put a shawl on me.”
Sonal requested her husband to put a shal on lier.

19. The banker said to the lawyer. “Come to your senses before it is too late.”
The banker asked the lawyer to come to his senses before it was too late.

20. Ram said to me, “Let us go home.”
Ram proposed to me that we should go home.

21. He said. “Let me go out.”
He wished that he should go out.

22. He said to me, “Please give me a book.”
He requested me to give him a book.

23. I said to her, “Please follow me.”
I requested her to follow me.

24. He said to the child, “Don’t run so fast.”
He forbade the child lo run so fast.

25. She said to me. “Try your luck elsewhere.”
She said to me to try my luck elsewhere.

26. They said to their teacher, “Please forgive us.”
They requested their teacher to forgive them.

27. Her friend said to her. “Prepare all lessons carefully.”
Her friend advised her to prepare all lessons carefully.

28. “Stop that horrible noise”. he said to the children.
He ordered the children to stop that horrible noise.

29. The mother said to her child. “Do not play in the sun.”
The mother forbade her child to play in the sun.

30. The master said to his servant, “Post the letter.”
The master ordered his servant to post the letter.

31. The teacher said o the boys, “Read your lesson well.”
The teacher ordered the boys to read their lesson well.

32. The old man said to the servant, “Close the door.”
The old man ordered the servant to close the door.

33. The captain of the team said to the players, “Try to win.”
The captain of the team advised the players to try to win.

34. The student said to the teacher. “Please help me.”
The student requested the teacher to help him.

35. The commander said to his men, “Fight well.”
The commander ordered his men to fight well.

36. The doctor said to the patient “Take exercise daily.”
The doctor advised them to take exercise daily.

C. Imperative Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

1. The poet said to the little girl, “Where are yow brothers and sisters?”
The poet asked the little girls where her brothers and sisters were.

2. The beggar said to me, “Will you lead me to the station?”
The beggar asked me ill would lead him to the station.

3. Ravi said to me, “Are you going to the market now?”
Ravi asked me if I was going to the market then.

4. “Whom do you want”, He said tome.
He asked me as lo who wanted.

5. He said to me. “What do you want?”
He asked me what I wanted.

6. He said to us, “Do you know me?”
He asked us if we knew him.

7. Shankar said to me, “Are you going to the market now?”
Shankar asked me if I was going to the market then.

8. My mother said to me, “Why are you wasting my time?
My mother asked the why was wasting her time.

9. The hoy said, “What is she doing here?”
The boy asked what she was doing there.

10. He said to him. “What were you doing yesterday?”
He asked him what he had been doing the previous day.

11. “Why are you laughing?” the wife asked him.
The wife asked him why he was laughing.

12. The teacher said to the student, “Do you know which is the smallest country in the world?”
The teacher asked the student if he knew which the smallest country in the world was.

13. “Do you want to go?” the father asked his son.
The lather asked his soil if he wanted to go.

14. The teacher said to the student, “When do you get up in the morning?”
The teacher asked the student when he got up in the morning.

15. Reena said to Meena, “What are you doing?”
Rena asked Meena what she was doing.

16. I said to him, “What is the matter!”
I asked him what the matter was.

17. He said to her. “What do you want?”
He asked her what she wanted.

18. He said,” Where is my bicycle?”
He asked where his bicycle was.

19. The Emperor said to the young man. “Do you know what will happen to you if you fail?”
The Emperor asked the young man if he knew what would happen to him if he failed.

20. “What are you doing here, Helena?” asked Hernia.
Hernia asked Helena what she was doing there.

21. She said,” Why did he not come in with me?”
She asked why he had not come in with her.

22. The banker said. “Why did I make this bet?”
The hanker asked why he had made that bet.

23. He said to the boys. “When were the seven youths shot dead at Ranchi!”
He asked the boss when the seven youths had been shot dead at Ranchi.

24. He said to me. “Have you written the letter?”
He asked me ill had written the letter.

25. They said, “Where is the teacher?”
They asked where the teacher was.

26. The teacher said to the boy. “Do you hope to get through.”
The teacher asked the boy if he hoped to get through.

27. The girl said to me. “Who are you?”
The girl asked me 3who I was.

28. He said to me. “Have you seen my book?”
He asked me if I had seen his book.

29. I said to him.”Are you going to Ranchi today?”
He asked him if he was going to Ranchi that day.

30. He said to me “Why did you laugh at me?”
He asked me why I had laughed at him.

31. Mohan said to me, “How are you?”
Mohan asked me how I was.

32. I said to him, “Don’t you believe me?”
He asked me where the doctor n.

33. The teacher said to the boys, “Have you finished the lesson?”
The teacher asked the boys if they had finished the lessons.

34. Mohan said to his friend, “When did you go to Delhi?”
Mohan asked his friend when he had gone to Delhi.

D. Optative Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

Question 1.

1. He said to me, “May you succeed?”
2. He said to me, “May you live long?”
3. The faiìer said to his son, “May God help you!”
4. He said, “May God pardon this sinner!”

Answers:

1. He wishes that I might succeed.
2. He wished that I might live long.
3. The father prayed that God might help his son.
4. He prayed that God would pardon that sinner.

Question 2.

1. The priest said to me. “May you live long!”
2. He said to me, “May God Bless you!”
3. He said to me. “May you be happy!”
4. I said (o him. “May you be blessed with a son!”
5. The saint said. “May God grant him long life!”

Answers:

1. The priest wished that I might live long.
2. He prayed that God might bless me.
3. He wished that I might be happy.
4. I wished that he might be blessed with a son.
5. The saint prayed that God might grant him a long life.

E. Exclamatory Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

Question 1.

1. the Poet said, “How beautiful is the moon!”
2. He said to Ram. “What a man he is!”
3. The players said, “Hurrah! we have a great victory.”
4. He said to me, “What a man he is!”
5. The farmer said, “What a loss!”
6. “What a clever disguise!” side the princess.

Answers:

1. The poet exclaimed with a plan that the moon was very beautiful.
2. He exclaimed with surprise that he is a strange man.
3. The players exclaimed with joy that they had a great victory.
4. He exclaimed that he was a wonderful man?
5. The farmer exclaimed with sorrow that it was a great loss.
6. The princess exclaimed with wonder that it was a very clever disguise.

Question 2.

1. The Principal said. “Well done, boys!”
2. Sonu said, “What a beautiful sight it is!”
3. He said, “Good morning!”
4. He said, “How dark the night is!”

Answers:

1. The Principal admired the boys and exclaimed that they had done well.
2. Sonu exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful sight.
3. He wished me a good morning.
4. He exclaimed with surprise that the night was very dark.

Question 3.

1. The girl said. “What a fine morning!”
2. He said. “What a fine place it is’”
3. She said. “What a fool I am!”
4. He said, “How clever I am!”

Answers:

1. The girl exclaimed that it was a very line morning.
2. He exclaimed with wonder that it was a very fine place.
3. She exclaimed with regret that she was a great fool.
4. He exclaimed that he was very clever.

Question 4.

1. Sir said,” What a sweet song!”
2. The children said, “Hurrah! we have won the match.”
3. He said, “Alas! lam ruined.”
4. She said, “What a lovely garden it is!”
5. He said. “Alas! How foolish I have been.”

Answers:

1. She exclaimed with delight that it was a very sweet song.
2. The children exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
3. He exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.
4. She exclaimed with wonder that t was a very lovely garden.
5. He exclaimed with regret that he had been great foolish.

We wish the knowledge shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Narration Direct and Indirect Speech Questions and Answers has been helpful to you. If you need any further help feel free to ask us and we will get back to you with the possible solution. Bookmark our site to avail the latest updates on different state boards solutions in split seconds.

Guys who are planning to learn the fundamentals of English can avail the handy study material Bihar Board Class 10 English Reader Solutions Unseen Passage for Comprehension Factual Questions and Answers here. Refer to the Bihar Board English Solutions for Class 10 PDF available and score better grades. Simply click on the quick links available for Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions and prepare all the concepts in it effectively. Take your preparation to the next level by availing the Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions Unseen Passage for Comprehension Factual prepared by subject experts.

Bihar Board Class 10 English Unseen Passage for Comprehension Factual

Do you feel the concept of English difficult to understand? Not anymore with our Bihar Board Solutions for Class 10 English Unseen Passage for Comprehension Factual Questions and Answers. All the Solutions are given to you with detailed explanation and you can enhance your subject knowledge. Use the Bihar Board Textbook Solutions PDF free of cost and prepare whenever you want.

Q. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow [8 Marks]

PASSAGE 1
The elephant is the only animal with a trunk. It uses its trunk in many ways. It pulls leaves of trees with its trunk and then puts them into its mouth. It can even use its trunk to get-water. The trunk can hold a lot of water as an elephant needs to drink more than three pints of water every day.

When an elephant is angry its trunk can be dangerous. The tusks of an elephant are really its front teeth. People pay a lot of money for the ivory of an elephant’s tusks. In Africa, men have hunted elephants for their tusks. The ivory from tusks is made into many beautiful things. It has been easy for men to train an elephant in Asia. They use an elephant to carry heavy things for long-distance.

Questions:
(a) Why do some people kill the elephants? 2
(b) How does the elephant use its trunk? 2
(c) What is the commercial use of the elephant’s tusks? 2
(d) Find out the word in the passage which is the opposite of ‘safe’?

Answers
(b) The elephant pulls leaves of trees with its trunk. Then it puts the leaves in its mouth. It also uses its trunk for drinking water.
(c) The elephant’s ivory is used for making many beautiful things.
(d) ’dangerous’.

Q. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow [8 Marks]

PASSAGE 2
I was seven years old. I had lived in the same place for all of my life, but we were moving. We were moving from the farm with all of its animals, with its memories of searching for chickens eggs, and with the black and white cows that had to be milked each day. We were going from the place of scrub pines, of pastures, of irrigations ditches to an unknown, unknowable place, far away. We had worked hard to get ready. Finally, dad piled all of us into the car. As we began to drive away, I looked out of the rear window of the car. As I looked back, I saw my dog and my cats. I could not see my horse. I asked my father what would happen to these pets. All that dad could tell me was that they had to remain there, that they could not come with us. There was no explanation merely the declaration that we must go, I was bitterly disappointed, so disappointed that this memory is still seared into me, forty-three years later. Why could my father not change this? I could not understand then, but I do now. But I still do not understand why he has no explanation. [211 Words]

Questions:
(a) What chores did the young child have to perform at the farm ? 1
(b) What was his regret about moving away from the farm? 1
(c) What explanation did he seek from his dad? 2
(d) Why did the child find his father’s reply unsatisfactory? 2
(e) What was the child’s feeling as he left the farm? Why?
Answers:
(a) The young child had to gather eggs, and milk the cows at the farm.
(b) His regret was that he would miss his pets, his cats, dog, and horse.
(c) He sought an explanation from his dad as to what would happen to his pets.
(d) He did not offer any explanation. His father declared that the pets had to remain at the farm.
(e) The child was disappointed. His father could not change the situation.

Q. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: [8 Marks]
PASSAGE 3

Noise is a sound that is unpleasant to the ears. However, a noise unpleasant to one person may be pleasant to another. In scientific terms, noise is made by an irregular pattern of sound waves. There are a number of things which make our world unpleas¬antly or even dangerously noisy, such as jet aircraft taking off,’ road drills, heavy traffic or loudspeakers. The sound waves bang into structures and cause them to vibrate giving rise to noise. In the process, they get damaged. In younger people, deafness can be caused by too loud a noise or from prolonged exposure to loud noise as produced by too much amplification in a discotheque or by machines in a factory. The noise depends on the energy the sound waves carry. Decibel Scale is used to measure the loudness of the sound. [138 Words]

Questions:
(a) How would you define noise scientifically? 2
(b) Name the things which cause noise pollution. 2
(c) How is the noise produced? 2
(d) How is noise harmful to younger people? 1
(e) How can we measure the loudness of the sound?
Answer:
(a) The scientific definition of noise is that it is made by an irregular pattern of sound waves.
(b) The following things cause noise pollution.
(i) Jet aircraft, (ii) Road drills, (iii) Heavy traffic, (iv) Loudspeakers.
(c) Noise is produced whenever the sound waves bang into structures and cause them to vibrate.
(d) The noise is harmful to younger people because they become deaf.
[e) We can measure the loudness of the sound by using the decibel scale.

Q. Read the paragraph carefully and answer the questions that follow: [8 Marks]
PASSAGE 4

I want to speak my mind on cats and dogs, both these species have been with the human for ages as pets
I don’t know, how people tolerate cats. It is so haughty and superior that it makes you feel inferior and its only intention is to have a nice time at your expense without even doing’ you a good turn. And if you think all the mice it makes its food were part of its desire to repay the favour to you, forget it. A cat never does anything at your bidding. It catches mice because it wants to, not because you wanted it to do that.

