Category: Class 12

Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Good Manners Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

BSEB Bihar Board 12th English Book 50 Marks Solutions Chapter 3 Good Manners

Kick start your preparation by using our online resource Bihar Board Class 11 English Solutions. You can even download the Bihar Board Board Solutions for Class 11 Good Manners Questions and Answers in Prison free of cost through the direct links available on our page. Clear your queries and understand the concept behind them in a simple manner. Simply tap on the concept you wish to prepare in the chapter and go through it.

Bihar Board Class 12 English Good Manners Text Book Questions and Answers

Question 1.
a. What happened to the healthy young man ?
Answer:
The healthy young man became quite weak even after recovery from the severe attack of influenga.

b. What did the young man notice in trains and buses afterwards ?
Answer:
Afterwards the young man notice in trains and buses the story young men sitting comfortably while some of the older people who looked exhausted like himself kept standing.

c. What did he always do afterwards ?
Answer:
Afterwards wherever he travelled by a train or bus became quite considerate and kind to older people and offered his own seat to one who was in need of a seat.

d. What should you be careful of when speaking to some one ?
Answer:
When speaking to some one we should be careful of our expression, we should see that whatever we speaking is sufficiently enettigible to the listeners.

e. What does the writer of this extract say about truth ?
Answer:
The writer of this extract says that truth is never a one sided affair. It takes two to speak the truth; one can not speak the truth by saying what one thinks is truth. What we say is never an absolute truth for it has different meaning for different persons under different situations.

f. What should be the rule about conversation ?
Answer:
We should be careful about our speech while conversing with others. We should try to follow some principles in this regard. In our general conversation if the company is large, we should take only fair share of it and allow others to speak. If we are only two, each one of us should share it equally. It is quite tiring to go on listening so when one has already spoken a little, one should keep quite and allow the others to speak. If he does not respond it means he does not like the conversation to continue.

g. Why should you be careful when talking about other people ?
Answer:
When talking about other people we should be careful because any thing spoken about them is likely to find a way to them in one form or other.

h. What did the picture of the bull fight prove ?
Answer:
The picture of the bull-fight proved that one may be absolutely wrong while showing one’s confidence in being absolutely correct/right.

i. What factors produce good manners ?
Answer:
Compassion and realisation of one’s limitations produce good manners.

j. What is the meaning of I shall not pass this way again ?
Answer:
According to Christian doctrine there is no rebirth for any being. A man comes only once in this world so there is no charice for his second coming. Hence he should not miss the chance of helping those who desire or deserve our help.

In exercises 2 to 4 below, re-write all the sentences like sentence (ii) below.

Question 2.
(i) Perhaps he will be severely injured,
(ii) He may be severely injured.

a. Perhaps he will be promoted next year.
Answer:
He may be promoted next year.

b. Perhaps the com will be cut next weak.
Answer:
The com may be cut next year.

c. Perhaps the results will be announced on Tuesday.
Answer:
The results may be announced on Tuesday.

d. Perhaps the theatre will be closed tomorrow.
Answer:
The theatre may be closed tomorrow.

Question 3.
(i) Would you please post this letter for me.
(ii) I should be greatful of you would post this letter for me.

a. Would you please turn the light off.
Answer:
I should be greatful if you would turn the light off.

b. Would they please get the dinner ready ?
Answer:
I should be greatful if they would get the dinner ready.

c. Would be please repair my type writer.
Answer:
I should be greatful if the would repair my type writer.

d. Would you please leave the room.
Answer:
I should be greatful if he would leave the room.

Question 4.
(i) Say a little, then keep quite.
(ii) When you have said a little, keep quiet.

a. Take your shoes off, then go upstairs.
Answer:
When you have taken your shoes off, go upstairs.

b. Load your gurs, then wait for the Command.
Answer:
When you have loaded your guns, wait for the command.

c. Read the text, then answer the questions.
Answer:
When you have read the text, answer the questions.

d. Light the stove, then put the kettle on it
Answer:
When you have lighted the stove, put the kettle on it.

Question 5.
In this extract there are the words ? and it would save great deal of argument and annoyance if people paid attention to it Use this as a model and put the verbs below in their appropriate tenses.

a. It (be) very helpful if you (give) we an advance of salary.
Answer:
It would be very helpful if you gave me an advance of salary.

b. if i (go) to England I (go) by plane.
Answer:
If I went to England I would go by plane.

c. He (learn) a lot more if he (read) more widely.
Answer:
He would leam a lot more if he read more widely.

d. If you (climb) that hill you (have) a good view.
Answer:
If you climbed that hill you would have a good view.

Question 6.
In the sentence below certain words or phrases are in italics.
Use words or phrses from this extract the place so as to give the same meaning (refer to paras I-II only).

(a) India has a very large number of people.
(b) The building was very badly damged.
(c) Your duty is to look after the house.
(d) Those dogs cause us a great deal of trouble.
(e) Don’t worry about my servant; you can speak quite openly.
(f) Don’t talk too loudly, the enemy may hear what you are saying.
(g) You must come to court and give a report about the accident.
(h) He is perfectly sure about passing the examinatioin.
(i) Please write a short summary of this lecture.
(j) I am reasonably sure about it.
Answer:
(a) India has a very large population.
(b) The building was dangerously damaged.
(c) Your responsibility .is to look after the house.
(d) Those dogs cause us a great deal of annoyance.
(e) Don’t worry about my servant; you can speak quite frankly.
(0 Don’t talk too loudly, the enemy may overhear.
(g) You must come to court and give a evidence about the accident.
(h) He is perfectly confident about passing the examination.
(i) Please write a short account of this lecture.
(j) I am considerable sure about it.

Question 7.
Use the follwoing words or phrases once only in the sentences below: artificial, sympathy, defer, fragile, attack, complain, insult, take a dislike, uniform, neglect.
(a) My neighbour has ……… to me, so he often ……… about my dog.
(b) You must never ……… your ……… keep itclean and pressed.
(c) I have ……… no for people who beat their children.
(d) He has had an ……… of fever, so he will ……… the meeting until Thursday.
(e) The roses on that box are ……… they are made of glass and are very ………
(f) Don’t call a person a pig, as it is a bad ………
Answer:
(a) take a dislike; complains
(b) neglect, uniform
(c) sympathy
(d) attack; defer
(e) artificial; fragile
(f) insult.

Question 8.
Some people have bad manners. What bad manners, in your opinion, are the worst ?
Answer:
Young people usually make a fun of the old, weak or handicapped persons. While travelling by a bus or train they do not like even to accommodate them not to talk of vacating their seats for them. At the crossing the cyclists hurl abuses at them. When they find it difficult to cross the roads.

But the worst type of bad manners may be noticed when they take their appreciation quite literally. An appreciation is considered as a depreciation. Suppose a young man is smartly dressed in Khaki and an old lady remarks ‘Just as a police man’. The young man would sharply react because by police man he understood a police constable which he never liked to be. But the old lady knowing no distinction between a police man and a police officer passed that remark in appreciation of the man. Here the sharp, offensive words of the young man would be a sing of worst incivility in him.

Good Manners Word Meanings

Fold-people = लाख गीत Influenza-a type of disease like a very bad cold = एक तरह का बुखार | prenomonia-serious illness with inflammation of one or both lungs = एक प्रकार की भयंकर बीमारी | recovered-became cured = पुनः प्राप्त करना tryina-difficult, troublesome = कठिन gradually-by slow degree – धीरे – धीरे to make fun-to ridicule, mock, to laugh at severe to blows serious attacks = मजाक उडाना fragile-annoyance vexation = ठीका कारन tiresomeirritating = थकावट shorts-pant = पेंट silly-foolish = मूर्ख literally-taking only the surface meaning = साहित्यिक

greatful-to be obliged = क्रुतग्न franklyclearly = स्पष्ट रूप से constantly- continuously = लगातार delighted-happy, pleased = प्रसन्न exhausted-tired = थका हुआ assume-think = मानना overbear-hear without the knowledge of the speaker, hear by chance = कभी-कभी सुनना | evidence-anything that proves something = प्रमाण । knock over-run over = कटकटाना bull fight-a sport in Spain = स्पेन में सीढ़ी की लड़ाई का खेल | account-description = वर्णन limitations-things which unit our character or abilities making us weaker = सीमा humble-showing a modest opinion of oneself; one’s position = विनम्र defer-put off to a later time, postpone = त्याग देना

Good Manners Summary in Hindi

Good manners J.C. Hills का एक विचारात्मक निबन्ध है उनका कहना है कि हमारे जीवन में सद्व्यवहार का अत्यधिक महत्व है । इनसे हमारा जीवन शान्तिपूर्ण और सुखद बनता है। कुछ समय पहले हमलोग इसकी महत्ता को नहीं समझते थे । वास्तविकता तो यह है कि अच्छे ढंग या अच्छा व्यवहार हमारी सतत् सहायता करता है । वयस्कों को चाहिए कि वे बूढ़ों का आदर करें । यदि हम बूढ़े और अपने से बड़े का आदर करेंगे तो हमारा भी आदर और सम्मान होगा। यह संसार का विधान है यदि हम दूसरों का सम्मान करते हैं तो दूसरे भी हमारा सम्मान करेंगे। बलवान व्यक्ति को चाहिए कि वे कमजोरों को सदा सहायता करें। अतः यदि हम बड़े और कमजोर की सहायता करेंगे तो एक दिन हम भी सुख का अनुभव करेंगे।

मुझे एक युवा व्यक्ति की एक कहानी याद आती है । वह बलवान, कठिन और परिश्रमी एवं दयालु था । वह बहुत ही सक्रिय था । लेकिन उसके मन में उनके लिए कोई सहानुभूति नहीं थी जो उसे नहीं चाहते थे । एक बार ऐसी घटना घटी कि वह बीमार पड़ गया । वह बहुत कमजोर हो गया। उसने अपनी शक्ति खो दी । अब उसने महसूस किया कि वह अब निःसहाय है । इसके बाद उसने अपने जीवन की पद्धति बदल डाली । उसने वृद्ध और कमजोर लोगों से प्यार करने लगा । जब कभी वह यात्रा पर जाता था वह अपनी जगह कमजोर और बूढ़े को दे देता था।

इस संदर्भ में लेखक सलाह देता है कि बूढ़े और कमजोर के प्रति हमें दया और सहानुभूति प्रदर्शन करना चाहिए । हमें प्रत्येक उम्र के दीन-दुखियों के प्रति सहानुभूति रखनी चाहिए। हमें यह मानना चाहिए कि कमजोर व्यक्ति भी एक समय महान् और प्रसिद्ध योद्धा रहा होगा । सही मायने में हमें अपने जीवन को आसान बनाना चाहिए । हमें जीवन के हर क्षेत्र में साफ सुथरा रहना चाहिए । किसी के साथ अभद्रतापूर्ण व्यवहार नहीं करना चाहिए । एक अमेरिकन लेखक के अनुसार सच बोलना चाहिए और सच सुनना चाहिए ।

एक जगह लेखक हमें सलाह देता है कि किसी के प्रति कटु वचन का व्यवहार नहीं करना चाहिए, किसी की पीछे बुराई नहीं करनी चाहिए । हमारे समाज में स्पष्ट वक्ता बनना आसान नहीं है । कुछ लोग सिर्फ बातें ही करते हैं । वे दूसरों की सुनना नहीं चाहते हैं । वास्तव में यह बहुत बुरी आदत है । संगीत में सभी को बोलने का समान अवसर देना चाहिए।

सही माने में अच्छे ढंग संगति से और पानी अपनी सीमा के ज्ञान से आता है हमें सतत् ध्यान में रखना चाहिए कि हम विनम्र हैं और संसार सबसे छोटे व्यक्ति हैं । हमें दयालुता और मित्रता को बढ़ाना चाहिए ।

इस तरह हम कह सकते हैं कि हम जीवन के वास्तविक आनन्द का अनुभव तभी कर सकते हैं जब हम अच्छे ढंग का अनुगमन करेंगे । यदि हम अच्छे ढंग और सुसभ्य हैं तो हमारी प्रसिद्धि होगी । हमें सदा स्वतन्त्र और स्पष्ट बनकर बिना समाज को नुकसान पहुँचाए रहना चाहिए ।

Good Manners Summary in English

“Good Manners” are most desirable when a young man are with older people. They require his sympathy. Young people should treat older persons kindly and sympathetically. They should be considerate to them. They should try to make life easy for older people. When they grow old they will feel happier for having helped when they could.

Good manners are also important when younger people are in the company of their friends. They should he clear in their speech so that bearers may have no difficulty in understanding them. One should change ones expression from person to person because the same word may carry different meanings 4 for different people. Young people should be polite in their day to day dealings.

Sometimes even complementary words from elderly persons irritate young men. If an elderly lady looking at a boy’s dress enquires whetler he is a boy scout he should not feel insulted. The lady might have been impressed by. his . smartness. It is only foolish people who take such remarks literally. They should try to understand the intended meaning of the speaker. One must be very cautious in one’s conversation.

A man can be frank with those who welcome frankness, otherwise he should be guarded in his speech. Conversation is never a one way traffic. It requires at least two sides. When one is engaged in talk, one should also allow the listener to express himself. One who goes on speaking without alloing others to speak is called a bore. So a speaker should turn a listener after speaking for some time. Sometimes it is Quite pleasant to be quiet when the other man in company does not like the talk to continue.

It is never decent to speak ill of someone behind his back nor it is safe to soeak so because our remarks usually find their way to the person with our k name attached.

We usually think that only we are right others are quite wrong. This over confidence is not wanted in a polite society. So in our argument with other persons we should remember that there is all possibility of our being wrong, however confident we may feel about it.

Good manners come from compassion, understanding and realisation of one’s limitations. What we very confidently call the truth is just our truth and part of a larger Truth. We should always keep in our mind that we are humble, unimportant little people on this earth. We should try to help the world as much as we can in our short stay on this earth. Fellow feeling and kindliness are essential human virtues. We should try to help our fellow men as much as we can because we may not get another chance to come in this world as human beings.

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Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions With The Photographer Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

BSEB Bihar Board 12th English Book 50 Marks Solutions Chapter 2 With The Photographer

Kick start your preparation by using our online resource Bihar Board Class 11 English Solutions. You can even download the Bihar Board Board Solutions for Class 11 With The Photographer Questions and Answers in Prison free of cost through the direct links available on our page. Clear your queries and understand the concept behind them in a simple manner. Simply tap on the concept you wish to prepare in the chapter and go through it.

Bihar Board Class 12 English With The Photographer Text Book Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How had the photographer arranged his studio ?
Answer:
The photographer’s studio had poor lighting arrangement. Sunlight came through a sleep of factory cotton which was fixed on posted window. The room had a big camera in the middle. A black cloth was attached to the camera.

Question 2.
What did the author think about his own face ?
Answer:
The author thought that his face was not good.

Question 3.
Why did the photogapher take so much time ?
Answer:
The phtographer wanted to have a natural pose of the winter so he took much time.

Question 4.
Why was the author angry with the photographer ?
Answer:
The photographer was very much critical of all the winter’s organs. The winters features and wished to come home with another face.

Question 5.
Why did the photographer look pleased afer taking the picture ?
Answer:
The photographer had at least the natural pose of the writer, when he burst out in anger the writer checked and he was now pleased that it was success.

Question 6.
Why did the author ask “Is it me ?” When he saw the photographer ?
Answer:
When the writer saw the proof of his photograph, the photographer had changered all his organs, eye, ears, face, lips. So it looked the picture of another gentleman not of himself.

Question 7.
What had photographer done with the author’s eyes ?
Answer:
Photographer had retouched the eyes and removed the brow.

Question 8.
What had he done with the author’s moouth ?
Answer:
The photographer had adjusted the mouth a little because be found writer’s mouth too low.

Question 9.
What did he want to do with author’s earns ?
Answer:
The photographer wanted to remove the author’s ears and fix another.

Question 10.
Why was the purpose of the photograph wasted ?
Answer:
The author told the photographer that the photograph that had been taken was worthless. So he refused to take it and suggested him to keep with him. So the photographer’s purpose was wasted.

Question 11.
Had you been in the author’s place what could have been your reaction?
Answer:
Had I been in the author’s place, I tod would have got a shock of my life. I would have taken the man to task taking so much liberty with my face in the picture. After all, a photograph is not a portrait painted by an artist to show job is to provide proper back ground and the light. He can only suggest the pose. It is not his business to alter altogether the face. I should have told him to take another picture. In case he refused, I too would have left the picture with the phtographer.

Question 12.
The author of the story is unusual. He is not pleased with the photographer’s talent. Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
No, I don’t agree with the statement. The man in the story is not unusual, he seems to be quite a simple and ordinary person. On the other hand, the photographer seems to be quite unusual, No doubt, he has a flait for details. He wants to present a perfect picture. He takes a lot of pains. There are the usual jobs of a photographer. But his behaviour is quite insulting. He doesn’t show any regard for narrator’s feelings.

He criticises the narrator’s features very crudely. He uses harsh and uncharitable language. The narrator shows a lot of patience. He bursts out only when the photographer tamers with all his features. The photographer does a brutal job. He presents a photograph that doesn’t depict the man who has been photographed.

Grammetical Questions

Question 1.
Use the following prepositions once only in the sentences below. The extract will help you

into, in, with, to through, of.
(a) Please go …………. on your work.
(b) You ought to filter that water ………… a cloth.
(c) I looked at him …………… amazement.
(d) He burst …………. loud laughter.
(e) He is reconciling himself …………… a lower salary.
(f) She was conscious …………. a pain in her car.
Answer:
(a) with
(b) into
(c) threw
(d) to loud
(e) of
(f) in

Question 2.
In the sentence below, certain words or phrases are in italics to give the same meaning.
(a) He spoke to the child so harshly that he burst into tears.
(b) I jumped to one side.
(c) We intended to climb higher but the snow too deep.
(d) That car has several things wrong with it.
(e) Are you aware of any pain in your finger ?
(f) I Spoke to him rather sharply and he stopped annoying me.
(g) The soliders continued beating their drums.
(h) He has done the job very well.
(i) I have altered the length of your belt little.
Answer:
(a) He spoke toThe child so severly that he burst into tears.
(b) I jumped to side ways.
(c) We thought to climb higher but the snow was too deep.
(d) That car has various thing wrong with it.
(e) Are you notice of any pain in your finger ?
(f) I spoke to him rather hesitingly and stopped annoying me.
(g) The soliders spendidly beating their drums.
(h) He has done the job very’ nice.
(i) I have changed the length of your belt a little.

Question 3.
Use the following words once only in the sentences below:
trifle, privace, worthless, ackenowledge, reconstruct, reconcile, depict, filtered, humble, enthusiasm.

(a) This scene …………. a …………. beggar girl in rags.
(b) The police are going to …………. the scene of the murder.
(c) Don’t worry about that broken vase, it was only a ………….
(d) Sea water must be …………… before you drink it.
(e) In Germany before 1940 paper money was ………….
(f) I received you letter last week, I am sorry I hadn’t time to ………….. it till now.
(g) He can’t ………… himself to the loss of that money.
(h) He has great ………… for books he is always in the library.
(i) We are planting a hedge-round our garden for greater
Answer:
(a) worthless; humble
(b) reconcile
(c) privace
(d) filtered
(e) trifle
(f) acknowledge
(g) depict
(h) enthusiasm
(i) reconstruct

Question 4.
Give the subjects with which the infinitives given in the box are associated as in the following example
Example:
to dam — tailor
to brake —driver
to burrow — rabbit
to message —masseur

to saw, to distemper, to board, to believe that you cannot prevent things from happening, to believe that other countries are not as good as your own, to fight for any army that will pay you, to kill a famous or important person, to secretly plan with someone to do something bador illegal especially in politics, to make large profits by charging high prices.
Answer:

Question 5.
Select the appropriate antonym from the options given against each word and use them in sentence of your own:
enthusiam – apathy, disinterest, detest, hate
dim – bright, distinct, clear, encouraging, turn up
severely – slightly, mildly, leniently, genitally
frantic – calm, peaceful, quiet, silent, dumb, loud, busy, public
grave – carefree, cheerful, happy, delighted
expand – shrink, contract, condense, scale down.
splendid – Unimpressive, ordinary, undistinguished, dreadful, awful.
Answer:

Comprehension Passage

Read the extracts carefully and answer the questions that follow each:

I. “I want my photograph taken”, I said. The photographer looked at me without enthusiasm. He was a drooping man one a grey suit, with the dim eyes of a natural scientist. But there is no need to describe him. Everybpdy know what a photographer is like.

“Sit there,” he said, “and wait.”
I watted an hour.
After an hour the photographer opened the inner door.
“Come in,” he said severely.

a. What sort of reception did the narrator get at the studio ?
Answer:
The narrator was received coldly by the photographer.

b. What was the photographer like ?
Answer:
The photographer was a man without much spirit or zeal. He was a drooping man with the dim eyes of a physical scientist.

c. How could he be called a natural scientist ?
Answer:
He could be called a natural scientist for two reasons. One, he studied the physical features of the narrator like an expert biologist. Two, he used scientific term sulphide for the processing of photograph.

d. Why do you think was the photographer rude ?
Answer:
The photographer was rude in his speech as well as manners. Perhaps he had an inflated opinion about his talent.

e. Use the adjective form of need and describe in sentences of your own.
Answer:
We ought to help the needy, the old and the children.

2. “Stop,” I said with emotion but, I think, with dignity, “This face is my face. It is hot yours; it is mine, I’ve lived with it for forty years and I know its \ faults. I know it’s out of drawing; I know it wasn’t made for me; but it’s my face ‘ the only one I have”—I was conscious of a break in my voice, but I went on “such as it is, I’ve learned to love it. And this is my mouth, not yours. These ears are mine and if your machine is too narrow—Here I started to rise from the seat.

a. Whom did the speaker ask to stop ? What did he object to ?
Answer:
The speaker asked the photographer to stop giving a series of instructions to him. .

b. Did the speaker feel proud of his face ?
Answer:
No, he knew its faults. Still he had learned to love it.

c. What explanation did the photographer give for annoying the narrator ?
Answer:
Answer:
The photographer said that he had deliberately provoked the narrator in order to make it lively enough for a fine picture.

d. Was he really proud of his face and features ?
Answer:
No, he had no wrong notion about his appearance. His face was ordinary.

3. Listen,” I interrupted, drawing myself up and annimating my features to their full extent and speaking with a withering scorn that should have blasted the man on the spot. “I came here for a photograph, a picture, something which—bad though it seems—would have looked like me. I wanted something that would depict my face as Heaven gave it to me, humble though the gift may have been. I wanted something that my friends should kesp after my death, to reconcile them to my loss. It seems that I was grossly mistaken.

a. Whom did the speaker address and when ?
Answer:
The speaker addressed the photographer who had made a miss of the picture.

b. Why was the speaker so much excited and in rage ?
Answer:
The speaker has enraged when the photographer justified his action of changing the author’s features in the picture.

c. With what hope had he come to the photographer ?
Answer:
The author had gone to the studio to get a faithful depiction of his face and features in a photograph.

d. In what sense was he mistaken ?
Answer:
He was sadly mistaken and disappointed. The picture did not resemble him at all.

4. What I wanted is no longer done. Go on, then with your brutal work. Take your negative, or whatever it is you call it, dip it in sulphide, bromide, oxide, cowhide-anything you like: remove the eyes, correct the mouth, adjust the face, restore the lips, reanimate the necktie and reconstruct the waistcoat. Coat it with an inch of gloss, shade it, emboss it, gild it, till even you knowledge that it is finished. Then when you have done all that, keep it for yourself and your friends. They may value it. To me it is but a worthless bauble.”

a. What had the speaker wanted ? What was his experience ?
Answer:
The speaker had wanted a photocopy of his face. He was badly disappointed. The picture did not look like him at all.

b. Was the work of the photorapher really ‘brutal’ ?
Answer:
Yes, the work could be called cruel. The photographer had changed the features altogether in the picture.

c. Why did the speaker leave the picture with the photographer ?
Answer:
The speaker left the photograph with the photographer so that it might be used for him and for his friends.

With The Photographer Word Meanings

Enthusianm-zeal, excitement = उत्साह | Drooping-hanging down=झुकी हुई Dim-not bright = कम रोशनी की, Natural scientist-a scientist of physical science = प्रकृति-वैज्ञानिक । Beam-ray = किरण । Filtered through(here) crossed through = गुजरकर आती थी Sheet-(here) cloth = चादर Frosted skylight-dim light due to frost = पाले पडने से मंद रोशनी Crawled-moved slowly along the ground = रेंगता आया । Tearing-separating = जुदा करते हुए । Hook-bent piece of metal = काँटा अंकुशाकर। Apparently-obviously, seemingly = दिखाई देने वाली, प्रकट रूप से । Frantic-wild, excited = उत्तेजित व्यग्र Still-calm, quiet = शान्त Grave-serious = गंभीर Enthusiastically-taking great interest = उस्ताहित होकर Human side-human qualities = मानवीय गुण Boundless limitless = असीमित | Ceased-stopped = बन्द कर दिया । Thisted-bent = मोड़ा । Sideways-towards both the sides = दोनों और Sighed-drew a deep breath = आह भरी आह भरी | Droop-hang down = नीचे लटकाना । Roll-moved round = घुमाना । Lips-eye-kids = Expand-spread out = फुलाना Hump-(here) round lump= फुलाना Contract-shrink, shoorten = सिकोड़ना a little = थोड़ा सा Swung-moved from one side to the other = झोलते हुए Emotion(here) strong feeling = आवेश Out of drawing-cotinued = जारी रहा Snickmake a small cut = काटना Staggering-unable to stand property = लड़खड़ाते हुए Pursing-drawing together = मिलाते हुए, सिकोड़ते हुए ।

Features-parts of the face =चेहरा – मोहरा Animation-liveliness = सजीवता Bitingly-harshly = कठोरता से । Animate-make lively = सजीव बना । Beckoned-made a gesture =संकेत दिया Graver-more serious = अधिक गंभीर Hesitatingly-lacking courage to say = झीझी कते हुए Retouchedrenovated = दोबारा से ठीक-ठाक करना । Splendidly-in a grand manner = शानदार ढंग से Glance-a short look = झलक Applied-(here) used = इस्तेमाल किया Skull-bony frame of the head = खोपड़ी Superficies-surfaces = सतह Brow line-eye-brow = भैंहे Lost on-had no effect = कोई भी प्रभाव न होना Adjusted-set right = ठीक करना Interrupted-cut him short = बीच में बोल पड़ा Drawing myself up-getting ready = साहस बटोरते हुए Withering scorndeep hatred = तीव्र घृणा | Blasted-burnt = भस्म का दिया । Depict-present = चित्रित करना । Reconcile-agree = स्वीकार करना । Gloss-brightening substance = चमक । Emboss-cause figure = उभार कर चित्र पेश करना । Gild-like gold = सोने के समान पॉलिश | acknowledge-accept = सहमत होना । Bauble-a thing of little value = दिखावटी छोटी चीज ।

With The Photographer Summary in Hindi

लेखक Stephen Leacock अपना फोटो खिचवाने के लिए स्टूडियो गया । वहाँ उसे एक बड़ा ही कटु अनुभव हुआ । फोटोग्राफर संवेदनहीन व्यक्ति था । ग्राहक के आने से वह न तो प्रसन्न होता था और न उत्सुक । उसने लेखक को बैठकर प्रतीक्षा करने को कहा। एक घंटा के बाद वह लेखक को स्टूडियो के डार्क रूम में ले गया । वहाँ प्रकाश और हवा पर्याप्त नहीं थी। वह एक बड़ी मशीन लुढ़काकर कमरे के बीच लाया और एक सेकेण्ड के लिए पीछे गया। वह बाहर निकला और अंकुशवाली छड़ी से सूती चादर हटाया ।

वह पुनः मशीन के पीछे गया और अपने ऊपर काला कपड़ा डाल दिया । अन्ततः जब वह बाहर निकला तो काफी गम्भीर था । उसने कहा कि लेखक का चेहरा बिल्कुल गलत है । यदि यह तीन चौथाई भाग होता तो अच्छा होता । लेखक कोई प्रतिक्रिया नहीं व्यक्त की। उसने गलत आरोप को सहजता से सत्य मान लिया। उसको कहा कि यदि फोटोग्राफर का चेहरा बड़ा और लम्बा रहता तो बहुत अच्छा होता । लेकिन फोटोग्राफर इस बात को नहीं सुना । वह आया और उसने लेखक का सिर हाथों से पकड़ा तथा उसे इधर-उधर घुमाया । वह खड़ा होकर उसे देखने लगा तब उसने कहा कि उसका सिर भी दोषपूर्ण है वह पुनः मशीन के पीछे लेखक को देखने के लिए गया। वह लेखक को निर्देश देने लगा ।

फोटोग्राफर पहले लेखक को थोड़ा-सा मुँह खोलने के लिए कहा । फिर उसे बन्द करने और कान को थोड़ा नीचे रखने, आँखें चलाने और दोनों हाथों को घुटने पर रखने, चेहरा को थोड़ा ऊपर उठाने, फेफड़े को फुलाने और चेहरा को स्थिर रखने को कहा। लेखक फोटोग्राफर की ओर घूमा और निर्देश खत्म करने को कहा । उसने आगे कहा कि चेहरा उसका अपना है और इसी चेहरा के साथ चालीस वर्षों से रहता आया है। वह इसके दोषों से पूर्ण परिचित है और उसे प्यार करना सीखा है ।

लेखक जैसे ही अपने स्थान से उठना चाहा फोटोग्राफर कैमरा का बटन दबा दिया । तस्वीर ले ली गई । वह प्रसन्न दिखता था । उसने कहा कि उसने जानबूझ कर लेखक को उत्तेजित किया है। उसने कहा कि वह पहले तस्वीर को डेवलप करेगा और शनिवार को उसका प्रूफ दिखायेगा।

शनिवार को लेखक प्रूफ देखने के लिए स्टूडियो गया । उसे लगा कि तस्वीर उसकी अपनी नहीं है । फोटोग्राफर ने लेखक की आँखों को पुर्णर्पश दिया था जिससे कि देखने में अच्छा लगे । भौंहें सल्फाइड लगाकर हटा दिया गया है । जिससे भौंह की एक नई रेखा बनायी जा सकें। मुँह को भी ठीक किया गया है और अन्तिम प्रिन्ट में कान को भी ठीक कर दिया जाएगा ।

लेखक अपना धैर्य खो बैठा । वह उत्तजित होकर बोला कि वह अपने चेहरे को विश्वासजनक प्रतिलिपि लेने आया था जिसे देखकर मृत्यु के पश्चात् भी उनका मित्र उन्हें पहचान सकें । लेकिन वह बुरी तरह ठगा गया । उसने फोटोग्राफर से कहा कि वह निगेटिव अपने पास रखे और उस पर हर प्रकार के रासायनिक पदार्थ लगाये । अब चित्र का काम पूरा हो जाए तो उसे अपने पास अपने मित्र के लिए रख लें । यह लेखक के लिए निरर्थक वस्तु है । लेखक अपनी आँसू नहीं रोक सके और वहाँ से वापस चल दिए ।

With The Photographer Summary in English

The author went to a studio go get himself photographed. He had a bitter experience. The photographer was a spiritless person. He did not seem to be happy and excited at getting a customer. He received the narrator coldly and asked him to wait. After an hour’s waiting he asked the customer to come get into the inner room the studio. The light and tfie air there were insufficient. He rolled a big room one and went behind it for only a second to have a look at him. He came out and tyearing at the cotton curtain on the window panes with a hooked stick.