A cat is also an expert thief and takes delight in spoiling everything in your home. No matter how much you feed it, the kitchen gets regularly spoiled and no matter how much you love it, precious china and glass would continue to be upset. And if catch it during its secret thus necessitating its retreat, you won’t find it repent.In fact, it removes itself to a safe distance and hard show of disapproval is its eyes it looks at you as if you are the worst nuisance that it has come across. It might also scratch you. tear your beautiful curtains or worse still, empty bowels in your kitchen and dining hall and you thought it should be grateful for all the delicacies you had put before it?

Questions:
(a) How for ages have cats and dogs been kept? 2
(b) Why do cats not give us any benefit? i
(c) How do cats look if one finds them causing toss?
(d) How are cats a great source of loss?
Answers:
(e) How are cats thankless animals? 2
(a) They have been kept as pets.
(b) They do not give us any benefit, as they never do any good turn to us.
(e) One finds them non-repentant.
(d) They are a great source of loss because they delight in spoiling everything in one’s home.
(d) They are thankless because they do not know what gratitude is.

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow [8 marks]
PASSAGE 5

There is one slight difference between education as understood by the Greeks and the popular idea of education in our own day. To the Greeks, education was prima¬rily a training of faculties that should fit man. for the exercise of thought and duties of citizenship. The modem world looks rather to the acquisition of some skill or knowledge that is needed for a career: it thinks more of the product than of the process, acquaintance with facts counts more with the modems while mental completeness and grasp were valued by the Greeks above everything else. But mental completeness did not mean to the Greek intellectual discipline; it meant also a discipline and molding of character, training in a public spirit, suppression of the individual.

It is on the one hand mental illumination. But it also means refinement and delicacy of feeling. Our nearest expression of this generous and many-sided training is the word ‘culture’. Culture, however, to many minds suggests a kind of polish, a superficial refinement: it is thought of as the privilege of the favored few. The man of learning of modem times is too apt to remain in seclusion: he seems to be shut up within a charmed circle, and the impression not infrequently left on outsiders by the life of learned isolation is conveyed in the remark of a French writer, that ‘ every man of learning more or less is a corpse.’ [238 Words]

Questions:
(a) What did the Greeks understand by education?
(b) What is the idea of education in modem times?
(c) What does the French writer mean by the remark ‘every man of learning is more or less a corpse’?
(d) Which one word sums up the Greeks’ idea of education?
(e) Use ‘acquisition’ and ‘illumination’ in your sentences.
Answers:
(a) The Greeks thought that the primary aim of education was to train a person’s faculties so that he could think and perform his duties as a citizen.
(b) The idea of education in modem times is that it consists in acquiring some skill.or knowledge for a career.
(c) It means that a man of learning remains in complete isolation. He is of no use to society.
(d) The word ‘culture’ sums up the Greeks’ idea of education.
(e) (i) The roads have contracted due to illegal, acquisition of footpaths.
(ii) The city was brightening with illumination by firecrackers.

PASSAGE 6
Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow [8 Marks]

The joint family system has undergone a drastic change in India. There is a number of factors that are leading to its disintegration. Opportunities for employment outside agriculture arid, especially in the urban areas, are increasing; as a result of which the young men of rural areas have been shifting to those places. Many young persons in the urban areas are also moving out of the parent’s places to seek opening in other parts of the country or even outside of India. The property disputes and sour relation between the mother-in-law and daughter-in-law have forced many persons to opt for independent living. As a result of the disintegration of joint families, the aged have lost the traditional source of economic and social support which was easily available to them in joint families. [132 Words]

Questions:
(a) What change do we see in the joint family system in India?
(b) Why are the young men from the villages shifting to towns or cities?
(c) What type of disputes are common in joint families?
(d) What loss have they (the aged\suffered)
(e) Pick out from the passage the word similar in meaning to”extreme”?
Answers:
(a) The joint family system in India has changed. It has disintegrated now.
(b) They are shifting to towns or cities because outside the villages employment opportunities are available.
(c) These disputes are of property, of sour relation between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law.
(d) The aged have lost the traditional source of economic and social support.

PASSAGE 7
1. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow: [8 Marks]

One evening after work searching in the mailbox for messages, letters from nowhere, my fingers touched dry leaves, twigs, and eggs. A bird had found it a suitable place for nesting. It had nested right inside my mailbox. Angry, I cleared it all except for the eggs. Later in the evening storm started soon and it had me our hastily gathering clothes left drying. On the ground, I saw many birds. But I found hopping in foolish hurry, was a main. She was balancing in its yellow beak twigs and thin sticks. She was heading for my mailbox, trying hard to rebuild a cozy nest that I had destroyed. My vision became dim in the heavy showers. The message I had missed I read quite clearly in the strange nest. It was hidden in the wooden box. It left no room to nest except in wooden post boxes which were fixed to concrete walls. T was convinced that birds nest at places which they find safe from weather, from men and from other enemies of their natural instinct. [178 Words]

Questions:
(a) When did the author’s fingers touch the dry leaves?
(b) What made the author angry?
(c) What did he do?
(d) Where did the bird build nests?
(e) Find out the suitable word of’ twigs
Answers:
(a) His fingers touched them when he searched in the mailbox for letter.
(b) A minah’s making her nest inside the mailbox made him angry.
(c) He destroyed the nest.
(d) They build nests where they are safe from weather, men, and other enemies like animals and others.
(e) ‘little branches’.

PASSAGE 8
Mass copying in the examination has reduced education to a joke. The lengthy courses of study and the system of annual examinations are the root causes of it. How is it possible for any human being to express honestly within three hours all that he has learnt in full one year? Naturally, students are forced to cram certain things and copy others from some source in the examination hall. Examinations, more or less in the form of class tests at the end of a quarter should be held. The result of a student should be determined by his performance round the year. The class teacher should be entrusted with a difficult task. He will h^ve to rise above petty worldly considerations and must be brave and impartial. His role in these connections is very significant. [135 Words]

Questions:
(a) Why has education become a joke?
(b) Why are students forced to cram and copy?
(c) How should a student’s performance be determined?
(d) What qualities are required of an examiner? ‘
(e) Is it possible to express honestly within three hours?
Answers:
(a) Education has become a joke due to mass copying by the examinees.
(b) Students are forced to cram and copy because the Syllabus is lengthy. They can’t express honestly within three hours what they have learned in a year.
(c) A student’s performance should be determined round the year.
(d) He should rise above petty worldly considerations. Also, he must be brave and impartial.
(e) It is not at all possible to express within three hours what a student has learned throughout a year.

PASSAGE 9
Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow [8 marks]

Several times in the history of the world particular countries and cities, or even small groups of people, have attained a high degree of civilization. Yet none of these civilizations, important as they were, have lasted; and one of the reasons why they did not last was that they were confined to a very few people. They were like little oases of civilization in a desert of barbarism. Now it is no good being civilized if everybody round about you is barbarous, or rather, it is some good, but it is very risky. The barbarians are always liable to break in on you, and with their greater numbers and rude vigor scatter your civilization to the winds.

Over and over again in history comparatively civilized peoples living in cities have been won in this way by barbarians coming down from the hills and burning and killing and destroying whatever they found in the plains. In the thirteenth century, most of Europe was overrun in this way by the Mongols from Central Asia, and such civilization as then existed was nearly destroyed. Thus any people which has advanced in civilization too far beyond its neighbors have always been liable to be set upon and pulled back by the others, just as if you build a high tower with proper supports, it is always liable to fall down to the level of the lower building round about it. [237 Words]

Questions:
(a) Why could advanced civilizations not last for long?
(h) Why is being civilized very risky?
(c) Who destroyed civilization in most of Europe in the thirteenth century?
(d) Who are liable to be set upon and pulled hack by the others?
(e) Which example Hoes the author gives about the people who advance in civilization more than their neighbors?
Answers:
(a) Advanced civilizations could not last for long because they were limited to very few people.
(b) Being civilized is very risky. It is because civilized societies are likely to be attacked and destroyed by the non-civilized near them.
(c) The Mongols from Central Asia destroyed civilization in most of Europe.
(d) Those who have advanced in civilization beyond their neighbor are liable to be set upon and pulled back by others.
(e) He gives the example of the tower without supports.

PASSAGE 10
Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow [8 marks]

Gandhiji was of ripe age, but he was still full of vitality and his capacity for work was great. The end came suddenly by the hand of an assassin.lndia was shocked and the world grieved, and to those of us who were more closely connected with him, the shock and sorrow were hard to bear. And yet, perhaps, it was a fitting close to a magnificent career and in his death, as in his life, he served the cause to which he had devoted himself. None of us would have liked to see him gradually fade in body and mind with increasing years. And so he died, as he had lived, a bright star of hope and achievement, the Father of the Nation which had been shaped and trained by him for half a century.

2. To those who had a chance of being associated with him in some of his many activities, he will ever remain the symbol of youthful energy. We shall not think of him as an old then, but rather as one who represented with the vitality of spring the birth of a new India. To a younger generation who did not come in personal contact with him, he is a tradition, and numerous stories are woven round his name and activities. He was great in his life, he is greater since he passed away. [232 Words]

Questions:
1. Based on your reading of the above passage, complete the following statements with appropriate words and phrases. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number.
(a) Gandhiji in his life and death was….
(b) Gandhiji represented….
2, Answer these questions with appropriate words and phrases. Writes the answers . in your answer sheet against the correct blank number
(a) To whom was the shock and sorrow hard to bear?
(b) Why was Gandhiji never considered an old man?
(c) How did Gandhiji serve his cause even in his death? .
Answers:
1. (a) a bright star of hope and achievement.
(b) the birth of a new India like a spring.
2. (a) The shock and sorrow were hard to bear for that person who was closely associated with him.
(b) Gandhiji was never considered an old man because he was always full of energy. His capacity for work was great.
(c) He served his cause even in his.death because he died as a bright star of hope and achievement.

PASSAGE 11
Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow [8 Marks]

Mankind has undoubtedly progressed since medieval times. The earliest men lived like brutes. Individuals fought among themselves and the strong destroyed the weak, for that is the law of the jungle, the law of irrational life. But man was not an animal. He possessed rational faculties. These faculties gradually developed and appeared in his actions, and man gave up the law of the jungle and made his own rational laws, Men saw that the law of physical strength was not applicable to their lives. They realized that they had souls and the strength of being with a soul can consist in a variety of capabilities other than the power to cut and kill, tear, and bite. For instance, a man can be strong in fashioning tools, or in controlling the actions of other rational beings by the power of song or speech. Thus men realized that they should not be fighting among themselves. But they should be working together and giving one another opportunity to develop their respective strengths. This was the first step in man’s progress. By these means, men gained such control over the forces of nature. They made each other so much wiser and more comfortable than they were convinced that they were the best creation of God. (211 words)

Questions:
(a) What do you mean by the law of the jungle?
(b) How was man different from animals?
(c) How could man gain control over the forces of nature?
(d) What did the man realize when his rational faculties were fully developed?
(e) What was the first step in man’s progress?
Answers:
(a) The law of the jungle is the use of physical strength for fighting. It is also the use of this strength for destroying the weak.
(b) The man was different from animals because he had rational faculties. He was also blessed with a soul.
(c) The man could get control over the forces of nature by co-operating with others. .(d) Man realised the value of working in cooperation with other fellow-beings.
(e) Working together and giving one another opportunities for developing their respective strengths was the first step.

PASSAGE 12
Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow [8 marks]

The old lady was glad to be back at the block of flats where she lived. Her shopping had tired her and her basket had grown heavier with every step of the way- home. In.the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden discovery that her front door was open. She was thinking that she must rebuke her daily maid the next morning for such great negligence when she remembered that she had gone shopping after her maid had left and she had turned both the keys in their locks. She walked slowly into the hail and at once noticed that all the room doors were open, yet following the regular practice she had shut them before going out. Looking into the drawing-room, she saw a scene of confusion over by here writing desk.

2. It was as clear as daylight then that burglars had forced entry in her absence. Her first impulse was to go round all the rooms looking for the thieves, but then she decided that at her age it might be more prudent to have someone with her, so she went to fetch the porter from the basement. By this time her legs were beginning to tremble, so she sat down and accepted a cup of very strong tea, while she telephoned to the police. Then her composure regained, she was ready to set off with the porter’s assistance to search for any intruders who might be still lurking in her flat. [267 Words]

Questions:
(a) The problem that shopping caused to the old lady was..
(b) When she reached home she found that….
(c) she thought to rebuke the maid the next morning for…..
(d) When she found that her flat had been burgled, she thought…
(e) When her legs started trembling, she….
Answers:
(a) The problem that shopping caused to the old lady was that it had tired her and her basket had grown heavier with every step of the way home.
(b) When she reached home she found that her front door was open.
(c) she thought to rebuke the maid the next morning for such great negligence.
(d) When she found that her flat had been burgled, she thought that burglars had forced entry in her absence.
(e) When her legs started trembling, she’sat down and accepted a cup of very strong tea.

PASSAGE 13
Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow [8 marks]

1. My grandmother and I were good friends. My parents left me with her when they went to live in the city and we were constantly together. She used to wake me up in the morning and get me ready for school. She said her morning prayers in a monoto¬nous singsong while she bathed and dressed me in the hope that I would listen and get to know it by heart..Then she would fetch my wooden slate which she had already washed and plastered with the yellow chalk, a tiny earthen inkpot and a reed pen, tie them all in a bundle and hand.it to me. After a breakfast of a thick, stale chapatti with a little butter and sugar spread on it, we went to school. She carried several stale chapattis with her for the village dogs.