He went behind the machine again and drew a black cloth over himself. When he came out at last, he looked serious. He remarked that the author’s face was quite wrong and it would be better three-quarters full. The author did not react. He accepted the unpleasant comment as true. He added that even the photographer’s own face would look better of it were wide and large. But the man did not listen to it. He walked up and twisted the author head sideways as far as it would go. He stood looking at it. Then he said with a sign that the head also had its faults. He went behind the machine again to have another look. He started giving instructions.

The photographer first asked the author to open the mouth a little, close drop the ears a little more, roll the eyes under the lids put his hands on the knees turn the face a little upwards expand the lungs and contract the face. It was so very irriating. The author could not keep his cool. He turned to the photographer’s and told him to stops issuing instructions. He added that the face was his and since he had only one face, he had lived with it for forty years. He knew its faults still he had learned to love it.

As the author stared to rise from his seat. The photographer clicked the cameras. The picture was taken. He looked pleased. He remarked that he had intentionally irritated the author so as catch his feature in a moment of excitement. He said that he would first develop the negative and show the proof on Saturday.

On Saturday the author went back to the studio to see the proof. He was stunned to notice that the picture did not look like his own. The eyes, said the photographer, had been retouched in order to make them look better. The eye brows were removed with a chemical sulphide in order to make out a new brow line. The mouth had also been adjusted. As for the ears they could also be fixed all right in the final print.

The author lost his temper. He said scornfully that he had come to get a faithful copy of his face, exactly as the heaven had given it to him. He wanted a picture that his friends might recognise and keep as a memoir after his death. But he was badly mistake. He told the artist to keep the negative with him, did it in all sorts of chemicals, make as many changes in the features as he liked and put a gloss on it.

When the work was finished, he should keep the picture for himself and his friends. To the another it was a useless thing. He could not control his tears and left the place.

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Bihar Board Class 12 English On Letter Writing Text Book Questions and Answers

Question 1.
a. What did Bill find so difficult ?
Answer:
Bill found it so difficult to write a letter each to his mother, wife, Bob, Sarah, Aunt, Uncle Jin and a host of others at a time.

b. Why was bill no longer fighting at the front line ?
Answer:
Bill was no longer fighting at the front line because he was on sick leave.

c. Why do some people have difficulty in writing letters ?
Answer:
Some people have difficulty in writing letters because they have on gift of self-expression.

d. Why was letter writing done more carefully in the past ?
Answer:
Letter-writing was done more carefully in the past because at those days people had more leisure for such work and postage was much more expensive than it is today.

e. How did the dalesmen avoid the postal charges ?
Answer:
The dalesmen avoided the postal charges by sending their unstamped letters to their very close relatives by stage coach which they received and without opening them made out from a certain agrued sign on it that the sender was well and immediaely retunrd it to the carrier.

Or, The dalesman used to send unstamped letters to their very close relatives through stage coach. The addressee looked at the address and received it just for a while. Then he or she saw the sign previously agreed upon on the letter telling him or her that the sender was well. No sooner it was noticed, then the letter was returned to the carrier unopened. IN this way the dalesmen avoided the postal charges.

f. What has finally helped to destroy the art of great letter-writing?
Answer:
Recent means of communication such as telegraph, telephone and typewriter have finally helped to distroy the art great letter-writing.

g. What kind of things could bill have talked about in his letter ?
Answer:
Bill could have talked about such trival matters as the injury on his heel, scarcity of cigarettes his long and tedious march loss of his friend at Le catean location and dropping off his boot side at Meanx.

h. What trick did Carlyle have to perfection ?
Answer:
Carlyle had a trick to perfection in letter-writing. He wrote his letter in the lightest’and most casual way giving a personal touch to it. He had the gift of describing things at his place in such an intimate manner that the reader automatically save persons and events at long distance immediately before his eyes.

i. What feature of Keat’s charactr is mentioned ?
Answer:
Family affection was the main feature of Keats’ characters.

j. What is the difference between a good essay and a good letter ?
Answer:
A good essay is written in orderly and elabourate style while a good letter is written in casual and intimate way bearing a personal touch of the writer.

In exercise 2 to 4 below re-write all the sentences like sentence (ii) below:

Question 2.
(i) you have been compelled to do it (ii) you have had to do it.

a. He has been competed to sell his car.
Answer:
He has had to sells his car.

b. They have been compelled to break the window.
Answer:
They have had to break the window.

c. He has been compelled to dismiss his secretary.
Answer:
He had to dismiss his Secretary.

d. I have been compelled to find a new flat.
Answer:
I have to find a new flat.

Question 3.
(i) It was the penny post that killed it.
(ii) It was killed by the penny post.

a. It was the local police who caught him.
Answer:
He was caught by the local police.

b. It was the original owner who planted it.
Answer:.
It was planted by the original owner.

c. It was the old man who found it.
Answer:
It was found by the old man.

d. It was her sister who told her.
Answer:
She was told by her sister.

Question 4.
(i) The dalesmen of Lakeland often dodged the postal charges.
(ii) The dalesmen of Lakeland used to dodge the postal charges.

a. They often wrote about personal details.
Answer:
They used to write about personal details.

b. They often bought buffalo milk.
Answer:
They used to buy buffallo milk.

c. We often went and saw him in hospital.
Answer:
We used to go and see him in hospital.

d. People often composed long letters.
Answer:
People used to compose long letters.

Question 5.
Find the expression in die extract cheap postage was about to come in:
The Write at least six sentences from the following substitution table:

Answer:

1. The meeting was about to begin
2. The meeting was about to finish.
3. The ceremoney was about to begin.
4. The ceremony was about of finish.
5. The ceremony was to be filmed.
6. The ceremony was about to be repeated.
7. The lecture was about to begin.
8. The lecture was about to finish.
9. The lecture was about to be broadcast.

Question 6.
In the sentences below certain words or phrases are in italics.
Use words or phrases from this extract in their place so as to give the same meaning.

(a) He admitted that had stolen the watch.
(b) Some people have no ability to express themselves.
(c) Will they bear the cost of the postage ?
(d) How can we avoid those charges ?
(e) He looked briefly at the notice, and then left.
(f) We have seen the beginning of the atomic age.
(g) I got these ornaments for a very small price.
(h) I have always valued those old coins.
(i) Sharks are very common in the Indian Ocean.
(j) When I drop my handkerchief, you bend down to pick it up.
Answer:
(a) He confessed that he had stolen the watch.
(b) Some people have no gift of self expression.
(c) Will they bear the expense of the postage ?
(d) How can we dodge those charges ?
(e) He glanced at the notice, and then left.
(f) We have seen the advent of the atomic age. .
(g) I got these ornaments for a few pence.
(h) I have always treasured those old coins.
(i) Sharks are very plentiful in the Indian Ocean.
(j) When I drop my handkerchief, you stoop to pick it up.

Question 7.
Use the following words or phrases once only in the following sentences:

take ……….. seriously, intend to, at heavy expense, recipe, dumb, offended, elaborate, preserve, retreat, paralyse.

(a) You can …………. fish you put salt over it.
(b) The general …………. because’the enemy are too strong.
(c) He is rather lazy; he doesn’t …………. his work ………….
(d) Certain diseases …………. the limbs.
(e) Do you know the …………. for Christmas pudding ?
(f) He was …………. because I didn’t write to him.
(g) He has gone to a special school for the ………….
(h) He has gold watch with a very …………. face.
(i) He bought himself a new car ………….
Answer:
(a) perserve
(b) intend to retreat
(c) take, seriously
(d) paralyse
(e) recipe
(f) offended
(g) recipe
(h) elaborate
(i) at heavy expense.

Question 8.
Write a short letter to a friend. In it, describe the scene around you with any amusing details.
Answer:

Patna College
Patna
22 Feb. 20….

My dear Shashank,

Received your letter a few days back. I might have replied earlier but for my youngest brother’s mischief when wrote his alphabet on the inland letter and spoiled it within mi lutes while I was filling ink in to my pen next door. You know how naughty Pinkoo is.

I am about to start the letter but the scene across the window is tempting. Three santhat peasants staggaring on the road. They are dead drunk. Today is Friday the biweety market day. On Monday and Friday this scene is very common at Patna. These three comrades have stopped, they are looking back in anger at a baring dog which has been perhaps at their heals from the market place. Kids are making fun of them. They are muttering something. But why are they moving towards the pond.

I can watch their activities at the pond from the northen window. It’s realy exciting. Two of them have already got into the water while the other has preferred to sit and watch them. They are splashing water at one another and hen take a dip. Kids have assembled there to have the fun. The two drunkards have gone into the deep water. I hear a commotion ‘Help, help, I hear the shouts clearly, they are drowning. The children there, are laughing while a Sanlhal on the maggin is weeping. They might have drowned but for two passers bye who hearing the shouts rescue them.

It’s a long digression. Isn’t it ? Kapil and Kumud, my younger brothers have slipped out of the house with their kites mother. They are surely to have good beating as soon as they return. How is your preparation ? Mine is not up to my satisfaction. You can’t depend on college lectures, you have to depend upon yourself study for better results.

Come down to Patna as soon as your examination is over by that time mine too would be finished. We will go to Massanjore, a beautiful spot and will have good time there. How are Aunti and Uncle. Convey my pranam to them.

Soliciting an early reply.

Yours Sincerely
Rishikesh

Address:
To
Shri Bishundeo Prasad
C/o Jitendra Kumar
Boring Road, Patna

Question 9.
Attempt a critical appreciation of the essay entitled On Letter-Writing.
Answer:
On Letter Writing is an interesting essay written by A. G. Gardiner. Gardiner occupies an eminent place in the real of the dilightful essayists of the modem world. He writes in a light and easy manner. In the present essay.

On Letter Writing Word Meanings

Evidently = स्पष्टता | latter = बाद वाला । Mourn fully = उदासीपूर्वक । Offend = चोट पहुँचाना । mention = उल्लेख करना । mournfully = विषादपूर्वक । scratch = खुजलाना । blessed = आशीषित । ridiculous = हास्यास्पद | front = मोर्चा | retreat = पीछे हटना । advance = आगे बढ़ना । confess = स्वीकार करना । suppose = कल्पना करना । self-expression = आत्माभिव्यक्ति । paralyse = आशक्त कर देना | atmosphere = वातावरण । concrete = ठोस । lead = आगे बढ़ाने वाला सूत्र | immortal = अमरणशील । leisurely = अवकाशमय । indulge = लिप्त होना । luxury = शान-शौकत । expense = व्यय, खर्च | dodge= धोखा देना, बच निकलना । stage coach = घोड़ा गाड़ी, बग्घी, जिससे मोटर एवं रेलवे के आविष्कार से पूर्व लोग यात्राएँ करते थे और डाक भी ढोई जाती थी I glance = एक झलक देखना । carrier = ढोने वाला, लाने वाला | globe= पृथ्वी। advent = आगमन । destruction = विनाश । scarcity = दुर्लभता । treasured valuable = मूल्यवान | plentiful = अधिक मात्रा में । pebble = ढेला । stoop = झुकना । comrade= मित्र । intimate= अंतरंग | blister = फोड़ा । heel = एंडी ।

hunger = भूखा रहना । march = पैदल आगे बढ़ना । pal = साथी । sole = तल्ला । trivialtites = छोटी-छोटी चीजें । approach = पहुँच । job = कार्य । casual = सहज, सामान्य । personal = व्यक्तिगत | abstract= अमूर्त । purpose= उद्देश्य । perfection= श्रेष्ठता I operations = काम-धाम | moisten = भींगना । message = संदेश | pour = ढालना | affection = स्नेह । pleasant = सुखद | feature = तत्त्व | gateway = द्वार । intend = चाहना । _volume = परिणाम | order = व्यवस्था । recipe = नुस्खा | craft = कला | interrupt = बीच में टोकना । separation = अलगाव । preserve= सुरक्षित रखना | commonplace = सामान्य । colloquial = बातचीत के लहजे वाला । familiarity = परिचितता | supreme = सर्वश्रेष्ठ | elaborate-detailed = तफसीली ।

On Letter Writing Summary in Hindi

पत्र-लेखन एक कला है । अच्छा पत्र कैसे लिखें यही A.G. Gardiner’s के निबन्ध “On Letter-writing” का विषय है । उसके निबन्धों में हमें विचारों और भावनाओं तथा सौन्दर्य एवं स्वरूप का सुन्दर सामंजस्य देखने को मिलता है । उसके निबन्ध “खुली धूप और मस्ती तथा हास्य एवं शान्ति” से भरपूर होते हैं । उसका यह निबन्ध उसके “Pebbles on the shore” नामक संग्रह से लिया गया है, जो पहली बार 1915 में प्रकाशित हुआ था ।

गार्डिनर, निबन्ध का प्रारम्भ बिल और सैम नामक दो सैनिकों में होने वाली बातचीत से करता है । बिल अपनी ड्यूटी पर अपने कैम्प जा रहा है । सैम उसको रेलवे स्टेशन पर विदा करने आया है । लेखक बिल का सहयात्री है । ट्रेन खुलने से ठीक पहले बिल और सैम पत्र-लेखन की कठिनाइयों की चर्चा कर रहे हैं । उनको यही नहीं समझ में आता है कि वे अपने पत्रों में क्या लिखें । जब ट्रेन खुलती है, बिल युद्ध में विभिन्न मोर्चों पर अपने तरह तरह-तरह के अनुभवों के विषय में लेखक को बताता है । लेकिन बिल भी उन हजारों नौजवानों की ही तरह है जो जीवन में विविध एवं व्यापक अनुभवों को प्राप्त करने के बाद भी उनके विषय में अपने पत्रों में कुछ भी लिख नहीं पाते ।

गार्डिनर के अनुसार पत्र-लेखक एक लुप्तप्राय कला है तथा इसके अनेक कारण हो सकते हैं । निश्चय ही उनमें से एक है, डाक-दरों में दिनानुदिन होती कमी । दूसरा बड़ा कारण है आधुनिक जीवन की भाग-दौड़, जबकि किसी के पास इस कोमल कला की साधना के लिए पर्याप्त समय नहीं रह गया है । पहले के जमाने में पत्रों का भेजना एक बहुत अधिक खर्चीला एवं कठिन कार्य होता था । पत्रों को अपने गन्तव्य तक पहुँचने में हफ्तों-महीनों लग जाते थे । पत्रों का लिखना

और उनको पढ़ना दोनों ही बातें उन दिनों एक महत्वपूर्ण घटना होती थी । लेकिन कालक्रम से डाक-दरें बहुत घट गयी हैं और डाक का आना-जाना भी बहुत तेज हो गया है । इन सब ने पत्र-लेखन कला का लगभग विनाश ही कर दिया है ।।

फिर भी यह सत्य है कि बिल और सैम की तरह के हजारों लोगों के लिए अच्छा पत्र लिखने की जरूरत बराबर बनी रहेगी । किन्तु अच्छे पत्र लेखन का रहस्य उसकी अंतरंगता में छिपा हुआ है। उसका तरीका हल्का और सरल रहना चाहिए । उसे व्यक्तिपरक होना चाहिए, न कि अमूर्त अथवा अवैयक्तिक । उसमें आसन्नता एवं अंतरंगता के गुण होने चाहिए । कार्लोइन, जो ऐसे पत्र-लेखकों, में अग्रगण्य है, उसके पत्र प्रत्यक्ष, अंतरंग बातों से भरे होते थे । एक अन्य महान् पत्र-लेखन और संभवतः महानतम पत्र-लेखकों में परिगण्य, कीट्स, ऐसे पत्र लिखता था जो अंतरंग भावों तथा मूर्त विवरणों से ओतप्रेत होते थे। अपने भाई जार्ज एवं उसकी पत्नी जो अमेरिका में रहते थे, उनको लिखे कीट्स के पत्र उसके अपने “पारिवारिक जीवन की एक तस्वीर” प्रस्तुत करते हैं । किसी भी पत्र में उस पत्र का सहज अपनापन और जीवन की छोटी-छोटी अंतरंग बातों के मूर्त एवं विशद विवरणों का होना ही उसके सर्वोत्तम गुण माने जा सकते हैं।

गार्डिनर के इस निबन्ध में भी स्वर की एक वैसी ही अंतरंगता मिलती है । अपने विषय को प्रस्तुति वह एक सहज एवं स्वाभाविक शैली में करता है और निबन्ध का नाटकीय प्रारम्भ इस अंतरंग स्वर की पुष्टि करता है ।

On Letter Writing Summary in English

Letter-writing is an art. How to write a good letter is the theme of A.G. Gardiner’s essay “On Letter-Writing”. In his essays we come across a combination of ideas and emotions with beauty and form. His essays are full of “sunshine and mirth, laughter and peace”. This essay is from his collection “Pebbles on the Shore”, first published in 1915.

Gardiner begins his essay by reporting the conversation of two soliders Bill and Sam. Bill is going to join duty at this camp. Sam is seeing him off at a railway station. The author is a fellow-passenger of Bill. Just before the departure of the train Bill and Sam discuss the difficulties of writing a letter. They just do not know what to say in their letters. As the train leaves the author learns from Bill about his varied experience on the different fronts of the War. But Bill is like thousands of other young fellows who in spite of their varied and vast experiences of life, are unable to write about them to any extent in their letters.

According to Gardiner letter-writing is a lost art now and there could be a number of reasons for this. One of them, surely, is the increasing cheapness of the postal charges. The other big factor is the hurry and bustle of modem life when nobody has the leisure to devote to this delicate art. In the past, sending of letter was much more expensive and difficult. It often took weeks and months to reach its destination. The writing as well as the reading of a letter was quite an event in those days. But in course of time postage has become much cheaper and mails much faster. This has almost destroyed the art of letter-writing.

It remains a fact, however, that thousands like Bill and Sam would always need to write good letters. But the secret of letter-writing is its intimacy. The approach must be light and casual. The letter must be personal and not abstract or impersonal. It must have the qualities of immediacy and intimacy. Carlyte, intimate details. Keats, another great letter-writer, and perhaps among the greatest, wrote letters which were vibrant with intimate feelings and vivid details. His letters to his brother George and his wife in America give “a picture of our lives here.” The familiarity of a good letter and its vividness of intimate details are its supreme virtues.

Gardiner’s essay is marked by a similar intimacy of tone. He presents his subject in a style which is easy and natural. The dramatic opening of the essay adds to this intimacy of tone.

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 12 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Class 12 Chapter 4 On Letter Writing English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.

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Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Poem 7 The Soldier Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

Bihar Board 12th English Book 50 Marks Solutions Poem 7 The Soldier

Kick start your preparation by using our online resource Bihar Board Class 11 English Solutions. You can even download the Bihar Board Board Solutions for Class 11 Poem 7 The Soldier Questions and Answers in Prison free of cost through the direct links available on our page. Clear your queries and understand the concept behind them in a simple manner. Simply tap on the concept you wish to prepare in the chapter and go through it.

Bihar Board 12th English The Soldier Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why is the poet thinking of death ?
Answer:
The poet fighting in a foreign field of battle is pinning for home. It is the grim possibility of death away from home, rather than death as such, that is so agonising.

Question 2.
Where is he now ?
Answer:
He is now in a foreign land.

Question 3.
Where is his home ?
Answer:
His home is England.

Question 4.
If he should die, where will he be buried ? What words tell you ?
Answer:
If he dies in a battle, he will lie in his grave in a foreign land. The grave he tells us, will be filled with the spirit of a true so of England.

Question 5.
Has a place been set apart for his burial ? What words tell you ?
Answer:
His burial place will be in a comer of strange land far from home.

Question 6.
How can some corner in a foreign land be forever England ? Explain in 70-75 words.
Answer:
The poet feels that the day is not far off when he will die on a battle field far from home. Even then he will cherish his love for England in his heart of hearts. Indeed, that comer of the foreign land where he will be buried, will become a part of England. It will be a strip of England as it will cover the remains of an English patriot, a patriot who will cherish his love for England even in death.

Question 7.
What is the human body mode of ?
Answer:
The human body is made of five elements e.g. dust, air, watr, heat & sky.

Question 8.
Where was the soldier bom and brought up ? What words tell you about his gradual growth ?
Answer:
The solider was bom and brought up in England. It was England that gave him the breath of life, the sense to feel, flowers to love and roads to roam about. So long as he lived, he breathed English air bathed in the water of English rivers and warmed himself in the cheerful eyes of the sun of home.

Question 9.
Look at the phrase her sights and sounds in line 12. What sights and sounds are actually meant
Answer:
The sights and sounds of Nature that delighted the poet in England, in his youth are actually meat here.

Question 10.
Decide what kind of life indoor or outdoor, the soldier as a growing child was fond. What words tell you ?
Answer:
The soldier as a growing child was fond of flowers. English air, swimming in rivers and being blessed by suns of home ?

Question 11.
How will the soldier’s presence be felt after his death ?
Answer:
The young soldier is a noble son of England and loves his country passionately. He feels that he will carry his love of England, his English memories, feeling and emotions wherever he may be. If he, dies and lies buried in a foreign country he will cherish his love for England even in death. May his very spirit will be filled with the love of England as the spirit hovers in the silent air. That is why even that comer of a foreign field where he will live buried, will for ever be England, as it will hold he remains of an English patriot.

Thus the solider’s presence will be felt after his death.

Question 12.
Give a critical appreciation or acquaintance of the poem.
Or, Show that you have read and understood the poem,’ ‘The Soldier”.
Or, Show your acquaintance with the poem “The Soldier”.
Or, Critically appreciate the poem “The Soldier”.
Answer:
“The Soldier” is one of the very few patriotic poems of English literature composed by Rupert Brooke. It is as forecefull as inspiring. It is ‘sonner’ consisting of fourteen lines and whirling around one central theme The theme of this sonnet is patriotic sacrifices of a true soldier.

It may be recalled here that the poet was himself an active soldier and he laid down his life in a foreign land while fighting for his motherland. So the whole poem seems to be a preface to his own life, and the feeling expressed here are depictive of his own life, as if he knew that he would have to die in a foreign land. So the very first lines. “If I should die” shakes the hearts of the readers who know the tragic end that he had to meet,

(i) The poet has expressed his gratitude for the nation where he was bom and brought up.
(ii) He feels and wants his country men to feel that even the foreign lands where a soldier dies, become a part of the mother nation because the dust of the bodies of the soldiers was of the mother nation. That dust is so far more purer and dearer than the dust of the foreign lands where the soldier dies and is buried.
(iii) He also feels like we Indians do, that it is only body that dies, not the soul. The soul remains and watches everything from the universe.

As a matter of fact, Indian mythological interpretation of life and death the immortality of soul as preached by lord Krishna in his GITA. Influence and inspired many great poets and writers of the 20th century England; Y. B. Yeats and Rupert Brooke are being amongst them.

The style is very simple and lucid. The expression is too clear and pentrative. Although it does not bear much of music value, but music is not “The AH” in a good poem. Really it is one of the very few war sonnets with immense death of thought and patriotic feelings.

The Soldier Word Meanings

Corner = कोना । dust = धूल | roam = घूमना । pulse = नब्ज I etarnal = शाश्वत । thoughts = विचार ।

The Soldier Paraphrase

1. If I should …………….. of home.

The poet who is an active solider in the war field, wants that if he died in action fight up for the cause of nation on a foreign land his country men should feel that the foreign land where he is buriedsa a part of the same mother land where he was bom. The dust of the dead body is richer than the dust of the foreign land where he is buried. ‘The dust of the soldier’s body was of England. He got his awareness; (his soul) from that land. The flowers of love that he got in life were of England. He roamed on the streets of that country breathed the air of his motherland, took wash in the rivers there and got the bliss of the home, lands and sun. Precisely speaking what every physical or mental existence he has is the gift of his motherland as he is bom and brought up there.

2. And think …………….. heaven.

Further the poet expresses that if he dies heroically fighting for the nation all the sins that he might have committed will be washed away and his heart will be pure. That purer heart will become a part of the Eternal mind (After death soul becomes a part of God). That ever existing soul will always remain watchful to the motherland. It will constantly enjoy the motherland’s sights, hear its sounds and will dream for it. It will enjoy the laughter and gentleness that the soldier had learnt from his friends during his life time. The soldier’s heart will live in peace the heaven of England for all time.

The Soldier About the Poet

Rupert Brooke (1887-1915) is one of the foremost names among the poets of 20th century. He shall always be remembered specially for his war and patriotic poems.

Brooke was the son of a Rugby master and spent his early life in affluence. He got his early education at Rugby school and later at king’s College Cambridge. He took active part in the first world war of 1914 and then travelled extensively in North America and South Seas. He died in 1915 in the Mediterranean where he was buried at Scyros.

Brooke won the hearts of his fellow country men with his patriotic poems along with his patriotic life. He lived and died for his nation. “Colected Poems”, 1914 Group of Sonnets and his letters sent from Amercan and published in the English magazines of U.K. won him world-wide applause.

The Soldier Introduction

The poem “Solider” is a monologue in which the poet; being himself an active solider and fighting for his nation in a far off land, sings his own song; talks of his own sacrifice and wants the people of country to believe that or true soldier fighting and laying down his life, never dies. He becomes immortal and where ever he dies, the place becomes a part of his nation.

The Soldier Summary in Hindi

रॉबर्ट ब्रोक द्वारा रचित कविता ‘सैनिक’ है जो इंगलैंड के सबसे सुन्दर युवक था । कवि ने यह कहा कि जब वह मरेंगे उनके शव को इंगलैंड की जमीन पर एक कोने में जगह दे दिया जाए जिससे वह उसी सरजमीन पर रहे । जब युद्ध शुरू हो तो हवा सब कुछ अपने अन्दर छुपा ले और पानी उन सभी को बहा दे जो दूसरों के ऊपर अपना राज करना चाहते हैं । वे चाहते थे कि वे जब रास्ते पर चलने लगे तो उनके लिए अनजान हो कोई प्यार से उन्हें रास्ता दिखाये । वे नहीं चाहते थे कि उनके दिमाग में कुछ भी आये जो राष्ट्र के लिए बेकार हो । वे एक शान्तिपूर्ण देश चाहते थे । वे चाहते थे कि कोई भी देश एक-दूसरे को मत मारे । वे इंगलैंड की भूमि को अपने आप के लिए स्वर्ग के समान मानते थे ।

The Soldier Summary in English

In the poem a true soldier (A true solider fights and dies for the sake of his nation, not for money) humbly express what he exactly wants. He is fighting for his nation in a foreign country. But if he dies there, he wants his country men to feel that thy foreign country where he died and is buried is not exactly “foreign”. It is a part of England : because the body, soul and everything that the soldier had, were bom and brought up in England. The valuable dust of the poet’s body is the dust of England.

The poet express his gratitude to England, his mother land. He is proud of having been bom there. The air that he breathed; the rivers that he bathed into, food clothes and all the things that are essential for a man’s existence came from his mother land. He is indebted to England for any and everything that he has.

After death, his heart becomes a part of the great power that governs that universe. It has become purer because all the sins that he might have done are washed away for the virtuous patriotic death that he died. But even after death and becoming physically inexistant, spiritually he remains with his nation He sees it, feels and hears its sound. His thoughts are the same that he got from his mother land. Mildness and moderateness of character that are the essential qualities of a true Englishman, are still there.

In this way the author very nicely depicts the virtues of a true soldier that are patriotic feelings. He is with the nation even after his death in short a true soldier never dies and his country men should realise his values and sacrifices for all the time to come.

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 12 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Class 12 Poem 7 The Soldier English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.

We believe the information shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English Poem 7 The Soldier Questions and Answers as far as our knowledge is concerned is true and reliable. In case of any queries or suggestions do leave us your feedback and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on several state board Solutions at your fingertips.

Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Poem 1 The Daffodils Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

BSEB Bihar Board 12th English Book 50 Marks Solutions Poem 1 The Daffodils

Kick start your preparation by using our online resource Bihar Board Class 11 English Solutions. You can even download the Bihar Board Board Solutions for Class 11 Poem 1 The Daffodils Questions and Answers in Prison free of cost through the direct links available on our page. Clear your queries and understand the concept behind them in a simple manner. Simply tap on the concept you wish to prepare in the chapter and go through it.

Bihar Board Class 12 English The Daffodils Text Book Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who wrote “The Daffodils” ?
Answer:
William Wordworth wrote “The Daffodils”.

Question 2.
When was be bom ?
Answer:
William Wordsworth was bom in 1770.

Question 3.
When did he die?
Answer:
William Wordsworth died in 1850.

Question 4.
Who was William Wordsworth ?
Answer:
William Wordsworth was the greatest romantic poet of his time.

Question 5.
What did he do one day ?
Answer:
William Wordsworth wondered lonely as a cloud one day.

Question 6.
What did he see at a glance.
Answer:
William Wordsworth saw thousands of golden daffodils at a glance.

Question 7.
In which condition did he see the daffodils beside the lake ?
Answer:
William Wordsworth saw the daffodils dancing and tossing in the gentle breeze beside the lake.

Question 8.
What does the poet feel to see the daffodils ?
Answer:
The poet feels very happy and he is overjoyed to see the daffodils in the garden.

Question 9.
Why does the poet enjoy the beauty of the golden daffodils ?
Answer:
The poet enjoys the real pleasures of nature to see the daffodils twinkling like the starts on the milky way.

Question 10.
What did the poet see and where ?
Answer:
The poet saw a large number of golden daffodils growing by the side of a lake beneath the trees. They presented a very lovely sight and good look like the stars which shine and twinkle in the sky.

Question 11.
William Wordsworth’s poetry is emotion recollected in tranquility. Explain with reference to his poem “The Daffodils”.
Answer:
One day William Wordsworth saw countless golden daffodils by the side of a lake beneath trees. They were tossing and dancing in the gentle breeze. The whole spectacle presented a picture of beauty and joy and filled the poet’s heart with delight.

Question 12.
What was the impression of the poet on seeing the daffodils?
Answer:
The daffodils had a very good impression on the mind of the poet. He enjoyed the golden daffodils like the coutnless stars shining in the milky way of the sky at night. Actually tfje daffodils were spread over a very wide area on the bank of the lake. They presented a very good look and beautiful sight.

Question 13.
Describe the ways in which Words worth emphasises the quantity of daffodils he sees.
Answer:
The number of countless daffodils expressed by the words as a coward a host, continuous as the stars, they stretched in never ending line the thousand saw at a glance.

Question 14.
Write a few work of William Wordsworth.
Answer:
The chief works of William Wordsworth are (i) Descriptive sketches, (ii) Lyrical Ballads Michael, The Prelude, The Exursion etc.

Question 15.
Show that you have read and understaood the poem “The Daffodils”,
Or, Show acquaintance with the poem “The Daffodils”.
Or, Critically appriciate the poem “The Daffodils.”
Answer:
“The Daffodil’s” is a representative poem of Wordsworth. His love of nature and his great joy in the company of nature have been effectively expressed in the poem. The poem expresses his uncommon power of observation. It shows his unusual delight in the common place things. Once he saw the golden daffodils. They grew beside the lake, beneath the trees. They danced with joy and surpassed the waves in glee. The poet stayed at them for along time. He did not know the effect of the flowers on his mind there.

Later on, when he was alone and in vacant or, thoughtful mood the memory of the lowers became alive to him. The flowers flashed upon his mind’s eye and made him happy. The recollected scene made him as joyous as he had felt when he had actually seen it.