2. My grandmother always went to school with me because the school was” attached to the temple. The priest taught, us the alphabet and the morning prayer. While the children sat in rows on either side of the verandah singing the alphabet or the prayer in a chorus, my grandmother sat inside reading the scriptures. When we had both finished, we would walk back together. (203 words)

Questions:
(a) Why did the grandmother say her morning prayers loudly?
(b) What was Khushwant Singh given for breakfast?
(c) Why did the grandmother always accompany Khushwant Singh to school?
(d) Who taught the boys? What were they taught?
(e) How did the grandmother feed the dogs?
(f) Explain the meanings of:
(i) monotonous singsong, (ii) prayer in a chorus.
Answers:
(a) She used to say her morning prayers loudly because the speaker would listen and get to know it by heart.
(b) Khuswant Singh was given a thick tasteless chapatti with a little butter and sugar spread on it for breakfast. prayer.
(e) The grandmother carried several chapattis with her while going to the school to feed the dogs in the way.
(f) (i) rhythm uttered in one unvarying tone.
(ii) to entreat collectively with the band of singers, worship to God, singing collectively.

PASSAGE 14
Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow [8 marks]

1. Fathers and mothers, husbands and wives managers and foremen, politicians, artists and others, all these in one way or another, are teachers. Their methods will vary as widely as their jobs and characters. For this reason, we can point out only a few general principles to make their teaching more effective.

2. The first is clarity. Whatever we are teaching, we must make it clear, Make it as firm as a stone and as bright as sunlight. Not to ourselves, that is easy. Make it clear to the people we are teaching-that is difficult. The second is patience. Anything worth¬learning takes time to learn and time to teach. It is a mistake often made by many of us to think that our audiences have thought deeply about their problems and are only a few steps behind us in any discussion. Real teaching is not simply handing out information. It is an actual change in the pupil’s mind. The third principle is responsibility. People are easily influenced for good or evil when their teacher speaks with authority. As teachers, we must see that our ideas are not misunderstood by those whom we are trying to teach. [194 Words]

Questions:
(a) What does this passage say about the methods of teaching?
(b) what is really teaching?
(c) What is meant by the principle of responsibility in teaching?
(d) Which two other general principles are considered necessary for effective teaching?
(e) Which sentence in the passage shows a teacher’s stronghold on his students?
(f) Find from the passage the antonyms of the following words:
(i) particular (ii) false, unreal.
Answers:
(a) The method of teaching differs in one way or another according to the jobs and characters.
(b) Real teaching is to maintain patience in teaching and to make it clear to the people we are teaching.
(c) The principle of responsibility in teaching means that as teachers we must see that our ideas are not misunderstood by those whom we are trying to teach.
(d) The two other principles to be considered are
(i) the teaching must be clear to the people to whom we are teaching and
(ii) patience anything worth learning takes time to teach and time to learn.
(e) sentence showing a teacher’s stronghold is; “people are easily influenced for good or evil when their teacher speaks with authority.”
(f) (i) general (ii) actual, real

PASSAGE 15
Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow [8 marks]

Freedom is a sweet-sounding word. Nearly all of us love to use it or hear it used. Even if we do not quite understand what it means, we feel it stands for something fine and courageous. And so it does.lt stands for something precious too; something for which men and women in every part of the world have struggled and suffered and gone bravely even to their death. If we enjoy any freedom now, it is partly due to them. So it is really worth our while to know clearly what freedom is, and why it has been valued so highly. We shall ourselves thereby come to value it and not lose it by our carelessness. At one time it used to be said. ‘All men are bom free,’ but we can now see that it is not true at all; for Nature binds us in all sorts of ways. The newborn baby is not free, not even as free as the newborn calf, much less than the newborn mosquito. The young mosquito is soon able to fly away, the calf begins to walk in a few days, but the human baby takes at least a year even to crawl. He slowly wins his freedom by an increase of strength and skill. It does not come to him in any other way. (218 words)

Questions:
(a) How is freedom a sweet-sounding word?
(b) How has freedom come to us?
(c) All men are born free. Does the writer agree with this?
(d) How does the writer compare a human child with young ones of the other species?
(e) How does a child win its freedom?
(f) Find from the passage words which mean the same as the following:
(i) valuable and important
(ii) move on one’s knees and hands, keeping the body close to the ground.
Answers
(a) Freedom is a sweet-sounding word because all of us love to use it or hear it used. Even if we do not understand its meaning, we feel it stands for something fine and courageous.
(b) Freedom has come through the struggles and sufferings of men and women in every part of the world.
(c) The writer does not agree with the saying ‘All men are bom free.’ According to him Nature binds us in all sorts of ways.
(d) According to the writer new bom baby is not even as free as the new bom calf or even the new bom mosquito.
(e) A child slowly wins his feedoms by an increase of strength and skill.
(t) (i) precious and value (ii) crawl.

PASSAGE 16
Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow [8 marks]

1. Of all the trees of southern Asia, the banyan is unique, not only for the manner of its growth but for the area of shade it provides from the burning sun. Its close relationship with man has evolved over the years to make the banyan a popular meeting place, a focal point of worship and a source of practical materials for commerce.

2. Known as the strangler fig’ because of its unusual manner of growth, the banyan is an epiphyte or air plant, that has its birth in the branches of a host tree and lives on airborne moisture and nutrients. Banyan seeds are deposited by birds, bats or monkeys in the rich soil collected in the crevices of host tree branches.

3. As the banyan grows, it sends aerial roots down the trunk of the supporting tree. In time, the roots that reach the ground choke the host tree by preventing its trunk from enlarging. The two best-known species of banyans are the Indian (Ficus benghalensis), one of the world’s largest tropical trees; and the Chinese (Ficus retusa), a smaller species with fewer aerial roots. (186 words)

Questions:
1. Why is the banyan called the’ strangler fig’?
2. In what ways is the banyan tree unique?
3. How does the banyan tree take birth and grow?
4. Why is the banyan a popular meeting place?
5. What kind of a tree is the Indian banyan? How is the Chinese one different from the Indian one?
6. Find from the passage noun form of the following words:
(i) grow (ii) bear.
Answers:
1. The banyan is called the ‘strangler fig’ because it chokes the host tree.
2. It is unique in the manner of its growth. It is also unique in terms of the area of shade it provides.
3. It takes birth in the branches of a host tree. It grows with the help of airborne moisture and nutrients.
4. It has become a popular .meeting place due to its close relationship with man and a focal point of the workshop as well.
5. The Indian banyan is one of the world’s largest tropical trees. The Chinese one is a smaller species.
6. (i) growth (ii) birth.

PASSAGE 17
Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow [8 marks]

Gandhiji’s mother was a very sweet, kind and religious woman. She visited the temple daily, often taking her little son with her. She fasted frequently, too. Once she made a vow to eat only one meal a day for four months, and not to take even that one | meal unless she had first seen sunshine. As she had made this vow in the rainy season, “it was often difficult to see sunshine at all. Her children, who could not bear to think of their dear mother going without food all the twenty-four hours, would stand staring up at the sky waiting to catch the first gleams of the sun.

As soon as a ray appeared, they would dash into the house and call their mother to come and see for herself. By the time she came out, the sun had often gone behind the clouds again. “It does not matter,” she would say cheerfully. “God does not want me to eat today,” and back she would go to her household tasks. In this way, Gandhiji learned from his good mother how to do penance cheerfully for love of God. [188 Words]

Questions:
1. What vow did Gandhiji’s mother make?
2. What could the children not bear?
3. What did the children do if they saw some sunlight in the sky?
4. What did Gandhi learn from his mother?
5. What did she do daily?
6. Find front the passage words that mean the same as the following:
(i) often (ii) happily

Answers:
1. Gandhiji’s mother made a vow to eat only one meal a day for four months,
2. They (the children) could not bear their mother going without food all the twenty-four hours.
3. They would immediately go to their mother and call her to see the sunlight herself.
4. Gandhiji learned from his mother how to do penance cheerfully for love of God.
5. She visited the temple daily.
6. (i) frequently (ii) cheerfully

PASSAGE 18
Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow [8 marks]

1. Now that smoking is considered to be very dangerous to health, it is especially difficult for children to buy cigarettes or tobacco. Our tobacconist, Mr. James, has always been very careful about this. If his customers are very young, he always asks them for whom the cigarettes are being purchased.

2. One day a little girl walked boldly into his shop and demanded twenty cigarettes. Mr. James was so surprised by her confident manner that he forgot to ask his usual question. Instead, he asked her what kind of cigarettes she wanted. The girl replied promptly and handed him the money. While he was giving her the cigarettes, Mr. James said laughingly that as she was so young, she should hide the packet in her pocket in case a policeman saw it. However, the little girl did not seem to find this very funny. Without even smiling, she took the packet and walked towards the door. Suddenly she stopped, turned around, and looked steadily at Mr. James. There was a moment’s deathly silence and the tobacconist wondered what she was going to say. AH at once, in a clear, solemn voice, the girl declared, ‘My dad is a policeman,’ and with that, she walked quickly out Of the shop. [210 Words]

Questions:
Q. 1. Did the tobacconist ever sell cigarettes to children? What did he first ask them?
2. What did he forget to do when the young girl demanded a packet of cigarettes?
3. Where did he advise her to hide the packet? Why?
4. What did the girl tell him just as she was leaving the shop?
5. Explain the meaning of the following:
(i) tobacconist (ii) promptly.
Answers
1. Yes, the tobacconist sold cigarettes to children. But he first asked them for whom they were purchasing the cigarettes.
2. He forgot to ask the young girl his usual question.
3. He advised her to hide the packet in her pocket so that no policeman could see it.
4. She told him that her father was a policeman.
5. (i) shopkeeper who sells cigarettes, tobacco, etc. (ii) at once, without delay.

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow [8 Marks]
PASSAGE 19

The water of the river Yamuna in Delhi has become useless. The water of this river is most polluted and has received E grade in terms of quality. This is the lowest grade which indicates the severity of pollution in the water. Some fifty years ago the water of the Yamuna was clear and clean. Many water plants such as weeds, algae and shrubs grew

Questions:
(a) Why did the birds migrate to the Yamuna during winter? 2
(b) What indicates the rich quality of the Yamuna water in the past? 2
(c) What has been the result of severe pollution of the Yamuna water 1
(e) Which word in the passage means ‘disappear”? 1
Answers:
(a) During the winter season, birds migrated to the Yamuna to feed their young ones. The river Yamuna was quite safe and well for their livelihood.
(b) In the past, the Yamuna water was clear and clean. Many water plants such as weeds, algae and shrubs grew in the water.
(c) The water of this river has been too polluted. So, all the useful weeds, algae, and shrubs have vanished and it is a hundred percent harmful to man and other creatures.
(d) We see red worms in the polluted water of Yamuna more and more. These red worms are called chironomids.
(e) “Disappear’ word means ‘vanished.’

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Let’s Answer:

Question 1.
What were the terms and conditions of the bet? Do you think them proper?
Answer:
The terms and conditions were the lawyers had to remain confined in a cell for fifteen years. The cell was within the house of the banker. During his confinement, the banker had to supply the necessary requisites to the lawyer for example food, wine, books and the means of entertainment. If the lawyer successfully remained within the confinement the banker had to pay two million at stake.

I don’t think them as proper. Because vain longings and rigidity of opinions often give bad results. Ultimately the involved parties get nothing but remorse. Pleasure of gain and pleasure of loss both are futile if real wisdom is perceived.

Question 2.
Why was the banker afraid of honoring the bet?
Answer:
The lawyer was confined for long period of fifteen years. The banker was very rich but his economic condition had become bleak by the fourteenth fifteenth year of lawyers confinement. So he was being afraid of honoring the bet.

Question 3.
What did the banker do to kill the lawyer?
Answer:
The banker tapped on the window with his finger, but the prisoner made no movement in the cell. Then the banker cautiously tore the seals from the door and put the key into the lock. The rusty lock gave a hoarse groan and the door creaked. The banker expected instantly to hear a cry of surprise and. the sound of steps. Three minutes passed and it was as quiet inside as it had been before. He made up his mind to enter. He thought the prisoner (the lawyer in confinement) as a devil who was asleep, dreaming the millions. He decided to throw the half-dead thing on the bed, smother him with a pillow and he will be dead. But before this planing, he went on to read what the lawyer had written as a note kept on the table and was fast asleep. Understanding the whole thing the conscience of the banker did not allow to do any misbehavior and he came back to his room.

Question 4.
What did the banker do to know that the.lav’yer had escaped? Why did he weep to read the notes of the lawyer?
Answer:
The banker instantly went with his servants to the wing and established the escape of his prisoner. To avoid unnecessary rumors he took the paper from the table and, on his return locked it in his safe.