The poem is highly romantic in expression. The words and phrases are highly simple but deeply suggestive. The adundance of the flowers has been suggested by many phrases. The poet compares ordinary things with lofty once. By doing so, he imparts a serene tone to his poem. The poet’s aimless wandering in wonderfully expressed by appropriate phrases and images. The style of expression is lucid but dignified. There is depth and sincerity in ideas. The opening lines move in a slow and quiet manner. In the middle, the movement quickness. But the end is as calm as the poet in his calm repose. The similes are apt and highly meaningful.

The images are profoundly suggestive. The poet is the master of his idioms. Hence he is successful in expressions his emotional apprehension of experience. The poem may be compared with Robert Herrick’s poem entitled “To Daffodils”. Herrick is sad the transient of the fair daffodils. He weeps to see them haste away so soon. But words worth is not Herrick. He is a deedly optimistic poet, the loveliness of the flowers fills him with divine joy. Hence he dances with dassing flowers.

The Daffodils Word Meanings

Wandered = भटकना, floats = तैरना, crowd = भीड़, beneath= नीचे, continuous = लगातार, twinklle = टिमटिमाना, milky way = आकाश गंगा, bay = खाड़ी, ataglance = एक झलक में, sprightly = जीवंत, wave = तरंग, sparkling = चमकना, pensive = विचारपूर्ण ।

The Daffodils Paraphrase

I wandered ……….. the breeze.

Once the poet was wandereing alone by the side of a lake. He was walking aimlessly like a patch of cloud in the high sky, Over valleys and hills. Suddenly, he saw a large number of golden daffodils. They were dancing in the gentle-wind.

Continuous ……….. dance.

The daffodils shone and twinkled like the stars in the milky way. They stretched in an endless line by the side of the like. The poet saw a large number of them, dancing happily.

The waves ……….. brought.

The waves too danced in the lake beside the flowers. But the daffodils surpassed the waves in dancing. The poet could not but be say in the happy company of the flowers. He stand at them for long but did realise the permanent effect the scene had produced on his mind.

For oft ……….. daffodiIs.

Sometimes the poet remembered the daffodils in his thoughtless or thoughtful mood, when he was alone, lying on his sofa. The flowers upon his mind’s eye and made him very happy. He danced with the golden daffodils.

The Daffodils About the Poet

William Wordsworth (1770-1850) was bom at Cockermouth in Cumerland on April 1770. His parents died in his boyhood. He spent his boyhood in the Lake district. He studied at St. John’s College, Cambridge. He visited the Continent. He liked the ideas of the French revolution. But his views changed later on. His sister, Dorothy, influenced him greatly. He was also influenced by S. T. Coleridge, his friend who was a contemporary poet of the Supernatural. Wordsworth was the leader of the Romantic Revival. He wrote simple, delightful and charming poems.

He wrote Lucky poem’s in Germany. His best poems were written between 1796 and 1814. He is best known for his love of Nature. He is best known for his lyrics and smaller poems. He choose common things for his subject of poetry. He wrote in the language of everyday life. A rainbow in the sky thrilled him with joy. Dancing daffodils made him and with happiness. He was a high priest of Nature. Whatever he wrote has a philosophical tinge.

The Daffodils Introduction

The present poem was irriffenin 1802. It is based on natural observation words worth and Dorothy were once walking. They saw some daffodils in Gowbarrow park beside the lake of ill swater. The daffodils were lorely to look at they danced back and forth in the breeze Dorothy wrote about the flower in her diary. Words worth made a poem of them.

The Daffodils Summary in Hindi

प्रस्तुत कविता ‘The Daffodils” दर्शाती है कि प्रकृति किस प्रकार खुशियों का स्रोत या आधार है । कविता पूर्ण रूप से प्रकृति के साथ मानव के मिलन और संबंधों को प्रकट करती है । कवि जब उदास था तब प्रकृति की गोद में वह पारलौकिक आनन्द पाता था।

वह कहता है एक दिन मैं अकेला और बिना उद्देश्य का आवारा बादलों की तरह पहाड़ियों पर घूम रहा था । अचानक मैंने झील के किनारे और वृक्षों के नीचे उगे हुए ‘डेफोडिल्स’ के ढेर सारे पौधों को देखा । ये पौधे दूर-दूर तक फैले हुए थे । हवाओं में वे पौधे इस तरह से हिल-डुल रहे थे मानो ये लोग खुशी से झूम रहे हैं और नृत्य कर रहे हैं।

डेफोडिल्स के ये पौधे इतनी दूर तक फैले हैं और इतने घने हैं कि इन्हें एक नजर में देखना कठिन है । इनके फूलों का हिलना-डुलना ऐसा लगता है मानों अनगिनत तारे आकाश गंगा में टिमटिमा रहे हों । ये पौधे ऐसे जान पड़ते हैं कि खुशी से उछल-कूद कर रहे हैं और इनमें अपार उत्साह और उमंग भरा हुआ है।

यद्यपि इन पौधों से थोड़ी ही दूर पर लहरें और तरंगें नाच रही हैं लेकिन डेफोडिल्स जिस उमंग में नाच रहे हैं उसकी तुलना लहरों से नहीं की जा सकती है । कवि जो कि कुछ देर पहले उदास था अब उनकी खुशियाँ देखकर स्वयं आनन्द विभोर हो गया ।

अब अक्सर जब मैं चिन्ता या विचारों में खाया रहता हूँ या बीमारी से अथवा समस्याओं में उलझ कर विस्तर पर लेटा रहता हूँ, तब मेरी चेतना (inward eye) में उन ढेर सारे डेफोडिल्स का चित्र उभर जाता है और मैं एकाका प्रसन्न हो जाता हूँ, मेरा दिल भी डेफोडिल्स की तरह झूमने लगता है । और इस तरह डेफोडिल्स की अनुभूति सदैव मेरी प्रसन्नता का कारण बनी रहती है।

The Daffodils Summary in English

Once the poet was wandering aimlessly alone. He was like a patch of cloud which sails in the sky over valleys and nills suddenly he saw a large number of daffodils under the trees by the side of the lake they were golden. They were countless. They danced the gently wind. The shone like stars in the night. The waves too danced in the lake. But the daffodils out did in sheer Joy.

The poet was extremely happy in their joyful company. He started at them thoughtlessly. He hardly realised than that the scene was getting permanently imprinted on his sensitive mind later on, whenever the poet was alone and in thoughtufl moodful. The flowers flashed on his mind’s eye. That is to say his joy was the product of his solitude the recollected scene gave him the same pleasure as he had enjoyed to see the actual scene.

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Bihar Board 12th English David Copperfield Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the summary of David Copperfleld.
Answer:
The Hero of the Novel: David Copperfleld is the central figure, the hero of the novel. The novel is named after him and all the major events of the novel revolve round him. He is one of the most important characters drawn by Dickens. He is an immortal literary figure.

An Autoiographical Sketch: David Copperfleld is no one else but Charles Dickens himself. David resembles Dickens in many respects. In the words of Philip Hobsbaum, “The young David is sharply individual, as Oliver, heroes of Dickens are not. He is a representative as Oliver, but far more personalized; as oppressed as the children of Dotheboys Hall, but informed with the author’s own feeling. He is at once an archeypal waif upon the road and a projetion of his authors own psyche. At last, Dickens was able to inform social criticism with personal emotion or what comes to the same thing, he projected his personal emotion into a critique of society and so erected realistic details into symbolic drama.”

His Childhood : David Copperfleld was a posthumous child bom six months after his father’s death. He was brought up under the affectionate care of his mother and his nurse Peggotty. The only other relative, his aunt Betsey, had never visited the house since his birth. David was a very sensitive child. His sufferings started when his mother, whose undivided love he had so far enjoyed, married Mr. Murstone a dark man with moustaches, whom David did not like from the beginning. The boy naturally felt jealous.

His heart was rent to pieces when he realised that his cruel man was trying to snatch his mother away from him. Mr. Murdstone thought the child was being spoilt by his mother and so he took up his educationg in his own hands. But he was a tyrant; he beat the child and punished him for no fault of his David was intelligent. But he was afraid of Murdstone. Hence he could not learn anything in fear. He was all the time afraid of Mr. Murdstone’s cane. Whatever he leamt was forgotten in Mr. Murdstone’s dark presence. Mr. Murdstone in return accused DAvid of carelessness and beat him.

His Miserable Life in the School: On his first day in the school. David was insulted and placard reading “Take care of him. He bites was placed at his back, for the other boys to see and laugh at him. David wanted to get rid of such atmosphere. The only note of cheer was his friendship with best boys. Streer forth and traddles and the visit of Mr. Peggotty and Ham. Who brought happy memories of emily and others at Yarmouth.

A Life of Miseries: David’s life and temperament were shaped by miseries. Not only was he ill-treated by his step father and head master of the school, his mother also died when he was in the school. He was taken out of school and sent out in the hostile world to work and earn his livelihood of six shillings a week at Murdstone and Grinby’s. He was then only a child of ten. He at last decided to go to his aunt Betsey in Dover. He engaged a donkey-cartman to carry his trunk to the coach-office. But the donkey-cartman cheated David ran away with David’s trunk and his half-guinea. David had to walk all the way to Dover.

On the way, he had to sell his coat in order to buy some food. When he reached his aunt, she at first took him for a beggar. David told her how he had been turned out of his own house, made to work under horrible conditions and had finally run away. On hearing his pitiful story, she decided to adopt him. Thus, sufferings of David came to an end. He started a new life under the name of Trotwood Copperfield, with Bestey and Dick as his guardians.

His Amiable Nature and Popularity : David Copperfield, as presented in the novel, is a slim boy, handsome in appearance with an open frank and generous nature. That is why, he is liked by everybody and is able to form life long friendships. At School, Steerforth and ‘Traddles are devoted to him, and later on he endars himself to the Micawbers and the Peggotty household. His aunt Betsey Trotwood at once takes a fancy to him. He is liked and cared for by Agens and Mr. Wickfield, and then by Dora. It is all due to his amitable nature and good heart that he is able to create a place for himself in a materialistic world.

His Sensitiveness: David has a highly sensitive nature. Even as a boy, he was very sensitive. He could not bear the least insult or neglect and suffered terribly as a consequence. When Mr. Murdstone treated him inhumanly, he bit him. At school, he felt unhappy about Steerforth insulting Mr. Mell for his poverty. When Mr. Spenlow returned Dora’s letters to him, he felt it was an insult to him and refused to take them back. He always remembered his aunt’s advice and was never mean, vulgar or cruel. David was a gifted child.

With his hyper sensitive imagination, his childhood interest in books, his experiences and love of nature, he was able at last to gain success as an author of novels which soon became very popular and brought him name and wealth. His life shows how simple perseverance and hard work can enable one to overcome adverse circumstances. It also illustrates Dicken’s faith in the final victory of virtue over vice.

His Ambition : It was David’s Copperfield’s ambition to get education, grow into a cultured gentleman and become an author. He suffered a lot when he had to take up mental job of cleaning bottles. In order to realize his aim in life, he had to face a lot of struggle. He ran away from his step-father’s house, he ran away from the low type of work he had to do, he studied hard, and with his hard work and devotion he got success. He was indeed a self-made person.

Intelligent and Hard working: David was intelligent and books provided him a great fascination. He had the virtues of hard work and perseverance. It was a result of his hard work that he could be successful as a parliamentary reporter and later on as a novelist. He always remembered his aunt’s advice and was never mean and ungenerous in anything he did throughout his life.

His Love for Dora : After finishing school, David was sent to Spenlow and Jorkin’s in London, to be apprenticed to the proctor’s profession. One day, Mr. Spenlow invited him to spend the week-end at his house. There David met Mr. Spenlow’s daughter Dora and fell headlong in love with her. In spite of impediments created by Dora’s father and his own economic difficulties, he was successful in marrying Dora and fulfilling his dream of leading a happy married life with her. But about a year and half after the marriage, Dora fell seriously ill and died.

During her long illness. David attended on her like a loving husband, and when the final blow came, he felt very lonely and miserable. His love for Dora was not a young boy’s fancy. It was deep and sincere. After his marriage, he discovered that Dora was childish, entirely irresponsible in taking care of her household. She could not look after the accounts or perform any other household duties. Still he loved her, and when she fell ill he nursed her and looked after her as a fatal blow to him. His life was dartkened, and following the advice of Agnes, he went on a tour of the continent where he found some solace.

His Love for Agents: David had loved Agnes from the very beginning, through he did not at first understand the true nature of his feeling. He considered Agens merely a sincere friend who brought comfort and serenity to him by her sympathy and timely advice and guidance. It was only on her return from Europe that he became conscious of the fact that he had always loved her. Then he proposed to her, and was readily accepted, for Agens too had loved him all along. His married life was a happy one, and under the tender care and loving influence of Agnes, he forgot the cares and worries of his life and the misereis he had undergone.

His Honesty: David was honest kind and conscientious. Never in his life did he take recourse to dishonesty, even when he had to suffer in consequence. When after his engagement with Dora, he realized that he had suddenly become very poor, he thought it proper to prepare Dora for marrying a poor man. He was faithful and greatful to all those who helped him in difficulty. It was out of his gratitude that he helped his aunt in her hour of distress. It was on account of his respect for his old master. Dr. Strong that he accepted a job under him on a very low wage. In the face of his suffering, he was undaunted. He was sincere and faithful in friendship. As a nephew, as a friend and as a husband, he had no rival. He brought joy and comfort to all.

Conclusion : In a way the life of David Copperfield is the life-sketch of Dickens himself. David is the child of environment and temperament like Dickens himself. Dickens had been a playwright, a clerk and a reporter. Similar vicissitudes of life awaited the multifarious activities of David. Adversity puts a man on his mettle. A diamond shines the brightest when rubbed hard. Misery is the true test of our genuine worth. David was made by his trials and tribulations. To conclude in the words of Somerset Maugham, “David is a hero drawn after Dicken’s own heart—not as he himself was but as he would have wished himself to be, for David Copperfield is a fantastication, sometimes gay, sometimes pathetic, composed out of recollections and wishfulfilments by a man of lively imagination and warm feelings”.

Question 2.
Give the character sketch of Uriah Heep.
Answer:
A Villain – Uriah Heep is the villain of Copperfield. He is all lead black hearted and mischievous. He perceives in David a rival and becomes a rival himself. He has false designs on Agnes, he makes money by black means. He is the lago of Dickens. He is a hypocrite and is an expert at dissimulation. His meanness is incomparable. He betrays everybody; he even betrays Mr. Wickfield, his very saviour. He is dishonest and ungreatful. He is a cheat and a liar.

His Personal Appearance – Uriah Heep is the clerk of Mr. Wickfield. David first meets Heep at his house. At that time, he is a mere boy of fifteeen but he looks much older. His face is ‘cadaverous’ his hair is red, cropped as close, “as the closest stubble,” and he has no eyebrows or eyelashes. He had long lean and skeleton hands which are so very damp and cold that David has to rub his hands for long to make them warm, after he has shaken hands with him. He is high-shouldered and bony, and has long, lank skeleton hands. There is something and mystifying in his act of breathing into the pony’s nostrils and immediately covering them with his hands as if he were putting some spell upon him. He exterior is devilish. He is rather foxy in appearance.

His Cunning and Treachery – Uriah Heep is a cunning and treacherous fellow. He is very cunningly and deceitfully learns from David the secrets of Mr. Wickfield’s business and private life. It is on account of David that Mr. Micawber makes the acquaintance with Heep. It is only when one day he is passing by Uriah’s house that he happens to see David inside and walks in. David introduces Micawber to Heep. Afterwards, Mr. Micawber is often seen visiting Heep or drinking in his company. Later, Heep enters into partnership with Mr. Wickfield, his employer and Mr. Micawber takes up a clerk’s job under him.

He pays Micawber very poorly but would gladly lend him money in order to get his coperation in the act of deceit against Wickfield. Knowing Mr. Wickfield’s weakness for wine and his complete trust of and dependence on him. Heep takes over the entire business of Wickfield in his own hands. He even has the audacity to think of marrying Agnes, his master’s daughter.

A Hypocrite and a Cheat – Uriah heep is a through hyprocrite and cheat. He is a slimy, creepy imposter. He pretends humility he always poses to be an humble man. But all his humility is a more show, a cover for his cunning and deceit. He is highly ambitions and he has to worst type of ambition. He uses all his inteligence and industry for self-aggrandisement. He wants wealth, rank, position and power. For that he is going to fall down up to any extent. He displaces his master, he causes misery and suffering to all.

Thus hypocrisy has become his second nature. He is an ugly child of hatred, greed and cunning, “pocksniff excites comic disgust, Uriah Heep terror”. He is an imposter and trespasser.

A Cause of Misery and Suffering – Uriah Heep is a source of misery and suffering to so many people. Frustrated and unhappy from childhood, he returns to the society suffering and cruelty. He is the source of all the miseries to his master. Wickfield and his daughter, Agnes, Agnes suffers a great deal of internal trouble because of Uriah’s evil designs upon her. She knows fully . well that he is devil incarnate, yet she is helpless. He becomes a rival to David and creaies obstacles in his marriage with Agnes. He takes out by fraudulent means all the’money of Miss Betsey Trotwood. Consequently, not only but also David have to undergo a great deal of economic difficulties and troubles.

David has to give up his plans of studying law and has to work as a secretary on account of Miss Betsey’s loss of money. When this calamity takes place, David is engaged to Dora and hopes to marry her very soon. But his poverty becomes a hindrance. Thouogh Dora continues to love him, her father. Mr. Spenlow tells him not visit his daughter any more. All this suffering is caused to David on account of Uriah heep’s villainy. Thus Uriah Heep is a black hearted villain.

His Punishment – But God’s ways are sure and just. Heep’s villainy at last recoils upon his own head. The work of retribution begins and soon Nemesis is at work and Uriah Heep is caught in the very trap he has prepared with such ingenuity. Mr. Macwber’s eclipsed ability at last puts him in his true-colour. A liar and a cheat a hypocrite and Villain, Uriah Heep is caught in his own mess and pays the penalty. He just deserves he is convicted of fraud, forgery and conspiracy in a bank case and sentenced to transportation for life.

A Contrast to Micawber – Uriah Heep is a contrast to Mr. Micawber. He is his opposite in character and conduct. Micawber in helpful and sympathetic and creates fine weather whenever he goes. Heep is a heap of rubbish and dirt, of cruelty and villainy; he is selfish, greedy and hypocritical. Micawber causes joy and happiness to all concerned; Uriah Heep causes misery and suffering to those who come in contact with him.

Conclusion – According to A.O. Cookshoot Uriah Heep is a puzzling and unsatisfactory character. There is a certain psychological insight in the orginal conception of him. He is a man deliberately trading on the moral confusion of others. Inability to distinguish between Christian humility and the social subservience of the lower orders was we know a common Victorian failing and one which can be traced back to the origins of the serious English novel to Richardson’s Pamela. His damp sweaty palm is not merely like so many physical details in Dickens exaggerated it is presented as exactly what we should expect of such as ill-bred fellow.

Physical repulsion, moral disapproval and class superiority and mingled, are boiled up together into a kind of both where they become indistinguishable. And the indignation David feels aboout Uriah Heep’s wish to marry agnes cannot possibly be put down to respect for her virtues. Uriah is called “a red hearded animals” so as to exploit the cheap horror of a possible sexual violation of the pure maiden Here in the midst of reading an important work of a very great novelist, we are astonished to find ourselves in the world of murder in the cathedral—”but worse, because Dickens lacks the redeeming naivate of such a work.

Question 3.
Give the character sketch of Betsey Trotwood.
Answer:
An Arresting Personality – Betsey Trotwood is an arresting personality. She is a fairy goodmother to David, and comes to his rescue in his worst hour of need. She plays a very important role in the life of the hero of the novel. She is character who could be created only by Dickens.

A Woman of Eccentricities – From the first glimpse of her exterior we form a queer notion at Miss Betsey. The disgust she felt at the birth of a male child and her abrupt departure with a vow never to return, entitles us to call her a lady of eccentricities. She disapproves of the marriage of David’s father with his mother whom she calls wax-doll’. Her suffering and disappointment, her psychological injury, account for her eccentricities and oddities. She quarrelled did not come to their home as long as he lived. She came to their home on the night on which David was bom. She had hoped the baby to be a girl, so that she could adopt her and call he Betsey. But when a male was bom she got highly displeased and left David’s parents for ever. She had come walking very straight and now she went away quietly without feeling anyone of her departure other intances of her eccentric behaviour are provided by her cry, “Janet the Donkey’s and by the way she would rush out to drive them out.

A Woman of Strong Views – As a matter of fact, Miss Betsey is a woman of independent nature and strong views. She does not care for public opinion. She drives her carriage herself through the streets of Canterbury, in defiance of public opinion. When she does not like a person, she tells him so bluntly and fearlessly. She speaks plainly to Uriah Heep. She is even prepared to give a physical chastisement to him.

A Kind-hearted Woman – Bestey is a kind and generous woman. She herself suffered a lot. She therefore, knows what suffering means to others. She is always ready to help the suffering and the needy. She takes pity on of pity compassion and generosity upon David as if the human virtues lay stored in her waiting to be showered on his head. She resolves to do something grand to the grandson as measure of compensation for her neglected towards David’s father and mother. David’s welfare, well-being and his right bringing up are the very concerns of her life. Her magnanimity impresses David so much so that he remarks “My poor mother herself could not have loved me better or studied more how to make me happy.”

She proves to be the very saviour of David. But for her generosity and love, David would have been a little robber and vagabond.

A Lover of Real Virtue – Miss Betsey is a lover of real virtue. She hates meanness. Before sending David to school, she advises him in a motherly way to avoid three vices meanness, dishonesty and cruelty. She is kind to Dora. She admires. Agnes for her good qualities and is happy when David marries her in the end. She is kind to Mr. and Mrs. Micawber and helps them to emigrate to Australia. She possesses a high sense of morality, dignity and character. She cannot be judged by the appearance she keeps but by the kind heart and soft soul she has.

Conclusion – Thus we find that though Betsey Trotwood at first appears to us a funny, eccentric, unreasonable woman is in fact a very dignified, sympathetic and helpful person, perhapes her own marriage has made her an ecentric and created grim impression on Mrs. Copperfield’s mind. Perhaps her own unhappiness in marriage is reflected in her attitude towards clara. But she is at heart a very kind woman. She takes pity on Mr. Dick and treats him sympathetically. She express appreciation of his common sense and consults him in everything. She believes that through eccentric. He is initially a good and sensible man and a worthy companion to her. That is why he asks him to be David’s guardian along with herself and allows him to visit David in school.

It is she who plays an important role in moulding David’s life and character and paves the way for his success and happiness.

Question 4.
Give character sketch of Mr. Micawber.
Answer:
His Appearance and Personality – Mr. Macawber is one of the most memorable characters in the novel. He is as immortal as Falstaff or Don Quixote. According to a critic Wilkins, Micawber is “the supreme example of Dicken’s power to make us sympathize with a character whom we might well avoid in real life.” He is delightful, rather humorous appearance. At his first meeting, David describes Mr. Micawber as stoutish middle-aged person, in a brown shirt and black tights and shoes, with no more hair upon his head (which was a large one and shining) than there is upon an egg; and with a very extensive face, which he turned full upon me. His clothes were shabby but he had an imposing shirt-collar on. He carried a showy short of stick with a large pair of silk tassels to it, and a large eye-glass hung outside his coat for the sake of ornaments.”

His Habits and Behaviour – Mr. Micawber was “grandiloquent in speech and shiftly in money matters, but be was no fool and far from incompetent; he was industrious, kindly and affectionate. Mr. Micawber is a man of kindly, genial nature. Some critics regard him as. a pen-portrait of Dicken’s farther. According to A.C. Ward, “he is the type of a whole race of a men who will not vanish from the earth so long as the type of a whole race of men who will not breast is only temporarily suspended by the laws of debtors an creditors and is always capable of revival with the aid of a bowl of milk punch.

A kindlier and merrier, a more humorous and a more generous character, was never conceived than this, “he is one of those optimistic soluls who are always waiting for something to turn up, and who are able to maintain their cheerfulness and good spirits, despite poverty debt and imprisonment. Mr. Micawber is typical of those good for nothing fellows who are never able to make anything in life, but still manage to live largely as a result of bounty and generousity of friends, secured for them by their genial and generous temperament.

A Figure of Fun – Mr. Micawber is a figure of fun and laughter. He is a great comic character. As G.K. Chesterton is mentioned “If fals staff is the greatest comic character in literature, Mr. Micawber is the best but one, “It is his sense of humour that comes to rescue him from numerous creditors. He never loses hope and cheerfulness and radiates joy and happiness around. He carries with him a perpectual sunshine and all those who come in contact with him bask in it.

His Honesty – Mr. Micawber is a very honest person. In spite of his poverty and debt he is honest. He tries his best to repay his debt. Had he willed, he would have made vast profits from Uriah Heep. But he does not follow a dishonest path. No thought of personal aggrandisement every crosses his mind. On the contrary he comes to the aid of Betsey and exposes Uriah Heep. He acts nobly, selflessly and brings hope and comfort not only to miss Trotwood, but also to Agnes and her wretched father.

His Intelligence and Resourcefulness – It is because of his intelligence and resourcefulness that he becomes a successful Magistrate in Australia. Even in the prison the co-prisoners regard him as the most intelligent man among themselves. His intelligence is further proved by his intelligent handling of Uriah affair. When Uriah’s eveil machinations are exposed and the charges against him read out, he tries to snatch the documents from Micawber’s hand, but fails, he goes about the business of exposing Uriah Heep’s machinations and read sout the charges one by one, subtantiating everything with full proof. This shows that he had studied law carefully and used his knowledge for a good purpose.

A. Lovable Character – Mr. Micawber is indeed a very lovable character. We may condemn him for his easy-going lazy disposition, but we cannot help loving him all the same. To quote A.O. J. Cockshut, “To read of Mr. Micawber is as chesterton said, like receiving a blow in the face. It is a deeply-flet experience, but it is not susceptible of analytic description. It follows that any detailed critical discussion of David Copperfield will tend to be unbalanced because it is impossible to give appropriate space to Micawber, “According to somerset Maugham, Mr. Micawber was “grandiloquent in speech and shifty in money matters, but he was not fool and far from incompetent; he is industriouos, kinely and affectionate.”

Conclusion – According to Mr. G. K. Chesterton, “Mr. Micawber is a man who cannot be made to understand the tyranny of time or the limit of human hope. And further, “Micawber interrupts practical life but what is practical life that it should venture to interrupt Micawber ? It cannot be too much repeated that the whole lesson of Dickens is here. It is better to know Micawber than not to know the inner worries that arise out of knowing Micawber. It is better to have bad debt and a good friend.”

According to Compton – Rickett, “Mr. Micawber is another type of the attractive mercurial temperament, ready to look on the bright side of things at the smallest provocation. Apart from this, the needy, improvement man would have served the stem moralists purposes almost as well as Swiveller. But really we are scarcely conscious of his faults, so delighted are we by his company. This it may be said, is due to the author making unfair use of his gift of humour and idealising the man out of all human probability. That he idealises may be admitted.”

Question 5.
Give the character sketch of Clara Peggotty.
Answer:
An Ideal Servant – “Clara Peggotty represents what an ideal servant should be. She had become the part and parcel of the family. She regarded David as her own son. She was to David in his childhood what Miss Betsey was to him in his youth. She provided to be sincere and devoted to the family. She remained with the family till the death of her mistress. When she was formerly dismissed by Murdstone, she left Blunderstone with a heavy heart. At Yarmouth she was married with Barkis.”

Not only a Servant but a Member of David’s Family – In the family of David, Miss Peggotty was always regarded as a member of the family. She was known to be the most genuine well-wisher of the family. David’s words, “I left towards her something. I have never felt for any other human being” show his confidence in her. She is a living example of honesty and devotion.

Her Love for David – Peggotty loved David as a true sister. One day, Mr. Murdstone caned David who is return but him in order to release himself from the tyrants clutches. He was punished with solitary confinement in his own room for five days. Nobody was allowed to see him not even his own mother. Even then, Peggotty used to go up and console him by talking to him through the keyhole. She even kissed the keyhole in order to kiss David. This shows her simplicity and boundless love for David. On the fifth day she informed him that he was going to be sent to a boarding school. She assured him that she would continue to love him and take care as his mother and she remained faithful to her promise.

The next day when David was seated on the carrier cart, feeling very dejected and in law spirits, because his mother had not been allowed to come near him and give him a parting kiss, Peggotty suddenly emerged from a bush ran up to the cart and embraced David. She filled his pocket with cake which she had baked herself. She also gave him a purse containing some money from herself and from his mother.

An Example of Sacrifice – Miss Peggotty is an example of sacrifice. She was always willing to sacrifice her own life and happiness for the sake of her mistress. When David told her that Barkis the carrier, was waiting for a reply to his offer to marriage. She dismissed the question saying she would not marry. Barks or anyone else. It was only after her mistress’s death, when she was dismissed by Mr. Murlstone, that she decided to get. Even then her married prime consideration was David’s happiness she knew that by marrying Barkis, she would have a home of her own, where David could come and live whenever he wanted.

A Kind Mother and Good Wife – To David, peggotty became a kind mother after the loss of his own mother and he was grateful to her for the affection and care she had always shows towards him. He kept writing to her even when he was staying with his aunt and also from Dr. strong’s school.’ Peggotty was kind to David’s friends also. She entertained steerfofth when he first visited varmyuth. When traddles wanted to buy back a piece of furniture, Peggotty brought it for him. Though she had once entertained a peculiar dread of miss Trotwood, she went to see her again, the time she liked her and was also liked by her.

Question 6.
Write a note on socialization of the novels of Dickens.
Answer:
The contribution of Dickens to the English novels is that he made the novel ‘social’. No novelist before dickens had treated the lower middle classes on sun such broad lines or in so frank a way. He studied them not as a detached, superior kind of observer, but as one on their own level. This socialistic approach and feeling made dickens an a postle and turned his work into “a gospel of humanitartianism.” W. L. Cross observes in this connection, ”The humanitarian novel, with which the name of dickens is pre-eminently associated after the publication of ‘Pickwick’ is the popular section of an extensive humanitarian literature, and as such it is the most available record of a deep and far-reaching philanthropic movement, which has its beginning in the eighteenth century, and rose to its sentimental culmination some fifty years ago.”

After the publication of Nicholas Nickle by and old curiosity shop, “Dickens became a sort of professor of humanitarianism” and he held his position for nearly thirty years, disturbed now and then by a critic or reviewer who questioned his knowledge. His theme was always the down-trodden and the oppressed. He was their advocate for them each of his novels after ‘Pickwick’ is a lawyer’s brief. In this opinion, it was not possible for the lower and criminal classes to raise themselves by the elective franchise to a higher moral and intellectual plane. To him parliament was the dearest place in the world, and he sought to arouse the conscience of the British public and he left the issue with themselves.

Question 7.
Write a short note on Dicken’s method of characterizations.
Answer:
In general, Dickens delights in delineating the external peculiarities of his characters. He gives us a very vivid and precise picture of the externals the face, the gesture and the dress. His fantastic imagination fastens on any oddity or peculiarity of his characters. We are told about the tone of voice, the trick of utterance and the gestures which accompany it. till every word spoken by his characters is real tous. His characters further by reveal themselves in conversation, chapter after chapter. He visualises his character first depicting his external peculiarties and them by attaching a tag or label or by describing his surrounding and atmosphere. Since Dickens uses exaggeration in his characterization, he has been called or rather condemned as a caricatunding and atmosphere.