He went to see the innocence and greatness of the lawyer. He kissed the head of the strange man who was lying asleep. The banker continued to weep realizing, his own blunder in life and realizing the ultimate truth of life. Wisdom is far above material wealth. Humanitarian wisdom is acquired through centuries and centuries.

Let’s Discuss:

Question 1.
Is betting a good habit?
Answer:
No, betting is not a good habit. It harms both the participants. The man who is the winner becomes arrogant and accomplishes false pride. The man who is defeated suffers mental agony and tension. Ultimate gain in nothing. So betting is futile.

Question 2.
Is capital punishment justified?
Answer:
No, Capital punishment is not justified. If so neone is wrong and commits a crime there are so many ways to condemn and punish him. But life of anyone is very precious. If we cannot give it, we should not take it.

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Bihar Board Class 10 English Grammar Modal Auxiliaries

Auxiliary Verb (सहायक क्रिया) – जिस Verb का अपना कोई महत्त्व न हो, किन्तु वह मुख्य Verb के साथ मिलकर Tense के बनाने में सहायता करे, उसे Auxiliary Verb अथवा Helping Verb कहा जाता है; जैसे

1. She is going to school. .
2. I have finished my work.
3. You will win a prize.
4. I can solve this question.

List of Auxiliary Verbs:

1. Be, am, is, are, was, were
2. Have, has, had
3. Do, does, did
4. Shall, should
5. Will, would
6. Can, could
7. May, might
8. Must have to, am to, etc.
9. Ought to
10. Used to
11. Need
12. Dare

Types of Auxiliaries
सहायक क्रियाएँ दो प्रकार की हो सकती हैं-

1. Primary Auxiliaries	2. Modal Auxiliaries
Be: am, is, are, was, were; do, does, did; have, has, had.	Will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must (am to, is to, are to, have to, etc.) ought to, used to, need, dare.
1. Primary auxiliaries को स्वतन्त्र रूप से main verb के रूप में भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है He is a rich man.	1. Modal auxiliaries को स्वतन्त्र रूप से main verb के रूप में  प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है। He will go.
2. इनका रूप कर्ता के person और number के अनुसार बदल जाता है। I am going home.	2. इन पर कर्ता के person और number का कोई प्रभाव नहीं पड़ता है। I will study hard.
3. Be, do, have के पूर्व to लगा कर इन्हें infinitive क्रियाओं के रूप में प्रयोग किया जा सकता है She wants to be rich.	3. किसी भी modal auxiliary पूर्व to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।
4. Be और have के साथ ing लगा कर इन्हें Participle बनाया जा सकता है।	4. किसी भी modal auxiliary के साथ ing का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है। Being tired, I went home.

The Use of Some Modals

Will and Shall का प्रयोग।
will और Shall सम्बन्धी प्रयोग के लिए निम्नलिखित नियम ध्यान में रखिए-

In Assertive Sentences
1. यदि किसी भविष्य की घटना का केवल साधारण रूप में ही वर्णन करना हो, तो
First Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Second और Third Persons के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
I shall finish my work quickly.

2. यदि वाक्य में किसी भविष्य सम्बन्धी आदेश (command), प्रण (promise), निश्चय (determination), धमकी (threat) आदि का वर्णन हो तो–
First Person के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Second और Third Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
I will return your money without fail.

3. यदि वक्ता अपने किसी भविष्य-सम्बन्धी उद्देश्य (intention) को प्रकट करना चाहता हो, तो वह अपने लिए will का प्रयोग करेगा। अर्थात् ऐसे वाक्यों में
First Person के साथ will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
I will appear in the Senior Secondary Examination next year.

Would तथा Should का प्रयोग
I. Would का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है-

1. Will का Past – I told him that I would come.
2. प्रार्थना वाचक Would you close the window?
3. शर्त वाचक – He would pass if he worked hard.

II. Should का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है-

1. उपदेश वाचक – You should give up smoking.
2. सम्भावना वाचक – They should be here by now.
3. नैतिक फर्ज – You should do your duty.
4. Shall का Past – He told me that I should would pass.

Can तथा Could का प्रयोग
I. Can का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है-

1. योग्यता सूचक – She can dance very well.
2. इजाजत सूचक – You can go home now..
3. सम्भावना सूचक – It can happen to anyone.
4. Pt. Cont. की जगह – I can hear people talking.

II. Could का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है

1. शर्त वाचक – I could lift this box (if I tried)
   Could (would) you bring me a glass of water.
2. प्रार्थना वाचक – Could (would) you tell me the time?
3. सम्भावना सूचक – One of the prisoners escaped yesterday.
   He could be anywhere now.
4. Can का Past – He said that I could go.
   He could come to me any time he liked.

May तथा Might का प्रयोग
I. May का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है-

1. अनुमति/इजाजत सूचक – You may go now.
   May I come in, sir?
2. सम्भावना सूचक – His statement may (can/ could) be true.
   His plan may succeed. (can/could)
3. इच्छा/प्रार्थना सूचक – May you live long!
   May our country prosper!

II. Might का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है-

1. May का Past – He said that I might go.
   I thought that he might help her.
2. भावी सम्भावना – He might (may) pass this year.
   He might (may) reach here by evening.
3. इजाजत होना – Might I have your pen?
   You might do me a favour.

(May की अपेक्षा might में अधिक झिझक और विनम्रता का संकेत होता है।)

Must का प्रयोग
Must का प्रयोगं निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है-

1. उपदेश सूचक – You must consult some good doctor.
   You must work hard this year.
2. आवश्यकता सूचक – You must be back by evening.
   The students must bring their books daily.
3. सम्भावना सूचक – The child must be hungry.
   He must have made some big mistake.
4. बन्धन/मजबूरी सूचक – You must do as you are told.
   He must clear his accounts before leaving.

Ought to तथा Used to का प्रयोग
I. Ought के साथ सदा to का प्रयोग किया जाता है। (Ought to = Should) Ought to का प्रयोग (should की तरह) निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है-

1. नैतिक फर्ज – You ought to respect your elders.
   You ought to have helped the poor.
2. इच्छा-योग्य सम्भावना – Mohan ought to win the race this time.
3. इच्छा-योग्य जरूरत – He ought to build a new house now.

(इस तालिका में दिए गए सभी वाक्यों में ought to के स्थान पर should का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।)

II. Ought के समान used भी एक ऐसा modal है जिसके साथ to का प्रयोग करना जरूरी होता है-

1. He used to live here.
2. He never used to live here.

Need का प्रयोग
1. Auxiliary के रूप में Need का प्रयोग केवल Negative और Interrogative वाक्यों में किया जाना चाहिए। इसका प्रयोग किसी सन्देह (doubt) अथवा मनाही (prohibition) को जोरदार ढंग से व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।

• Need you go yet? No, you needn’t.
• Need she come tomorrow ? No, she needn’t.

2. Need का Third Person Singular सदा need ही होता है, न कि needs:

• Need Mohan go there now?
• He need not worry any more.

3. प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में need का प्रयोग तभी किया जाता है जब negative उत्तर वांछित हो।

• Need you go there?
• No, I needn’t.

4. Interrogative और Negative वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।

• Need he do any work?
• No, he needn’t do any work.

5. किन्तु निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग किया गया है-

• He need to go now. (Affirmative)
• He does not need to go now. (Negative)
• Does he need to go now? (Interrogative)

यदि ध्यान से देखा जाए तो पता चलेगा कि इन सभी वाक्यों में need को मुख्य क्रिया (Principal Verb) के रूप में प्रयोग किया गया है, न कि Auxiliary के रूप में।

6. Need not की जगह haven’t got to, don’t have to, don’t need to का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।

• He need not go.

7. जब needs का प्रयोग must के साथ किया गया हो, तो यह एक adverb का कार्य कर रहा होता है। वास्तव में needs एक Possessive Case है जिसमें apostrophe (‘) का लोप किया होता है। इस प्रकार : needs = need’s = of need = of necessity = necessarily (adv.) इस प्रकार हमने देखा कि needs को एक adverb क्यों माना जाता है।

• He must needs finish his work by evening.

Dare का प्रयोग
1. Auxiliary के रूप में dare का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है-

• Negative वाक्यों में।
• Interrogative वाक्यों में।
• सन्देह (doubt) व्यक्त करने वाले वाक्यों में।
• ऐसे वाक्यों में जिनमें hardly, never, no one, nobody का प्रयोग किया गया हो।

2. जब dare का प्रयोग auxiliary के रूप में किया गया हो, तो इसके साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।

3. Dare का Third Person Singular सदा dare ही होता है, न कि dares.
उदाहरण: (Negative)

• He dare not fight with me.
• He will hardly dare go there again.

अब क्या आप बता सकते हैं कि Need और Dare के प्रयोग के सम्बन्ध में कौन-कौन सी बातें एक जैसी हैं?

Important Questions solved

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences with suitable modals given in the brackets:
(may, must, could, will)

1. _______ I ask a question?
2. He ______ go to call me tomorrow.
3. Who ______ win the race?

Answer:

1. May I ask a question?
2. He must go to call me tomorrow.
3. Who will win the race?

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks with suitable models given in the brackets.
(shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must)

1. You ______ pay the examination fee at the nick of time.
2. Labour hard so that you _______ pass.
3. He ______ submit the report next week.
4. The boys ________ obey their teacher.

Answer:

1. must
2. may
3. must
4. should.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in brackets.
(should, might, may)

1. He said that ______ do the work.
2. ______ God protect you!
3. We ________ help the poor

Answer:

1. might
2. may
3. should.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets:
(Should, would, ought, needn’t)

1. We _______ to improve the lot of the poor in our country.
2. You _______ have taken all that trouble.
3. He said he _______ be moving into his new house next month.
4. You are so wise. You _______ have been a philosopher.

Answer:

1. We ought to improve the lot of the poor in our country.
2. You needn’t have taken all that trouble.
3. He said he would be moving into his new house next month.
4. You are so wise. You should have been a philosopher.

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets:
(Would, can’t, may, could)

1. My uncle _______ speak five languages.
2. Can I smoke here? Yes, you _______
3. Can I smoke here? No, you _______
4. He said he _______ come the next day.

Answer:

1. My uncle could speak five languages.
2. Can I smoke here? Yes, you may.
3. Can I smoke here? No, you can’t.
4. He said he would come the next day.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets:
(have, needn’t ought, used to)

1. The driver _______ to have been more careful.
2. I will do it myself. You _______ come.
3. The candidates _______ to appear for an interview.
4. He _______ come home late at night.

Answer:

1. The driver ought to have been more careful.
2. I will do it myself. You needn’t come.
3. The candidates have to appear for an interview.
4. He used to come home late at night.

Question 7.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets.
(might, can’t, would, could)

1. I said I _______ do it.
2. _______ I ask you a question.
3. He _______ hear. He is deaf.
4. He _______ come home by the morning train.

Answer:

1. I said I could do it.
2. Would I ask you a question?
3. He can’t hear. He is deaf.
4. He might come home by the morning train.

Question 8.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets:
(ought, shouldn’t càn, could)

1. He _______ read and write English.
2. He asked if he _______ borrow my bicycle.
3. He _______ worry so much about his matter.
4. You _______ to read this book. It is very exciting.

Answer:

1. He can read and write English.
2. He asked if he could borrow my bicycle.
3. He shouldn’t worry so much about his matter.
4. You ought to read this book. It is very exciting.

Question 9.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets.
(can, used to, must not, could)

1. I don’t want to see your face. You _______ come here again.
2. He _______ come and see me again in a day or two.
3. He wanted to know if he _______ attend the show.
4. _______ you see a parrot in the tree?

Answer:

1. I don’t want to see your face. You must not come here again.
2. He used to come and see me again in a day or two.
3. He wanted to know if he could attend the show.
4. Can you see a parrot in the tree?

Question 10.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets.
(Would, should, would, would)

1. _______ you like to have a cup of tea?
2. He said that he _______ not come the next day.
3. _______ you please stop talking?
4. We _______ speak English fluently.

Answer:

1. Would you like to have a cup of tea?
2. He said that he would not come the next day.
3. Would you please stop talking?
4. We should speak English fluently.

Question 11.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets:

1. She _______ Speak English fluently. (can/could/ought)
2. He works hard so that he _______ pass. (may/will/can)
3. _______ you please help me lift the bundle? (could/would/can)
4. If I were you I _______ not do it. (would/may/must)

Answer:

1. She can speak English fluently
2. He works hard so that he may pass.
3. Could you please help me lift the bundle?
4. If I were you I would not do it.

Question 12.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets:

1. The pupils _______ to obey their order. (ought/used/could)
2. _______ you like to do as I tell you? (would/may/could)
3. You _______have told him that there is a ferocious dog in the house. (should/would/shouldn’t)
4. You _______ not have laughed at his failure. (should/ought/must)

Answer:

1. The pupils ought to obey their order.
2. Would you like to do as I tell you?
3. You should have told him that there is a ferocious dog in the house.
4. You should not have laughed at his failure.