Since Dickens uses exaggeration in his characterization, he had been called or rather condemned as a caricaturist. According Walter Allen, “Dicken’s characters are often said to be caricatures or to be exaggerated. I do not think this is true, they are all so sharply differentiated from one another as to plainly the product of intense accuracy of observation. “In the words of santayana, “When people say, Dickens exaggerates, it seems to me they can people are, they accept them conventionally at their diplomatic value. Their minds rus on in the region of discourse where there are marks only and no faces, ideas and no facts, they have little sense for those living grimaces that play from moment on the countenance of the world, “The reason of their being caricatures is perhaps that while portraying his characters Dickens lays greater emphasis on their individually.

Question 8.
Write a note on flat character of Dickens.
Answer:
Dickens with few exceptions fails to develop his characters through circumstance. In other words, his characters are flat they do not change and grow psychologically under the stress of circumstance. The remain the same from beginning to the end. Flat characters are sometimes called types, and sometimes caricatures. “In their purest form,” says L. M. Forter, “they are constructed round a single idea or quality, when there is more than one factor in them, we get the beginning of the curve towards the round “Dicken’s characters, according to Mr. Forter, are flat characters. They are types and symbols. Mr. Pickwick is a belated specimen of the eighteenth century man of feeling.

Picksniff and Mrs. Gamp are drawn as embodiments of hypocrisy and heartless-egoism. Mr. Jelly by is the type of all professional philanthropists, Mr. Sergeant Buzful is the type of all legal advocates. Mr. Micawber stands for optimists. “Like the writers of the old moralities. Dickens peoples his stage with virtues and vices, and like them he does it gaily, presenting them as no frigid abstractions, but as clowns and canzanies the walking their bladders, exuberant in motley and bell, (David ceil). In a word Dicken’s characters are both types and individuals.

Question 9.
Dickens fails to portary women in love. Discuss.
Answer:
It may be noted that there is very little love making in all the novels of Dickens. Dickens is rarely successful in presenting women in love. In the words of compton-Rickett, “Never was anyone more devoid of semblance to humanity than Estella. She does not talk like a creature of flesh and blood, but as a personified theory. The story of little emily and her elopement has been presented in the falsest possible light. The girl is shown to us as acting with cold blooded deliberation. There is no hint given as to how she was tempted by steerforth and it looks very much as if she calculated the material advantages of elopement with him. The insults hurled at her by rose Dartle are to some extent justified. It may be said that Emily has only a subordinate part in the Dora who is the leading lady. But Dickens is equally unsuccessful with her. She is wooed and wed, but it is the wooing and wedding of a butter-fly.

This is the prettiet bit of love making in all Dickens however false it may appear to us. The scene in which David writes with Dora, holding the pey is no doubt, poetic, but it certainly does not present areal picture of an author’s life. No author can write with such a charming assistant bending over him. Dora is not to be taken serioously, she is incapable of shouldering the responsibilities of life. Dickens young ladies in love have received no education worth the name and hence are irresponsible and fickle. They are all ‘little women’, they are all short statured.”

Question 10.
What are the main features of pathos of Dickens ?
Answer:
Lord DAvid Cecil speaking about the pathos of Dickens, writes in Early Victorian Novelists, “Pathos can be the most powerful of all the weapons in the novelists arsenal. But it is far the most dangerous to handle. The reader must feel convinced that the story inevitably demands that a direct attack be made on his tender feelings. If he once suspects that his emotions are being exploited, his tears made to flow by a cold-blooded machination on the part of another he will be nauseated instead of being touched. The author must take the greatest care, therefore, first that the emotion he extracts from his pathetic situation is inevitably inherent in it end secondly that he is not overstating it.”

Dickens does not stick to such a prescription of Mr. Cecil, “He has a natural gift for homely pathos. But almost always the sins flagrantly against both the canon which govern its use. He overstates. He tries to wring an extra tear from the situation, he never lets it speak for itself. One would have thought, the death of an innocent and virtuous child should be allowed to carry its own emotion, but Dickens cannot trust us to be moved by little Nell’s departure from the world unassisted by church-bells, falling snow at the window, and every other ready made device for extracting our tears that a cheap theotric can provide. No Hollywood film, director, expert in sobstuff, could more thoroughly vulgarise the simple and .the tender. But. little Nell is not so bad as little Emily. For here, in order to be sure of his effects, Dickens not only underlines the pathos in the situation, he tries to increase it by the addition of foreign elements. The situation of an innocent girl, seduced under a promise of marriage, is poignant indeed, but it is not necessarily a hopeless situation.”

Question 11.
Write a note on peculiar realism of Dickens.
Answer:
Dicken’s realism is peculiar. It is no merely bom out of his attempt to represent his age in his novels but also out of his temperament and the needs of his age. The novelist the Victorin’s believed should be mixture of fact and fiction. Dickens most important contemporaries in fiction. Thackeray; George Dilot and Trollope did this in their different ways vanity fair, Middle march and Barchester Towers are after all the pictures of world around their authors. But Dicken’s realism is like that of a child. The child while living in the real world always his dreams and fantasies. So has Dickens It is in this sense that his realism is peculiar. His realism incorporates both fact and fiction joy and sorrow, this world and the world beyond the material reality. That is why Hugh walker considers Dickens more of an imaginative and romantic novelist than a realist. He observes in his book.

The literature of the Victorian Era, “By contrast with Scott, he may be called a realist, for there are no mists of time or space to throw a glamour over his subjects. He takes what lies nearest to his hand, what he knows best. Even in Pickwick, before he had developed a ‘purpose’, there is story reality enough in the scenes in the fleet prison. But in the strict sense of the word he is not a realist at all, on the contrary, his work is rather the romance of the streets of London. “But this is not the whole truth about Dicken’s realism. Dickens may not be a realist in the strict sense of realism; he may not have surface reality. Yet he is a realist because he makes the things he deals with look like real. He world is not a dreamy or airy world. There are no ghosts and fairies, no supernatural things and godgs appearing on his pages.” His world is solid. He is able to create a world is solid as it is soaked in imagination. His london may be different from actual London, but it is just as real as it could be possible and probable in England.

Question 12.
Do you think, Dicken’s characters are realistic character ?
Answer:
The characters which Dickens creates are human beings of flesh and blood. Although they are not the extact copies of their originals, seen and observed in life, yet they are like them. Sam Weller, Mr. Mantalini, Joe, Micawber, Quilip, Swiveller, Pip, David are the characters which have been drawn from the life without much alteration. They are beings he has made for his own delight, and many are creations of a bold and unconstrained fancy, rejoicing in the grotesque. Dickens may have seen their originals he himself may even have seen them exactly as they are drawn, for the world to him was alive with such captivating absurdities.

“However they may have been originated, these imaginative figures are substantiated by their own dramatic integrity and by the potent engine of his realistic art the Defoe-like art, the Defoe-like accumulation of detail, true as eyesight, and harmonious, if sometimes stagery, atmosphere which is evolved from his vivid thought, it may be visionary picturing of their surroundings.” Speaking about his characters. Quiller Couch has remarked, “If it came to the mere wonder work of genius the creation of men and women, on a page, of paper, who are actually more real to us than our daily acquaintances, as companionable in a crowd as even our best selected friends, as individual as the most eccentric we know, yet as universal as humanity itself. I do not see what English writer we can choose to put second to Shakespeare save Charles Dickens.”

Question 13.
Write a note on Dickens as a novelist of low life and domestic life.
Answer:
Dickens is the best of all the English novelists. Previous to his day, the novelist only wrote of the life and adventures of the rich and aristocratic sections of society. Dicken was the first to introduce to the reading public life of the poor and the oppressed. He had a very marked sense of humour, and his appeal is to the heart rather than to the head. He rouses in us pity for the lot of the poor whose suffering he describes, and resentment against those who illetreated and exploited them. He had a special love for orphan children as he had been left orphan himself and had suffered much cruelty in his early years. His OliverTwist (1838) is a powerful indictment of poor children of his day. Dickens is pre-eminently the novelist of the hearth and the home and no where does this note ring clearer and truer than in David Copperfield.

The love of his mother and his home is deep seated in the unfortunately little hero, throughout the chapters he betryas his affection for blunder stone, Rookery, and all its dear associations. Notless striking than the mutual love of mother and son, is the loyality of Agnes Wickfield to her father, for Dickens is with Shakespeare and Scott in desiring to depict the sympathetic care and the charming solicitude of a daughter. There is, moreover, another side of happy home life, illustrated by the dependence of Wilkins, Micawber and his wife upon each other, the single-souled fidelity of Peggotty to her mistress and little David completes the picture drawn by the novelist of home life.

Question 14.
Write a note on, humour of Dickens.
Answer:
To write of Charles Dickens at all is to presuppose his humour, it was the supreme quality of his genius. It was as a humorist that Dickens made his name. Humour is the soul of his work. Even as a writer of true farce, we suppose, Dickens has never been surpassed. Pickwick Papers abounds in farce, now quite distinct from, and now all but blending with, the higher characteristics of Humour. At his worst, he is capable of facctiousness as in Nicholes Nickleby “Madame Mantalini wrung her hands for grief and rung the bell for her husband : which done, she fell into a chair and a fainting fit simultaneously, “The scene between the little David and waiter, in Chapter V of David Copperfield, seems to Gissing “farce, though very good, country innkeepers were never in the habit of setting a dish-load of cutlets before a little boy who wanted dinner, and not even the shrewdest of waiters, having devoured them all, could make people believe that it was the little boy’s achivement; but the comic vigour of the thing is irresistable.”

But between Dicken’s farce and his scenes of humour the difference is obvious. In Mantalini, for example, we have nothing illuminating. He amuses, and there the matter ends. But true humour always suggests a thought, always throws a light on human nature. Both the Wellers (father and son) are strictly humorous. Neither the old coach man nor his son is ever shown in grotesque, or improbable situations no one takes Manatalini to his heart but Tony and Sam Weller become in very truth our friends, and for knowing them, we know ourselves the better. They are surprising incarnations of the spirit of man, doomed to in habit so variously.

Question 15.
Discuss the autobiographical note in novels of Dickens.
Answer:
Dicken’s novels contain a great deal of autobiography, David Copperfield contains a large amount of autobiography. His early knowledge of low life of London supplied material for Oliver Twist, his school days for Nicholas Nickleby, his visit to the Marshalsea, where his father was imprisoned, for Little Dorrit, his life in law office for treatment of legal matters in Bleak House and other novels. Dickens has thrown light on the society of his days, with the impact of the Industrial Revolution, when children were employed in factories, where most of the schools were inefficient and selfishly motivated like Mr. Creakle’s school, and even law fell into hands of selfish people. Being written in the first person, the novels of Dickens excite the reader’s sympathy for the hero easily than it would have done otherwise.

Question 16.
What are the Dicken’s limitations ?
Answer:
Dickens has several virtues and merits as a novelist. But these should not make us blind to his faults. The first complaint against Dickens the artist in that his plots lack construction, they are stage plots, there is too much coincidence in them, the endings are hundled and unnaturally happy. Dickens wrote from day to day for serial publication, with the printer’s devil at his heels the whole time. He did not plan his books in advance, never saw them as a whole in his imagination. They grew up in his hands from day to day after running amuck and playing havoc with the imagination of the author. Gissing too conceds these faults in Dickens.

The second charge against Dickens is concerning his charades. It is complained that they are often “wooden” and static. They do not change, except rarely, as in the case of Pip. They bear labels and ticket descriptions. For instance, Mr. Micawber makes punch and waits for something to turn up Mr. Dick composes a pertition and gets lost with King Charles’s head, Mr. Jogger’s bites his finger Barkits tells Devy that he is willing’ Stephen Zwing says. “It is by outward signs that Dickens makes the individually of a character recognizable. He gives the schoolmaster Creakle a very deep spluttering voice. His Uriah Heep has hands that are pepetually cold and clammy…” The character of Dickens are all one-sided entirely good or entirely evil. They are not complex beings, consusing mixtures of good and evil a most human-beings are. The women-characters of Dickens are either idyllic heroines or shrill voiced, harsh termagnats, perpetually complaining.

Mrs. Joe Gargery is a typical example of them. It is also complained against Dickens that he always preaches a moral in his work. He wants to point out faults in social institutions; he scourges vices like hypocrisy and excessive pride. This charge against Dickens is treated by many critics as a sterling merit in him. His novels proved to be a great bom to his generation. Writing on the faults of Dickens, Quiller-Courch remarks : “He was a waiter of imperfect or hazardous literary education: but he was also a man of iron will and an artist of the fiercest literary conscience.”

Question 17.
Write a note on humour of situation in ‘David Copperfield’.
Answer:
David Copperfield abounds in characters and situations of pure, whole-hearted humour, of fun and laughter. Little David reading the story of the crocodiles of his nurse Peggotty creates the impression that they were a sort of vegetable how much like a child and yet how funny to us adults! Similarly, the description of Betsey Trotwood in the opening chapter, and when she says, “Janet, the donkey’s” make us laugh. But the most comic figure, often compared with Shakespeare’s Falstaff, is that of Mr. Micawber.

His prompous language, his unending, hope that something better will eventually turn up and put an end to his miseries, his elastic moods in which he makes motions at himself with a razor and within half an hour afterwards polishes up his shoes with extraordinary pains and goes out humming a tune with a greater air of gentility than ever, these and various other interesting details of his character make our sides ache will laughter. The very opening chapter of the novel gives a humorous account of Miss Betsey who has come to the Rookery hoping that her nephew’s widow would give birth to a girl who he could adopt and call her by her own name.

But she is so diaspponted to find it is a boy that she leaves the house at once, without a word to anyone. The description of her first appearance at the house is quite funny too. When she reached the house “instead of ringing the bell, she came and looked in at that identical window, pressing the end of her nose against the glass to that extent that my, poor mother used to say it become perfectly flat and white in a moment.”

Question 18.
Write a note on the element of pathos in David Copperfield.
Answer:
Though Micawber is a comic figure who makes us laugh, yet he has his pathetic side si::. We feel sorry for his spendthrift nature leading him :::t; heavy depts any finally to the king’s Bench Prison. The people David meets at Salem House are also a combination of the comic and the serious types. There is the awe-inspiring Mr. Creakle always ready with his cane, and the funny Mr. Sharp who gets his wig curled every Saturday, there is the wooden-legged Mr. Tumgay and the poor Mr. Mell who is discharged for his poverty, there is the sympathetic steerforth and the kind hearted Traddles who is ready to take the blame of other boys on himself.

The picture of Mr. Creakle’s school stands out in sharp contrast with that of Dr. Strong’s. While Salem House represents the inefficient schooling prevalent in Dicken’s idea of an educational institution, very few of which existed them. The novel, therefore, is full of incidents which combine humour and pathos. David’s happy childhood, under the care of his mother and his nurse Peggotty, is made gloomy with the appearance of Mr. Murdstone on the scene, when David goes to spend a fortnight with Peggotty and her family, he meets a whole lot of happy, gay, jovial people.

There are other instances of the fusion of humour and pathos , also. For example, when David was just getting used to the school his mother died. In the agony and suffering with the nasty co-workers of the factory. David has the joy of Micawber’s company. When he has kindness of Betsey and economic security. Miss Betsey has to suffer great economic damages because of the cunning plans of Uriah Heep. Thus we find that David Copperfield contains many incidents of humour and pathos. The two run hand in hand in the novel.

Although it cannot stand comparison with Pickwick Papers for humour or with Oliver Twist for pathos, for the compined effect of the two it has a unique place among Dicken’s novels. The Micawbers and Betsey are the sources of humour and pathos alike.