Question 13.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in brackets:

1. It _______ rain today. (may/would/can)
2. If you want to score good marks, you _______ work hard. (must/must not/may)
3. You _______ not violate the rules if you do not want to be punished. (may/must not/must)
4. If the weather is bad, she _______ refuse to go with us. (will/may/could)

Answer:

1. It may rain today.
2. If you want to score good marks, you must work hard.
3. You must not violate the rules if you do not want to be punished.
4. If the weather is bad, she will refuse to go with us.

Question 14.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in brackets:

1. It _______ rain in the evening today. (must/could/may)
2. A man _______ eat to live. (could/may/must)
3. _______ I have a look at the album, please? (may/could/must)
4. A Government servant _______ abide by the rules. (would/must/should)

Answer:

1. It may rain in the evening today.
2. A man must eat to live.
3. Could I have a look at the album, please?
4. A Government servant must abide by the rules.

Question 15.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in brackets:

1. _______ you have a cup of coffee? (would shouldn’t/must)
2. You _______ not give up your virtues. (may/must/must not)
3. He _______ come tomorrow. (will/may/can)
4. She _______ drive a car when she was only twelve. (could/may/must)

Answer:

1. Would you have a cup of coffee?
2. You must not give up your virtues.
3. He may come tomorrow.
4. She could drive a car when she was the only twelve.

Question 16.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in brackets:

1. You _______ lock the room before you leave. (must/may/must not)
2. Soldiers _______ obey their officers. (may/must/must not)
3. You _______ have a holiday tomorrow. (would/will/may)
4. When I was young I _______ run for three hours at a stretch. (could/might/would)

Answer:

1. You must lock the room before you leave.
2. Soldiers must obey their officers.
3. You will have a holiday tomorrow.
4. When I was young I could run for three hours at a stretch.

Question 17.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in brackets:

1. _______ God give you the courage to face this tragedy. (may/will/would)
2. A son _______ show respect to his parents. (must/may/must not)
3. Preeti worked hard lest she _______ fail. (should/would/shouldn’t)
4. Your father _______ be nearly eighty now. (may/must/must not)

Answer:

1. May God give you the courage to face this tragedy.
2. A son must show respect to his parents.
3. Preeti worked hard lest she should fail.
4. You father must be nearly eighty how.

Question 18.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in brackets:

1. ______ God protect you. (May/ought/used)
2. He died so that others _______ live. (might/may/ought)
3. She was afraid lest she _______ be late. (should/may/can’t)
4. We _______ work or perish. (must/must not/may)

Answer:

1. May God protect you.
2. He died so that others might live.
3. She was afraid lest she should be late.
4. We must work for perish.

Question 19.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in brackets:

1. _______ you have a good time! (may/ought/used)
2. You _______ look after your old parents. (should/ought to/must)
3. If you practise well you _______ be selected in the team. (can/would/could)
4. You _______ ask a question, if you please. (may/can/could)

Answer:

1. May you have a good time!
2. You should look after your old parents.
3. If you practise well you can be selected in the team.
4. You may ask a question if you please.

Question 20.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in brackets:
(May, could, may, should)

1. The government _______ provide cycle lanes in big cities.
2. _______ God bless you!
3. I _______ sing very well when I was a child.
4. ______ God bring you a lot of prosperity.

Answer:

1. The Government should provide cycle lanes in big cities.
2. May God bless you!
3. I could sing very well when I was a child.
4. May God bring you a lot of prosperity.

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Bihar Board Class 10 English Grammar Idioms and Phrases

Do you feel the concept of English difficult to understand? Not anymore with our Bihar Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Idioms and Phrases Questions and Answers. All the Solutions are given to you with detailed explanation and you can enhance your subject knowledge. Use the Bihar Board Textbook Solutions PDF free of cost and prepare whenever you want.
Use the following phrases to bring out their meanings:

• Add to: The music added to our enjoyment.
• Again and again: I read my books again and again.
• Above all: Above all, be honest.
• As a matter of fact: As a matter of fact, he is innocent.
• Along with: He came here along with his mother.
• At home in: He is at home in English grammar.

• As soon as: As soon as I reached the station the train left.
• As well as: He gave me money as well as advice.
• A beast of prey: The tiger is a beast of prey.
• A bed of roses: Life is full of worries; it is not a bed of roses.
• A drop in the ocean: Your help is nothing but a drop in the ocean.
• A fair-weather friend: A fair-weather friend cannot be relied on.
• A feather in one’s cap: This success has added a feather to his cap.
• A fish out of water: In a big city, a villager feels like a fish out of water.
• A hairbreadth escape: He had a hairbreadth escape in that accident.
• A maiden speech: His maiden speech was very impressive.

• A man of parts: Rahul Sankrityayan was a man of parts.
• A wolf in sheep’s: Beware of him; he is a wolf in sheep’s clothing.
• At variance with: His actions are ai variance with his words.
• As to: He said nothing as to wages.
• Bag and baggage: He left this place bag and baggage.
• By fits and starts: He does everything by fits and starts.
• By hook or by crook: He has decided to gain his end by hook or by crook.
• By leaps and bounds: Our country is progressing by leaps and bounds.
• By the by: By the by let me know your future plan.
• By means of: He recovered his health by means of a proper diet.
• By the side of: He sat by the side of his mother.

• Back out: He promised to help me but he backed out.
• Be off: I must be off.
• Come across: I came across my friend in the market.
• Come down: The prices of rice and wheat will not come down.
• Come off: When will the match come off?
• Due to: The accident was due to his carelessness.
• Die out: Many old customs are dying out.
• Drop off: My friends dropped off one by one.
• Ever and anon: He goes to his village home ever and anon.
• Far and away: He is far and away from the best boy of this class.

• Fair and square: He is fair and square in is dealings.
• Far and wide: The fame of Mrs Indira Gandhi has spread far and wide.
• First and foremost: It is our first and foremost duty to serve the country.
• Face to face: At last the two men met face to face.
• Flesh and blood: Flesh and blood cannot bear such insult.
• Fond of: He is very fond of reading.
• For good: Ram left the town for good.
• For the sake of: He saved money for the sake of his daughter’s marriage.
• For want of: Crops have failed for want of rain.
• Fall through: All his plans fell through.
• For fear of: He does not drive a car for fear of an accident.

• Give and take: We should follow the principle of giving and take.
• Give out: Our food supplies began to give out.
• Give up: He gave up smoking.
• Get in: What time does your train get in?
• Get up: What time do you get up?
• Get out: The teacher ordered him to get out.
• Go away: Go away with your luggage.
• Go back: He will go back soon.
• Go by: Several days went by, but he did not come back.
• Go off: The gun went off by accident.
• Go out: The fire has gone out.
• Go up: The prices of book and paper have gone up.
• Hand in hand: Let us work hand in hand for the good of the country.
• Hard and fast: There is no hard and fast rule for precis writing.
• Heart and soul: He is working heart and soul.

• Hither and thither: Birds are flying hither and thither.
• Hole and corner: I hate the hole and corner policy of politicians.
• Hue and cry: He raised a hue and cry against this injustice.
• Hale and hearty: My friend is quite hale and hearty.
• In contact with: I am in contact with him.
• Ins and outs: I alone know his ins and outs.
• In a fix: He was in a fix and did not know what to do.
• In a nutshell: In a nutshell, this is the aim of education.
• In black and white: He gave his statement in black and white.
• In case of: A true friend is ready to help us in case of need.
• In cold blood: He was murdered in cold blood.

• In the dark: I am still in the dark about this matter.
• In the good book of: He is in the good book of his boss.
• In the long run: In the long run, you will succeed.
• In the nick of time: He reached the station in the nick of time.
• In the teeth of: He stood firm in the teeth of opposition.
• In the wake of: In the wake of the flood came famine.
• In the course of time: In the course of time, he earned a lot of money.
• In fact: In fact, he is a liar.
• In case: You should inform me in case you need money.
• In the course of: The road is in course of construction.

• In search of: He is in search of a job.
• In connection with: Tell me all you know in connection with that case.
• In favour of: He resigned in favour of a better man.
• In honour of: A party was arranged in honour of the chief Guest.
• In quest of: He is in quest of a good house.
• In spite of: In spite of hard labour, he could not succeed.
• In view of: You should not go out in view of biting cold.
• In the event of: You should try again in the event of failure.
• Kith and kin: He always helps his kith and kin.
• Knockdown: The old beggar was knocked down by a bus.
• Loaves and fishes: Most of our leaders fight for loaves and fishes a barrel.
• Lock, stock and barrel: He sold his property lock, stock and barrel.

• Let off: They let the thief off with a fire.
• Let out: He let the water out of the bath-tub.
• Look in: Won’t you look in when you are here?
• Look on: Will you go to the station and look on for Mr. Sinha.
• Look up to: He always looks up to his teachers.
• Make fun of: They made fun of her.
• Make off: The thief tried to make off, but he was caught.
• Make out: He made out a list of books.
• Makeover: He has made over his house to his son.

• Makeup: They had a quarrel but they have made it up now
• Nook and corner: He searched his lost child in every nook and corner of this town.
• Null and void: Some of these laws have been declared null and void.
• Of course: Of course, I love my country.
• Off and on: He comes here off and on.
• On account of: He was absent on account of illness.
• On the brink of: He is on the brink of ruin.
• On the eve of: He died on the eve of his victory.
• Odds and ends: He could pick up only the odds and ends.
• Open and above board: Whatever I do is open and above board.
• Out and out: He is out and out wicked.

• Over and above: He is known for his sincerity over and above his honesty.
• Of no avail: He tried to win our support but it was of no avail.
• Over and over again: Read this book over and over again.
• Overhead and ears: He is over head and ears in debt.
• On the ground of: He was allowed to leave on the ground of his illness.
• Part and parcel: Kashmir is the part and parcel of India.
• Pros and cons: Let us consider the pros and cons of this matter.
• Pick up: The bus stopped to pick up passengers.
• Pull up: The.car pulled up at the gate.
• Put off: The meeting was put off.
• Pass off: The election passed off peacefully.
• Pick out: He picked out the books he wanted.

• Pull through: He is very ill but I hope he will pull through.
• Put away: Put your books away.
• Put up: I can put you up for a week.
• Rack and ruin: A reckless fellow soon goes to rack and ruin.
• Rundown: The clock has run down.
• Runoff: The thief ran off when he was challenged.
• Run out: My patience is running out.
• Slow and steady: Slow and steady wins the race.
• Spick and span: Everything in his rooms is neat and tidy, spick and span.
• Stuff and nonsense: Your argument is mere stuff and nonsense.
• Set in: Winter has set in.
• Set off: We set off at 6 o’clock.
• Set out: He set out for Patna.

• To and fro: He does not stick to one place; he walks to and fro.
• Tooth and nail: He fought his enemy tooth and nail.
• The three R’s: Even a peasant in England knows the three R’s.
• Through thick and thin: He stands by me through thick and thin.
• To abide by: A sportsman must abide by the rules of the game.
• To add fuel to the flame: His fiery speech added fuel to the flame.
• To avail oneself of: You must avail yourself of this opportunity.
• To bear false witness: Never bear false witness.
• To bear in mind: You must bear in mind that discipline is of vital importance.
• To bid defiance to: He bade defiance to the authority of God.
• To bid fair to: He bids fair to become a great scholar.
• To blow hot and cold: He blows hot and cold in the same breath.
• To blow one’s own trumpet: He always blows his own trumpet.

• To break the ice: It was I who broke the ice after an uneasy silence.
• To bring home to: A good teacher brings his point home to his students.
• To bring to the book: A criminal must be brought to book.
• To bring to light: It was he who brought this matter to light.
• To come to grief: Those who do not act wisely come to grief.
• To come to grips: Let us first come to grips with the real issues.
• To come to one’s senses: After many failures, the boy came to his senses.
• To end in smoke: His plan to overthrow the government ended in smoke.
• To fall prey to: He fell a prey to cholera.
• To get in the way: Do not get in the way of others.

• To get rid of: He is trying to get rid of his enemies.
• Turn off: Turn off the radio.
• Turn out: How many people turned out for the meeting.
• Turn to: The child turned to its mother for comfort.
• Turn up: He promised to come but he has not turned up yet.
• Up and down: There was a commotion up and down the house.
• Ups and downs: He has seen the ups and downs of life.
• Weal and woe: You should share in the weal and woe of your neighbour.
• Wear and tear: Every firm provides for the wear and tear of machines.
• Without fail: I shall meet you without fail.
• Wear out: Cheap shoes soon wear out.
• With an eye to: He is working hard with an eye to the future.

We wish the knowledge shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Idioms and Phrases Questions and Answers has been helpful to you. If you need any further help feel free to ask us and we will get back to you with the possible solution. Bookmark our site to avail the latest updates on different state boards solutions in split seconds.

Guys who are planning to learn the fundamentals of English can avail the handy study material Bihar Board Class 10 English Reader Solutions Paragraph Writing Questions and Answers here. Refer to the Bihar Board English Solutions for Class 10 PDF available and score better grades. Simply click on the quick links available for Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions and prepare all the concepts in it effectively. Take your preparation to the next level by availing the Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions Paragraph Writing prepared by subject experts.

Bihar Board Class 10 English Paragraph Writing

Do you feel the concept of English difficult to understand? Not anymore with our Bihar Board Solutions for Class 10 English Paragraph Writing Questions and Answers. All the Solutions are given to you with detailed explanation and you can enhance your subject knowledge. Use the Bihar Board Textbook Solutions PDF free of cost and prepare whenever you want.

Write a paragraph in about 80or 100 words on the following:

1. The Indian Farmer
The life of the Indian farmer is very hard. He has to work hard from dawn to dusk. He does not cafe for the inclemencies of weather. He may be seen working in his fields in the burning sun and the bitins cold. Sometimes he has to work at night, too. He hardly gets two square meats a day. He cannot enjoy the pleasures of life. He is always in debt. The yield Of crops is very poor because he still carries on his cultivation by old methods. He depends plainly on rain for water. His only source of income is agriculture. So, the failure of crops mins him He is so steeped in poverty, ignorance and superstition that he cannot improve his lot.

2. Newspapers Or, The Importance of Newspaper
Newspapers are veiy useful in modem life. They are the source of both information and entertainment. They give us information about the latest events of the world. They offer comments on current events and enable us to form our own opinions on national and international problems. ‘Every reader gets some materials for himself in newspapers. Tney give a lot of information about films, sports, books and market prices. Those who are in search of jobs find advertisements for various jobs in newspapers. Besides, the reading of a newspaper improves our language. Thus, we can say that newspapers are a part of our daily life.

3. The Postman
The postman is a most useful public servant. He works in the post-office. He does a great service to us. We cannot do without him. We all become happy to see him He brings letters to us from our friends and relations. He also brings parcels and money-orders to us. Sometimes he brings us happy telegrams about our success. He works all the year round. He moves from door to door in sun and rain. He knows every person of his area. Everyone awaits his arrival, though sometimes he brings sad news also. We do not have to go to the post-office for our letters. The postman himself comes to us.

4. Bicycle
Bicycle is an important means of communication. It costs a small amount and provides many benefits. We may easily reach our destination much earlier than to walk on foot. We are able to carry another person and cany our useful article or goods on the bicycle. We can even move easily to a narrow street or ‘a place not communicable to other vehicles like car, trucks, rickshaw etc. It is also beneficial to our health, being a good exercise by moving from one place to another on it. It costs little and saves our expenditure in comparison to other means of communication. Thus, bicycle is most useful to us in all respects.

5. Science – A boon or a curse 12013 (A)]
In modem times, science is reallv a true companion of mankind. We cannot do anything without it. In every walk of lile, it helps us like a real friend, may it be agriculture, industry, health, environment, travel, entertainment, communication and information technology. We may know about the international affairs, every now and then by’ sitting before a television set. But tire misuse of science turns it into a curse. We are responsible for its dreadful acts, by making bombs and maiy other destructive equipments and devices. Thus, science is a boon (blessing) or a curse, depending solely on, its uses and misuses.

6. Global Terrorism [2013 (A)]
Terrorism has crossed borders and has developed into a global issue. The US had been aiding terrorist outfits around the world to ‘contain the influence of communism. In the Arab region it tried to prevent the spread of Arab nationalism. The peace process for Palestinians is being undertaken. Afghanistan has remained a war-tom. region. The ascendency of Islamic fundamentalism in the region has been accomplished by the US and Pakistan. Sri-Lanka has also been ripped apart by ethnic violence. Terrorist outfits should not receive state patronage from countries.

7. The Washerman
The washerman is a useful member of society as he washes our clothes. He works hard from dawn to dusk but he does not earn much. He collects dirty clothes from different houses. He boils them in a solution of water and soda for some time. Then he takes them to a river or tank and washes them. He spreads them in the sun for drying. Then he iron the washed clothes and returns them to his customers. In spite of his hard labour he does not earn much. So, his condition is miserable.

8. The Policeman
The policeman has to do a veiy hard job. He is always watchful and vigilant. He has to obey the orders of his superiors without any murmur. He must not fear the sun, the rain or the cold weather. He detects crimes and arrests criminals. He goes out on rounds at night in his area to see if bad characters are out to commit crime. His main duty is to protect life and property. He is responsible for peace and-safety in his area Sometimes his life is m danger, in big towns policemen also control the traffic and thus prevent accidents.

9. Your favourite teacher
Shri R. B. Roy is the best teacher of my school. He is very generous and kind-hearted. He is a great scholar. He is a very efficient teacher. He teaches English and Hindi in top classes. He makes.his lessons very interesting. Rarely a boy is found absent from his class. It is a pleasure to attend his classes. He is a very strict disciplinarian. There is pin-drop silence in his class. But at the same time he is very sympathetic and affectionate in his behaviour. He seldom loses his temper. He is always impartial. So, he commands our love and respect.

10. A Village Fair
A village fair is almost like a periodical market. Most of the villages are far from towns. So, the village fair serves the needs of villagers, if is generally held in a big spacious place outside a village. A central site is chosen so that other neighbouring villages may not be very far fromit. Stalls which are temporarily erected are arranged in rows. Shopkeepers from towns and villages hire those stalls.-They bring various kinds of things for display and sale. Vast crowds gather to see and buy things: The cinema, circus, magic shows, etc., visit these village fairs to entertain the crowd. A fair is a place where villagers meet their friends and relatives. The village fair lasts for about a week.

11. A Village Market [2011 (G)]
The village market is a place where people gather to buy and sell things. People from nearby villages also visit this market. There are a few permanent shops in the market. But we find a good number of temporary shops there. Most of the shopkeepers pile their things on the ground They sell grains, vegetables, fish, coarse cloth, stationery, utensils, sweets and agricultural implements. There is a lot of noise in the village market. It is difficult to settle the price of a thing because of bargainin’!. A person who visits the market for the first time may be easily swindled. Though the market is full of noise, dust and disorder, it is very useful to villagers.

12. My Favourite Book Or, The Book You Like Most
Books are the treasure of knowledge. I have read many books but I like Bhagwad Gita most. It is a part of the Mahabharat. Lord Krishna through this Bhagwat Gita preached Arjuna. Arjuna did not like to fight in the battle¬field Lord Krishna gave him the message of Niskam Karm. He told him that a man must go on doing his duty without any motive to fulfil his desires. He told Arjuna that the soul is immortal whereas this body is perishable. Thus, he should not get worried about the death of Drona ana Bhishma. Thus, immortality of soul has been very well presented in the Gita. It has rich philosophy. It gives us peace of mind.

13. The Cinema
The cinema is the most popular means of entertainment in modem life. As soon as the film begins we are transported to another- world. We forget for the moment that the men and women enacting the drama of life are nothing but moving pictures oh a screen. We watch the actions of men and women with great curiousity. We forget our sorrows and-share their joys. When the hero dies, we feel pity for him We forget our cares and anxieties when we watch a good film. Some films also teach us good lessons. They also help us in leading our life in a better way.

14. Your Favourite Game Or, The Game you Like Most.
I like football most. It is a very popular game in our country. I like it for several reasons. It is a very interesting game. It gives us some mental exercise, too. We have to be alert and active all the time. We need intelligence and imagination for scoring a goal. We develop fellow-feeling, a sense of co¬operation and team spirit through this game. We develop good habits and manners. This game is also very cheap. Its rules are simple. We only need a playground and a leather ball with a rubber bladder for the game.

15. The Season You Like Most Or, Spring Seoson [2014 (A) Set-II]
Of all the seasons I like the spring most. It is the best season of the year. It is called the queen of the seasons: How beautiful the earth looks during this season! Different kinds of flowers bloom in the spring. The smiling flowers give us a lot of joy. They make us forget our cares and anxieties’. When we walk in a garden, we are filled with joy. The cuckoo i$ mad with joy. Its sweet notes chaiyn us. The days of the springs are very pleasant. The spring brings beautiful sights and charming sounds. It is the season of joy. That is why I am very fond of this season.

16. The Festival I like most Or, An Indian Festival
India is a land of Festivals. Holi, Deepawali, Durga-Puja, etc. are some of the festivals of Hindus. I like Holi festival most. Holi is the famous festival of Hindus. It is a festival of joy and beauty. The festival adds to the beauty of the’Season. People eat, drink and make merry..They beat drum. They go from house to house. They use colour and abir on the face and body of their friends and negihbours. The rich and the poor, the high and low are mad of joy. They embrace each other. This festival marks the victory of good over evils. It reminds us of the story of Prahlad and Hiranyakashyap.

17. Friendship
In our life, which is generally full of sorrow and misery, friendship is a great blessing. It lessens our sorrow and doubles our joys. In this world of pain and suffering, friendship provides a ray of hope. There is mutual sympathy between two friends. They share the joys and sorrows of each other. Fnendship makes the tiresome journey of life pleasant. Real friendship is based on unselfishness and mutual love. A true friend is ready to make any sacrifice for his friend. He is always loyal to his friend. He admires his friend’s virtues and forgives his faults. But true friendship is rare in this world of ours.

18. The usefulness of Electricity
Electricity is a very useful and important necessity today. People have turned it to various uses. It is used to light houses, streets androads. It turns the fan over our heads and keeps us coot in summer. The electric light is very’ convenient. We press the switch and our room is at once Hooded with lisht. Electricity drives trams, trains and other vehicles. It also cooks our food. The telephone, telegraph, cinema, radio and television are worked by electricity. ‘ Thus, electricity helps us in receiving messages from distant places. Electricity is a great friend oi man. If electricity is not available, all the comforts of modem life will lose their meaning.

19. Walking
Walking is a good exercise and everyone can practise it without any trouble. It improves our health and refreshes our mind. It suits both the old and the young. But it is quite necessary’ for the weak and old persons. It is equally suitable for the people engaged in mental work. Walking is entertaining only when we walk in company of friends. Walking with friends has its own pleasure which can only be felt, not described. Some people like to walk alone. It is the only form of exercise that is good for children, women and the convalescents alike. One who misses it, perhaps misses a lot of good things.

20. The Importance of Discipline
Discipline is necessary in every walk of life. In fact, discipline adds to our success. Without discipline our social life will be sad ana disorderly, Discipline is the most important factor behind the progress of any nation. It is necessary in schools. Students must be disciplined”because they are the future citizens of their country. If the drivers do not obey the rules of the road, it may be dangerous to move on the road. Can a family be happy if all members refuse to obey the head of the family? If the soldiers lack discipline, they will lose a battle. So, discipline is absolutely essential for life.

21. The Importance of Games and Sports.
Games and sports are vital in our life. Like food and drink, they are also very-’ important. Lire is dull without games. Games and sports develop in us a sense of fellow-feeling. They train our minds and shape our thinking. A real sportsman is a true gentleman. Games and sports inculcate in us the*spirit of co-Operation, discipline, honesty and sportsmanship. A sportsman has a healthy spirit of competition. He plays tor the sake of playing and is never jealous ‘of others.

22. Television Or, Importance of Television
[2011(A); 2014 (A) Set-II] Television is one of the wonders of science. It is very common and popular these days. It means distant vision It receives and transmits visual vision. It enables the people to see whatever happens in different parts of the country and the world! Now, it has become a major form of media communication. The games and sports held in India and abroad are presented to us on television. Silting at home we can enjoy thei a Now, as a great means of education. It can educate the students about the latest discoveries of science and technology. It is also good for farmers. It educates the tanners about the latest technical devices of agriculture. There are some disadvantages of television Some people do nothing but watch the television. It causes unnecessary wastage of time and energy. But advantages ofT.V. are more than the disadvantages.

23. Health is Wealth
We all know the saying Health is wealth. Health is the most precious thing in human life. Life without good health is no life at all. An unhealthy man “leads a miserable life. He mav be rich, but he finds no pleasure in life. His iife becomes a burden to him. A healthy man can achieve success by dint f hard work. Good health is the key to success in life. The real wealth of man is his health. The secret of happiness in human life is good health. Without health riches are useless. So, sound health is our real treasure. We must keep ourselves fit and healthy. Good health sweetens our life and brings prosperity. “A sound mind in a sound body” is a reality.

24. Honesty is the Best Policy
Honesty is one of the greatest virtues of man. It is very useful in human life. It makes the life of a than happy and successful. An honest man wins success and is admired by all. Honesty is the greatest source of strength. A man who is honest has nothing to fear and nothing to be ashamed of. Honesty is his greatest weapon. An honest man may not get success in the beginning, but in the long run his honesty brings name and fame. The success of a dishonest man is his failure, because in future nobody will trust him. So, honesty should be the principle of our life.

25. The Advantages of Early Rising
There are many advantages of early rising. A man who is an early riser gets time to do lots of work. In the early morning the mind is fresh. So, an early riser can do hard work more attentively. An early riser enjoys the beauty of Nature in the morning. He gets fresh morning air which keeps him fit for the whole day. Early rising is good for health. An early riser goes to bed early, and sleeps well at night. An early riser can do a lot of workbefore the other people get up. He is healthy, happy and relaxed most of the time. So, early rising has many advantages.

26. Your Aim in Life Or, My Aim in Life [2013(A)]
I want to serve my country in the best possible way. I want to become a leader for doing some useful work for my country. I find that there is a big gap between the aspirations of the masses and their fulfilment. So, it is the duty of the leaders of India to understand their aspirations and tiy for their fulfilment. True and good leaders are those who are always willing to sacrifice themselves for the sake, of their people and their country. If there are no good leaders, the country’ may have to pass through a critical period of its history. I wish to be an honest and hard-workingleader. I want to sen’s and do something for my country. May God make my dream come true one day.

27 The Happiest Day in Your Life
Shall I ever forget the day which brought me fortune? The memory of . the happiest day in my life is still fresh in my mind. When 1 woke up in the morning I could not expect that it would be a lucky day. As I took a glance at the newspaper lying on the table, I found to my surprise that I had won the first prize in a lottery. My mother embraced me lovingly as I announced the news. I was beside myself wnh excitement. It was a stroke of luck and I had w become rich in a moment. I wondered how I would spend that huge amount which I would get shortly. I was lost in the world of dreams.

28. The Scene at a Railway Station
The Railway station is a very’ colourful place. It is full of life and * activities. Passengers are seen walking or talking leisurely till their train arrives. With the arrival of the train, there is increase in the magnitude of noise and excitement. Every passenger is on his legs. As the train stops, everyone rushes towards the compartment. Sometimes a large number of passengers hasten towards one compartment only. The porters higgle and argue with the passengers for their charges. In the rush that follows in getting into and coming out of the compartments, pick-pockets pick the pockets To some of the passengers.

29. The Ganga
The Ganaa is a holy river. Krises from the Himalayas. The Ganga flow’s through Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal Then it falls into tire Bay of Bengal. The Ganga divides Bihar into two parts; one part is North Bihar and the other is South Bihar. There are many towns and cities on its banks. The Ganga is useful to farmers. People take a bath in it on religious occasions. The Hindus worship the Ganga and call it Ganga Mata.

30. A Student life [2011(C)]
A student life is the future hope of a country. A student’s life is very hard. He has to labour hard. No student can progress without hard labour. He is always in want of money. He has to depend on others for everything. He sometimes faces many problems. A student is the backbone of a country. He must get all facilities. Some students are rude. They cannot learn anything. They lose the bright future their life. Life is a learning process. A student s period is short. He must get free education. He must get tood and cloth free of cost. We ought to help him with books and pens also.

31. Mv Hobby
Every man has got some hobby. Some are interested in reading novels and short stories. My hobby is to read religious books. I read the Quoran, the Gita, the Bible and so on. I get light from these books. I read some comments on these books. I am very fond of such books. Such books are full of Science, Arts, Philosophy and what-not.-I remain sitting at home and go on reading these books. They are of great use to us. They are full of morals.

32. Your (our) Village.
Life in our village is peaceful but not pleasant.’ Our village has no roads and electricity. It has no hospital and dispensary. Our village has the pleasures of nature. There are green fields looking like beautiful gardens. There are fresh air and water here. It is free from pollution. It is free tropi dim and bustle of the town life. We get pure milk ana food. Living in a villagers good for health. But we lack many things here. We are not able to get medical help in time of needs. Newspapers and magazines are not easily available here. We have no means of transport to go easily to distant places. We get letters from friends and relatives after a long delay. But there is peace and tranquillity here. Our villagers live in harmony. Thus, the life here is peaceful and happy but lacks many things of comfort and luxury.

33. Summer Vacation
Summer vacation means the closure of schools, college and other educational institution in summer. Sometimes in the months of June, due to excessive hot weather, it becomes very much difficult for the students to attend their classes. Summer vacation comes for the students to study hard so that they may finish the pending work. They should not was their summer-vacation period idly periodidly, but to do the home work. It is the hightime when they should make ‘ preparation for the next examination for building up their future career.

34. My Neighbour
I live at Piro Chatra. It is a big village. Shri Lalit Singh is my neighbour. He lives just beside my house. He is a teacher in some high school, fie is an M.A. in English and History. He is very grave and gentle. Once my father was seriously ilL He daily came to my house. He helped us with money also. He is a good friend, philosopher and guide to us. He is a solid man. He has got four sons and two daughters. They are all well behaved. His wife is very noble and gentle. We call him uncle. He is an ideal neighbour.

35. Our School
I am a student. I read in Zila School Ranchi. It is an old school. It was founded in 1914. One thousand boys and girls read in this school. There are 30 teachers. They are qualified. All are trained. They teach us with love and care. There is a provision for games and sports. All games are played. We take part in it. Annual function is field every year. Good students are rewarded. It has a rich library. There is a rich science laboratory. There is a small garden in front of the school. The school has a pucca house. The rooms are airy and lighted. There is a hostel. Intelligent boys reside iif it. Most of the students of our school get first division in the Secondary Board Examination. We are • proud of our school.

36. Morning Walk Or, Walking is a good exercise.
Walking is a good exercise. Everyone can do it easily. It brings energy. We can walk both the times, in morning and evening. Morning walk is the better of the two. Evening walk is also very useful. It is a very good habit. For this every one has to get up very early in the morning. He soon starts for the bank of a river, a canal or a pond. He may JJO to a green park in a town. There he gets fresh air. He sees the sun rise. They are very useful to health. His mind gets fresh. He can work very peacefully all day long. Walking costs us nothing. We may walk with our mends and relations. Our talks should be healthy then. Evening walk also brings sound sleep in the night.

37. Cleanliness
Cleanliness is next to godliness. Everyone likes it. It removes dirts and refuses.’’Dirtiness-breeds diseases. It dulls our brain. A neat and clean man does anything properly. He can think well. He can do everything beautifully. Dirts and refuses should be thrown out of the house daily. We have a bath daily. We keep our body neat and clean. We clean our clothes. We sweep our floor with a broom. We should at once throw our dirts and refuses. We should not make nuisance here and there. We should clean our drains. We should advise our neighbours to do likewise. We should not go to a dirty place.

38. Discipline Or, Good manners Or, The value of discipline
Discipline means manners. It teaches us how to live a good and social life. No discipline, no life. Manners make the man. We learn discipline and manners in classes. We can’t rise in life without it: Everyone hates an indisciplined man. Discipline is the best way of life. It promotes fellow feeling, intimacy and good relationship. Man is respected everywhere due to his’manners. He gets elevated in life due to it. Discipline is a good action. We have to work and behave decently. This will keep us in a good position every -where. Learning minus discipline is a big zero.

39. A Great National Leader of India Or, Great National Leader [2012(A)]
India is a vast country. It has been slave for long. Our national leaders and patriots made this countiy free. Mahatma Gandhi was the greatest of ‘ them. If it is said that one man nas made this country free, the man is none but. Mr. Gandhi. He is popularly called Bapujee. He was bom on the 2nd Oct. 1869. His father’s name was Karamchand Gandhi. His wife’s name was Kasturba. Kasturba was also a great patriot. She died in jail for the country. Bapujee was jailed several times. Dr Rajendra Prasad, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Ballabh Bhai Patel, Moulana Abulkalam Azad, Subhash Chandra Bose and others were his true disciples. He got freedom by dint of his untold sacrifices. Hepreached non¬violence, love and touehability among the people of hi s country. Thus he aroused the sense of nationality, brotherhood ana fraternity among the people of this countiy. He vyas rightly called the father of the nation. How can we forget him in life? ‘ ” . .

40. The value of science
Today is the’era of science. Science is our life. At present we cannot do without it. We need it all the time. Science has brought about untold changes in our life. Electricity, trains, planes, cars, T. V., radio and other are the main gifts of science. We are much profiled by them. Still we lag behind most of the other countries of the world in science. Our life is now fast. We have to finish so many things in a very short period. We have to apply the scientific method in all walk of life. Then we can fully progress in life. Science has proved a great boon to the society.

41. Your Principal, Or Headmaster
I am apupil at a high School. There.are sixteen teachers. One is head. He is called headmaster. His name is Shri Rajendra Singh. He is a trained M. A. His knowledge is deep. He has a taste for poetry. He teaches well. He is a good manager. He keeps the house neat and clean. He has a strong sense of discipline. He obeys rules. Others follow him. So there is peace in the school. Good boys love him. Teachers respect him People honour him. He punishes bad boys. To spare the rod is to spoil the child, he knows it. Sometimes he takes the classes. He inspires his teachers for better performance in the class. He is a man of plain living and high thinking.

42. Deepawali
Deepawali is a great festival of the Hindus. It isjcelebrated in the month of Kartik. It is the day of happiness and joy. On this very day, Lord Ram returned from the forest. We celebrate Deepawali in the.memoty of that incident. Every house is cleaned and white washed. Houses are lignted with earthen lamps, candles or electric bulbs. We worship goddess Lakshmi also on the day. Lakshmi is goddess of wealth. Businessmen renew their account- books etc. Children play with crackers etc. Sweels are distributed in all the houses.

43. My School Garden [2012(A)]
My sch6ol garden wears different look in different parts of the year reflecting the methods of the different seasons and presenting flowers of different colour and fragrance. The scorching heat of the summer sun favours the multi-coloured portulacas, the lilies and the flowering trees that stand at the edge of the large warden boundary. The “Gul-Mohar” sparks its blazing glory’ while the ‘Golden labumam does not fall to lag behind. The trailing glory of the varied colourd Bougain-villaea are refreshing for the tired eyes. But it is winter that transforms our garden into a paradise with lush blooms of• Chrysanthemums, Dahiss, Salvias planted in skillfully organised manner. The borders of candy-tufls, phlox and verbinas call attention to themselves. But the bed of flowers that invitability’takes our breath away with its heady perfumes and riot of colours is-of course, our most beloved the Rose.

44. Our School Library
Our School has a library. It is not in good condition: The library is without a fulltime librarian. The jibrary-in-charge is also busy otherwise there is no reading room. The books also are old. So we musfimprove it. There should be a trained librarian. The library and reading room should be sunny and airy’. There should be funds for new and good books. Newspapers and magazines should be available in the library. Every student should get books from the library. In this way our poor school library can be improved.

45. Rewards of being kind-hearted [2011(A)]
We must be kind to all the living beings. It will never be harmful and in no case put to any loss to those who lire km cl hearted: On the other hand it will be a boon to our success and happiness in life. We should help the distressed • and needy persons. We should not hesitate even to help the evil persons by forgiving’their faults. Selfless help and sympathy will tear fruits and will be rewarded in course of time. A kind-hearted man’ will lead a blessed life. His life will never be filled with sorrow and misery’. People will come forward for iiis help in his days of misfortune and misery because.he had always helped all those who come to him, “Charity never goes unrewarded’ is a fact.

46. My Daily Life (My Daily Routine)
l am a student. 1 live in a village with my parents. I am an early-riser. I get up at 5 A.M. everyday. Then I attented the call of nature. 1 wash my hands and leet. Then I clean my teeth. I have my bath. I get my snack. I sit down tor my studies. I finish my home task. I do my class-lesson.. I have my meal. I go to school on foot. I return home by 4.30 P.M. I play some games with my friends. 1 sit at a table again. I do mv lessons till 9 P.M. Then I take my supper. 1 go to bed by ten, I pray to God. | get tired by that time, Sq 1 have a sound sleep at night. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. ”

47. Importance of Labour [2011(A)]
Sincere Labour never goes in vain. It is always rewarded. There is a proverb, “Work is worship.” Mere words and idle worship lead us nowhere. We worship great men ana noble souls who did a lot to make this world worthliving and happy. We must put in hard-work. This is the best form of worship. Moreover, there is nothing which cannot be achieved by hard-labour.

48. “An Ideal Student” Or, “The Most Popular Students of Your School”.
I read in Town H. E. School Sahebgani. Here are about two.thousand students. All are good. Ram Nath Prasad is the most popular student of my school. He is very intelligent and deligent. He is tall and handsome. Henever shirk labour. He always stands first in his class. He is vary obedient, social, noble, brave and patient. He takes an active part in the game and the sports of the school. He is good player of foot-ball and volley ball specially. He is never absent from the class. All teachers love him most. He is sure to rise in life. He is certainly an idea! student.

49. Holi Celebrations in My Colony Or, Festival of Holi
Holi is a festival for which I wait for he whole year, it’s indeed, a great pleasure to sprinkle coloured water on those whom you love and respect. This year’s Holi was also a memorable occasion. Early in the morning, boys of the colony gathered at different spots and would not let any passer-by go scot free. Some friends came from other colonies too and we enjoyed colouring one another’s face. We returned to our places at about 2 o’clock in the afternoon. I had to spend a long time in the bathroom gettimx rid of the colours on the face and hands. Bath over and mother served the delicious food made specially to celebrate Holi. After a nap, all members of my family dressed up for an outing. We went to the houses of our friends giving them Holi gifts, we came back home in a very happy frame of mind.

50. Value of Games
Games are most important part of our life. They’ are very important for the students. Out-door games help us to keep healthy. The games teach us to work and enjoy together. For no game can be played alone. Games create in us a spirit of discipline also. While playine the games, we have to follow the rules strictly . These days, our country’ needs good players. Our record in games has been far from good so far. We should understand tire value of games. In fact, the games should be made compulsory for every student.

51. A Visit to a Book Fair
There was held a Book Fair in Pragati Maidan, New Delhi in August, 2004. Our class teacher organised a visit to it. So one-Sunday we were taken to it. I was amazed to see hundreds of publishers and booksellers participating in it. There were thousands of books displayed. All the books had attractive designs. Almost all the subjects had been covered by these books. There were children’s books all round. 1 wanted to buy some general books. But their prices’ were very high. Visiting the Fair was indeed an experience in itself.

52. Dowry System in India
Giving and receiving of dowry is a social evil and a crime. Almost every eligible boy has a price. His parents dictate the terms and demand dowry in the form of cash and kind. Such demands put the poof father of the girl in a tight comer. He may beg, borrow or steal but he has to spend for his daughter’s marriage. The bride is tortured and even burnt alive. Isn’t it possible to finish this evil? Perhaps, we can check it to some extent through laws and proper’education.

53. Your Class Monitor [2012(A)]
Kumar Sobhit is the monitor of my class. He has to perform several duties to rnantain order in the class. He is a smart student. He is most gentle, co-
operative and very popular among the students and teachers. His most important duty is to keep discipline in the class in the absence of teachers. He helps the teachers in several ways. He brings chalk, map and charts from the office for the use of teachers, he distributes us our notebooks corrected by the teachers, among us. He looks after the mantainence of the class-room. Shobhit is an.ideal ciassmonitor in real sense.

54. An Ideal Teacher
The ideal persons are rare in any field of life. It is more so in the field of education. The reason is not far to seek. We expect too much from the teachers. However, the teachers are apart of the society. An ideal teacher is one who loves to learn and to teach. Yet most teachers are today devoted to money and honour. The society must provide these two things unasked to them. Only then can it expect to have ideal .teachers.

55. An Ideal Citizen
An ideal citizen is he who remembers his duties towars the society. Ideal citizens are rare. We read about them only in stories, believe it is not impossible to become art ideal citizen. One needs to have firm determination. Our selfishness will like us to go astray. Yet the lives of greatmen teach us that no one can become great without facing great difficulties. If these greatmen suffered so much, what do our petty sufferings matter?

56. My Best Friend
I am fortunate that I have many friends. Rakesh is my best friend. I like his company because our interests are alike. He is humorous but not cheap. He is clean in ms dress, speech and habits. He comes of a middle class family but he has set his aims high. He inspires me to study, to play and to think. Our attraction for each other is mutual. Our friendship is the envy of my classmates. It is not based on any selfish motive. I can do tor him any service.

57. Work is Worship
We worship God for all that He has blessed us with. We seek his blessings. We worship great men and noble souls who did a lot to make this world worthliving. Mere words and idle worship lead us nowhere. We must put in hard work. This is the best form of worship. Praying to God and doing nothing is not real worship. We should work honestly and with a will. Our success in life depends on the work we put in. Hard work will bear fruit and change this world into a paradise.

58. An Accident
There occurred a serious accident yesterday evening in our colony. A car was coming with a great speed. Suddenly there came a truck from the opposite direction. The car driver tried to overtake another car, before him. But the car struck the truck direct. The driver died on the spot. The car was smashed up completely. The truck driver had no fault. He was driving at the * normal speed.

59. Values of Trees in our life Or, Importance of trees [Board Exam 2011(A)]
Trees are as important to life as oxygen. Their benefits are too many. These can’t be counted. Trees provide fuel, fodder, furniture, fruits, oxygen, shelter to birds and animals etc. The most important is oxygen. Trees consume carbon dioxide and change it into oxygen. Then they provide beauty to the landscape. Without oxygen we can’t live for more than one minute. They keep . ecological balance of nature. They bring rain. Without this, there is no life.

60. A Hot Summer Day
This year in Jharkhand summer was very hot. June and July are the hottest months. Twenty third June was the hottest day this year. At noon sun was pouring fire. Outside it was really very hot. There were fewer people on the roads. Birds and animals had taken shelter in a shady place. All tne people perspired. Life seemed to have stopped. It was really very very hot day. The heat was unbearable.

61. A Visit to Zoo
Last Sunday my friends and I visited the Zoo. We bought the tickets and entered it. We saw various birds. They looked very beautitul. Their chirping charmed us greatly. Then we saw various monkeys. They gave us pleasure by their chattering. We also saw a gorilla. All the visitors were attracted to it. Crocodiles, elephants, tigers, lions, snakes and blue bulls looked fearsome. We were greatly excited to see them. We returned home in the evening.

62. The Person I like Most
I like my English teacher the most. She is very intelligent. She is a lady of great .wisdom. Her method of teaching is very good. We understand easily what she teaches. She gives many examples from real life. She is very smart. She’has a soft heart. Sne helps us with books. She is a very kind lady. She is polite too. We all love her very much. .

63. A Rainy Day [2012(A)]
A rainy day in summer is a great blessing. Last year the summer in Delhi was unusually hot. Hot winds continually blew from morning till evening. Nights, too, were close and stuffy. Hopeful eyes fixed at the sky prayed to God to have pity. God perhaps did listen and on the 18th of June; some clouds were seen gathering in the Sky. There was joy all around. It started pouring soon. The snowers came as a great relief to tne perspiring persons. Very soon there was knee-deep water everywhere. Old and young played and bathed in the rain. Mangoes were readily in demand. When the rain stopped, there was a rainbow in the sky. Heat had gone. All enjoyed a sound sleep at night.

64. An Idedal Family [2013(C)]
An ideal family leads a peaceful, happy and prosperous life. Everybody in the family realises his responsibilities and perform their duties. They maintain cordial and friendly relations with their neighbours and those persons who come in their contact. My family consists of nine persons, myself, my wife, two sons^ their wifes and three grandsons. It is an ideal and well planned family. All of the family members are co-operative, disciplined, sincere and dutiful. Everybody maintains courtsy and discipline showing due affection and respects to one another. My grandsons are obedient, well-mannered and smart. My sons and their wives lake all possible cares and services to me and my wife. They also instructed their children to do accordingly. My grandsons take keen interest in their studies, games and sports like cricket, toot- ball etc. Everybody in my family possesses keen sense of dischareing his duties and responsibilities. On the whole my family is the best example of an ideal unit of the society. I feel proud of my family members. For myself my family is a paradise. Thus, it is evident that an ideal family is just like “heaven” and an unruly family, “a hell”.

We wish the knowledge shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 10 English Paragraph Writing Questions and Answers has been helpful to you. If you need any further help feel free to ask us and we will get back to you with the possible solution. Bookmark our site to avail the latest updates on different state boards solutions in split seconds.

Guys who are planning to learn the fundamentals of English can avail the handy study material Bihar Board Class 10 English Reader Solutions Chapter 4 Quality Questions and Answers here. Refer to the Bihar Board English Solutions for Class 10 PDF available and score better grades. Simply click on the quick links available for Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions and prepare all the concepts in it effectively. Take your preparation to the next level by availing the Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions Chapter 4 Quality prepared by subject experts.

Panorama English Reader Class 10 Solutions Chapter 4 Quality

Do you feel the concept of English difficult to understand? Not anymore with our Bihar Board Solutions for Class 10 English Chapter 4 Quality Questions and Answers. All the Solutions are given to you with detailed explanation and you can enhance your subject knowledge. Use the Bihar Board Textbook Solutions PDF free of cost and prepare whenever you want.

Question 1.
Who was Mr. Gessler? How did the author know him?
Answer:
Mr. Gessler was a German shoe-maker who had settled in London. The author knew him since his younghood because he made his father’s boots.

Question 2.
What was the author’s opinion about Mr. Gessler as a shoe-maker?
Answer:
The author’s opinion about Mr. Gessler as a shoemaker was that he was an artist because he had an artist’s skill, pride, and respect for his trade.

Question 3.
The work style of Mr. Gessler was unique to Explain.
Answer:
The work; style of Mr. Gessler was unique because he made only ordered boots which were mysterious and wonderful. In shape and fit, in finish and quality of leather, they were the best.

Question 4.
Mr. Gessler was not successful in his trade. Why?
Answer:
Mr. Gessier made only ordered boots. He only believed in quality in his work. He did not believe in advertisements, offers, and shows through which big firms are selling their products and making hold on the market. As such Mr. Gessler does not prove himself successful in his trade and he dies of slow starvation.

Question 5.
Big firms are selling their products and making hold on the market through advertisements, offers, and big shows. Low scaled and skilled artists are being out of trade. How? Give your own opinion with the reference to the lesson “quality”.
Answer:
Big firms are selling their products and making hold on the market through big advertisements, offers, and shows. As such low scaled and skilled ones are being out cítrade. In the story “Quality.” I see that Mr. Gessler makes only ordered boots which happen to be mysterious and wonderful and which never fail to fit. In case a customer complains about his shoes he pays back his money. He feels that big firms have no self-respect and they do business by advertisement and not by work. All his money goes in paying the shop-rent“ and purchasing the leather of the best quality. So he has no money to get food and ultimately he dies of slow starvation.

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Guys who are planning to learn the fundamentals of English can avail the handy study material Bihar Board Class 10 English Reader Solutions Chapter 6 Two Horizons Questions and Answers here. Refer to the Bihar Board English Solutions for Class 10 PDF available and score better grades. Simply click on the quick links available for Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions and prepare all the concepts in it effectively. Take your preparation to the next level by availing the Bihar Board Class 10 English Book Solutions Chapter 6 Two Horizons prepared by subject experts.

Panorama English Reader Class 10 Solutions Chapter 6 Two Horizons

Do you feel the concept of English difficult to understand? Not anymore with our Bihar Board Solutions for Class 10 English Chapter 6 Two Horizons Questions and Answers. All the Solutions are given to you with detailed explanation and you can enhance your subject knowledge. Use the Bihar Board Textbook Solutions PDF free of cost and prepare whenever you want.

Let’s Answer:

Question 1.
Point out the features of the two letters in terms of their format, language, and tone.
Answer:
The features of two letters are simple exchange of love and affection between a mother and an educated middle-class daughter. The format of the language is old. The language is simple but the tone of the daughter is reactionary. Mother’s tone of language is suggestive.

Question 2.
‘It was only your existence inside me that made me laugh on Why does the daughter say so? What does she mean by ‘laugh on’?
Answer:
The words ‘laugh on’ have mysterious sense approach: The daughter has got an adverse situation in her in-law’s house. Anyhow she entertains herself recalling in her memory the simple teaching and nature of her own mother.

Question 3.
Comment on the bond between the mother and her daughter.
Answer:
The bond between the mother and her daughter is that of love, affection and above all womanhood in Indian background.

Question 4.
‘Nobody can ever tell you that you didn’t know how to bring up in your daughter’! What does ‘bring up your daughter’ imply here?
Answer:
‘Bring up your daughter’ is used in ironic sense. The daughter bears on and tolerates every injustice with her with stoic patience. If there is any complaint against the daughter, her own mother is charged for it. A daughter is taught by her mother how to remain peacefully in her in-law’s house. This is ironical situation yet found in our country so it has been said like that.

Question 5.
Sketch the character of the mother. How far does your mother resemble her?
Answer:
Mother is an example of stoic patience, love, and affection for her daughter. She warns her daughter to not fill in wrath of male members. Mother has experienced the strange behavior of the daughter’s father. She expresses it in her letter. My mother is a bit different. She never discourages me. She is always ready to quarrel with anyone provided she finds me at right assertion.

Question 6.
Why is the daughter filled with a sense of weariness and emptiness? Have you ever experienced like her?
Answer:
Daughter’s dream vanished in her in-law’s house. She could not find the situation favorable according to her desire and need. No. I have not experienced it yet and pray god to not to put me in such hostile situation.

Question 7.
What did the mother feel after going through her daughter’s letter?
Answer:
The mother felt very happy after reading her daughter’s letter. Because it had come after a very long time. She answered her daughter with a sense of high optimism. She wrote, “I believe you can touch the horizon of that infinite.”

Question 8.
How does the mother analyses the situation? Do you agree with clear analysis and the solution that she suggests?
Answer:
The mother analyses the situation very carefully. She understands everything. No. I don’t agree with such false notion and long term optimism. I believe in tit for tat and immediate decision. I believe girls or women must be respected in every house and contemporary society.

Question 9.
What picture of the status of women in the family is represented in ‘Two Horizons’? Do you find any trace of generation gap in the approach to life shown by the mother and her daughter?
Answer:
Yes. The status of woman has been depicted in innocent manner. There are two prime instances of generation gap between the daughter and the mother. The daughter does not like bondage but the mother teaches her to bear an everything with stoic patience. Another example is the realistic approach of the daughter. She does not like to remain in false dream. But her mother knows the secret of great optimism. Daughters of modern age cannot be so stoic and an optimist in fiasco.

Let’s Discuss

Answer:
Do it yourself.

We wish the knowledge shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 10 English Chapter 6 Two Horizons Questions and Answers has been helpful to you. If you need any further help feel free to ask us and we will get back to you with the possible solution. Bookmark our site to avail the latest updates on different state boards solutions in split seconds.