Question 19.
Discuss David Copperfield as the fusion of fact and fiction.
Answer:
“There is however, great deal of mingling of facts and fancy in David Copperfield, and it is unjust to consider it as pure autobiographical inspiration” (Allen). Facts of life are beautifully woven with imagined episodes Dicken’s parents did not die in the way David’s parents do. David get good education at the Academy of Dr. Strong. Dicekns was never so fortunate. So there are certain variations too. The devoted Peggotty, with her bursting hugs and her needle-pricked forefinger, is also a mother image, although she may have traces too of Mary Wilier, the servant of the Cathan days, “In all these intermingled strands of fact and fantasy,

the shining memory of early childhood, the nightmare reality of boyhood, the unrealized dreams of what might have been the softenings of some humiliations Dickens still felt too sick at heart to portray as they were, and the lurid enhancement of grief that had swelled too bitterly into misery to be remembered with literal accuracy, the sad distortions and the playful exaggeration too, these pages of David Copperfield have one deep and undeniable significance. Often fictional to the mere even they are undeviatingly true to the emotional reality. They pierce to the very heart of now Dickens felt about those buried days upoin which, since the hour when they had come to an end, he and his parents had been as if they were struck dumb. Their very elements of invention are trues than the fact, because they symbolize that emotional reality.”

Question 20.
Discuss reform as Dicken’s main purpose.
Answer:
Through his novels, Dickens did not merely tell a nice, entertaining story. He was also interested in reforming the evils of the society of his day. He was greatly influenced by the humanitarian movement of his time, a by-product of the French Revolution. The writers under the influence of its ideal made their art a vehicle for propagating their approaches to the vexing problems of human existence and the novelists of the nineteenth century exposed the evils of society through their novels. In most of his novels, Dickens also criticised and satirised the contemprorary evils, which sometimes seemed to be propaganda of his ideals of a vague philanthropy.

He exposed the evils responsible for the de-humanization of human beings, but he fails to suggest any practical solution because he has no knowledge of practical politics or it would be better to say that he was very much politically disillusioned and frustrated. David Copperfield being a story of the development of a young boy’s personality and of his maturity as a young promising writer does not have much scope of detailed and eleborate discussion of such problems. Even then certain social abuses have been satirised and emphasis has been laid on the importance of charity and benevolence, love and affection and the need of improving educational condition and reforming prison-system.

Question 21.
Discuss ‘David Copperfield’ as a great novel.
Answer:
David Copperfield is no ordinary novel. “The pen which wrote David Copperfield”, says Hugh Walker, “was often dipped in his own blood.” Commenting on the greatness of this novel, Baker observes : “Both critical and popular opinions are at one, in voting David Copperfield their favourite among the novels of Dickens. First of all, it happens to be in large part his autobiography. There is a plot in David Copperfield, and some of the largest episodes are as theotrical as any he ever devised. It is a tale of ups and downs, joys and sorrows, the prevailing tone is one of cheerfullness and confidence in the essential goodness of life.

And, though it is not entirely free from the ensnaring device of poetic justice, this is not one of his didactic stories. On the contrary, exxcept for the exposure of Uriah Heep, a few reformations of sinners, and the lurid tragedy of steerforth, all of which are extraneous to the history of David, this is tolerably free from both moralism and melodrama.” The experiences of David Copperfield are the experiences of Dickens. The figure of Micawber, properly termed immortal, was drawn from figures-Betsey Trotwood, the eccentric aunt of David.

Uriah Heep, the villain feigning hurrtility, and Murdstone, the cruel father, and Agnes, the gentle-hearted lady Cruelty is represented by Murdstone and Benevolence by Betsey Trotwood. The novel provides a scathing criticism of the system of teaching in schools run by masters like Creakle and his companion, Canning, which formed an integral part of school discipline, is condemned. Reforms are suggested by Dickens in the education of children. The academy run by Dr. Smart provides a model for all educational institution.

Question 22.
Discuss plot-construction of David Copperfield.
Answer:
David Copperfield is one of the few novels of Dickens which have very good plots. Its plot-construction has been praised by A. C. Ward and Prof. Baker. This novel has stood the rest of time and, is today as fresh as it was when first written. Dickens himself said of it, “of all my books, I like this the best.” Its humour, its immortal characters such as David Micawber, Uriah Heep, Peggotty, Betsey and other its fusion of the romance and the new forms of fiction are marvellous. The plot-construction of David Copperfield is better than that of many other novels of Dickens. It is without his usual blemishes such as looseness, superfluity and incoherence.

It is not a more stiring of adventures and experiences, but a coherent whol. Although the Emily Steerforth episode has little to do with the story of David’s life yet it has been skillfully interwoven with the main thread of the story, the only serious blemish in the plot is the long digresson in which Dr. Strong narrates His relations with in the plot is the long digression in which Dr. Strong narrates his relations with his wife, and her mother and sister. According to A. C. Ward, “As to the construction of David Copperfield, however, I frankly confess that I perceive no serious faults in’ it. It is a story with a plot and not merely a string of adventures and .experiences, like little Davy’s old favourities upstairs at Blunderstone. In the conduct of this plot, blemishes may here and there occur.

The boy’s flight from London, and the direction which it takes, are insufficiently accoount for. A certain amount of obscurity as well perhaps as of improbabilty, pervades the relations betwen Uriah and the victim round whom the unspectable slimy thing writes and wriggles. On the other hand, the more conduct of the story has much that is beautiful in it.

Question 23.
Discuss the characterization of David Copperfield.
Answer:
Every character in the story has a place somewhere in the design. His comic characters are best drawn in this novel, “The inventive power of Dickens,” says A. C. Ward, “in none of his other books indulged itself so aboundantly in the creation of eccentric characters, but neither was it in any so admirably tempered by taste and feelings. It contains no characters which could strictly be called grotesque, unless it be little Miss Mowcher Mr Dick belongs to a species of eccentric personages-mad people in a world for which Dickens as a writer had a curious liking but through there is, consequently no true humour such as Sterne or Dickens could have drawn….But Mr. Micawber, Whatever features may have been transferred to him, is the type of a whole race of men who will not vanish from the face of the earth so long as the hope which lives eternal in the human breast, is only temporarily suspended by the laws of debtor and creditor, and is always capable of revival with the aid of a bowl of milpunch.

So from the point of view of characterisation also, the novel is significent in many ways. Its characters have, immense variety and vitality. They are drawn from various walks of life and from all levels of society. They have been visualised vividly and distinctly. This remarkable vividness arises from the fact that, this being an autobiographical novel, the characters have been drawn, and the world has been looked at through the eyes of a child David. Now a child’s imagination tends to exaggerate any peculiarities that happen to impress it.

Question 24.
Discuss Dora as a lover.
Answer:
After finishing school, David was sent to Spenlow and Jorkins in London, to be apprenticed to the proctor’s profession. One day, Mr. Spenlow invited him to spend the week-end at his house. There David met Spenlow’s daughter Dora and fell headlong in love with her. In spite of impediments created by Dora’s father and his own economic difficulties, he was successful in marrying Dora and fulfilling his dream of leading a happy married life with her. But about a year and half after the marriage. Dora fell seriously ill and died. During her long illness, David attended on her like a loving husband, and when the final blow came, he felt very lonely and misserable.

His love for Dora was not a young boy’s fancy. It was deep and sincere. After his marriage, he discovered that Dora was childish, entirely irresponsible in taking care of her household. She could not look after the accounts, or perform any other household-duties. Still he loved her and when she fell ill, he nursed her and looked after her as a fatal blow to him. His life was darkened and following the advice of Agnes, he went on a tour of the continent where he found some solace. David had loved Agnes from the very beginning, though he did not at first understand the true nature of his feeling. He considered Agnes merely a sincere friend who brought comfort and serenity to him by her sympathy and timely advice and guidance.

It was only on her return from Europe that he became conscious of the fact that he had always loved her. Then he proposed to her, and was readily accepted, for Agnes too had loved him all along. His married life was a happy one, and under the tender care and loving influence of Agnes, he forgot the cares and worries of his life and the miseries he had undergone.

Question 25.
Discuss Heap as a hypocrite and Cheat
Answer:
Uriah Heap is a thorough hypocrite and cheat. He is a slimy, creepy impostor. He pretents humility, he always poses to be an humble man. But all his humility is a mere show, a cover for his cunning and deceit. He is highly ambitious, and he has the worst type of ambition. He uses all his intelligence and industry for self-aggrandisement. He wants wealth rank, position and power. For that he is going to fall down up to any extent. He displaces his master, he causes misery and suffering to all. He practises cheating in cold blood. First, he tries to know all about his master’s private life and his business secrets. It is to acquire this information that he invites David to his home, where he and his mother worm out information from his in a very clever way.

Then he studies law till late hours. Not that he wants to become a lawyer, but because he wants to master the legal intricacies and technicalities so as to use them in his plot against Wickfield. Then he proceeds very cunningly to enmesh Mr. Wickfield. He forges his signatures on certain important documents with the result that the poor man is soon under his thumb. Then he blackmails him, and forces him to make him partner in the firm. Later on he commits more forgeries. He forces Mr. Wickfield into using Miss Betsey’s money for meeting business commitments with either do not exist or have already been provided for. Thus hypoerisy has become his second nature. He is an ugly child of hatred, greed and cunning, “Pecksniff excites comic disgust, Uriah Heep terror “He is an imposter and a trespoasser.

Question 26.
What role does Dora Spenlow play in the novel David Copperfield?
Answer:
Dora, the daughter of Mr. Spenlow, is a charming young lady. Her beauty is rare and exceptional. This is seen in the fact that David falls in love with her at first sight. He first meets her at her father’s residence, and as soon as he sets eyes on her he is conscious of nothing else and hears no voice except that of Dora. As he himself puts it, he “dines off Dora”, and returns six plates untouched during dinner. Hence forth, she is all the world to him, Dora sings very well. She can sing French ballads and also play on the guitar. But Dora has a child-like nature. She has received the best of education in England and France. She is quite polished and elegant. But she is incapable of undertaking any serious work. She is an utter failure in house-keeping and lacks practical sense of Agnes.

She has lost her mother in childhood. Hence she is not well trained in household work. She unable to control the servants either. She is quick-tempered too. It is due to the help and guidance of Miss Mills that her love affair with David succeeds. But she is unluckly girl. Not only she loses her mother but also her father after sometime. She herself dies young. She is an incarnation of love, innocence and quiteness. “Foolish pretty Dora, with her childish ways and childish mind, shaking her curls and behaving like a divinely babyish imbecile, is at once the little beauty who filed Dicken’s youthful heart with longing and delight and the vision of her that has come to his sober judgement.”

Question 27.
What is the role of Mr. Murdstone in David Copperfield ?
Answer:
Mr. Murdstone is David’s stepfather. He is a typical Victorian parent who believes in ‘Spare the rod and spoil the child’. He is very cruel and hard upon David and his mother. He has shallow black eyes. His appearance is awesome. David’s mother considers him to be a handsome man and it is with his good looks that he manages to win the heart of Mrs. Copperfield. But David hates him from the very beginning. In order to gain David’s affection. Mr. Murdstone takes him to a ride. David enjoys the ride, but notices that Murdstone is very stem and silent and almost incapable of smiling, except at his own jokes. He has no sense of humour.

Imposing himself as a disciplinarian he takes up the education of the little child David in his own hands and sends him to the care of a very rough, hard and cruel headmaster. My Creakle, Mr. Murdstone also behaves as a tyrant with Mrs. Copperfield. After his marriage with her, he invites his sister to his household, and thus cunningly his sister takes charge of the keys and other important matters of the household.He takes away his wife’s money and ill-treats her son. Mr. Murdstone has his human side also. He sheds tears of grief at the death of his wife Mrs. Copperfield whom he married for the sake of love.

Question 28.
How does Mrs. Copperfield play her role in David Copperfield?
Answer:
Mrs. Clara Copperfield (David’s mother) is a widow. Her husband died before the birth of David. Mrs. Clara’s marriage with Mr. Copperfield was not approved by Clara’s aunt. Miss Betsey Trotwood because she considered Clara a mere wax-doll and had therefore never visited the house. She is an unlucky woman. After her husband’s death, she marries Mr. Murdstone because of his handsomeness, but he proves to be a hard and unfeeling husband. She is young and beautiful. She does not know how to assert her rights. When Mr. Murdstone and his sister take control of all the household affairs, she is not allowed to utter a word in protest. She simply hands her keys to Miss Murdstone and obeys her and Mr. Murdstone’s instmctions quietly, even when she does not agree with them. When her son David is sent away after five day’s imprisonment to school, she wants to kiss him but dares not do so under the awe of Mr. Murdstone. He loves Mr. Murdstone too from the core of her heart, but he goes on taking advantages of her weakness. She is a lover of truth. She speaks the truth. She is a good mother too. She is thus a picture of a young woman, kind, affectionate loving and lovable.

Question 29.
What is the role of Miss Jane Murdstone in David Copperfield ?
Answer:
She is an unworthy sister of an unworthy brother. She is Mr. Murdstone’s sister and is like her brother in so many respects. She is cruel like her brother. She is a gloomy-looking lady, dark like her brother whom she greatly resembles in face and voice. She has heavy eyebrows, nearly meeting over here large nose, as if being disabled by the wrongs of her sex from wearing whiskers. She has carried them to that extent. She moves into Blunderstone soon after Mr. Murdstone marries Clara Copperfield and brings with her two uncompromising hard, black boxes, bearing her initials on the lid in hard brass nails. She is in David’s phrase ‘a metallic lady’ made up of lead-heart. She is awesome and dreadful. She is suspicious character. She cannot believe people easily.

She is also suspicious of servants, suspicious of Mrs. Copperfield and suspicious of David. Though Miss Jane Murdstone visits Church regularly yet she is most unchristian. She has no Christian vitrues with her.She is neither full of charity nor full of mercy. David rightly describes her and her brother’s influence on him as the fascination of two snakes on a wretched bird. The death of Mrs. Copperfield may be asciribed to her tryanny. It is she who dismiss Peggotty and sends David to work under miserable conditions at Murdstone and Grinby’s at the early age of ten. She is thus a she-devil.She cunningly turns Mr. Murdstone against David by giving false reports about David. She tries to cast her evil spell on David’s life once again when he falls in love with Dora and finds that Miss Murdstone is her constant companion, though Dora does not like her.

Question 30.
What is the role of Tommy Traddles ?
Answer:
In Salem House, David had contracted the friendship of Steerforth and Traddles who proved a boon companion to David. The humiliating placard: “Take care of him, he bites” was a source of embarrassment to David. But Tommy fand Steerforth made light of the abominable placard. From the description of Traddles by David, it appears that Tommy Traddles was shy but agreeable and good natured. Steerforth spoke high to Traddles. To him there was no place for contempt in the heart of tommy. He always stood for unity thought often at his expense. He always helpful David. He shone in his public life and his sense of integrity made him a successful Barrister.

If David could receive first hand knowledge of shorthand, it was due to the suggestion of Tommy Traddles. He was ever a soource of help to the family of Micawber. Tommy Traddles was a sincere friend. His friendship would aptly substantiate the proverb. A friend in need, is a friend indeed. Though Mr. Micawber’s role in exposing Uriah was very great, Traddles, of course, plays no mean part in unravelling the mystery of Uriah Heep’s actions. Through the agency of Traddles. Dvid’s aunt could recover her whole money. Tommy Traddles is a great and wise, respectable and courteous man. He loves justice. His grand personality is impressive. He is a friend in need, hence a friend indeed. He is an admirable character in many ways.

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Bihar Board 12th English If Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who wrote the poem, “If’ ?
Answer:
Rudyard Kipling wrote this poem, “If’.

Question 2.
When was the poet born ?
Answer:
The poet, Rudyard Kipling was bom in 1865.

Question 3.
When did the poet passaway ?
Answer:
The poet passed away in 1936.

Question 4.
When did he get the Nobel Prize ?
Answer:
The poet got the Nobel Prize in 1907.

Question 5.
What was the literary liking of Rudyard Kipling ?
Answer:
The literary liking of Rudyard Kipling was journalism.

Question 6.
Why was the poet famous for ?
Answer:
The poet was famous for writing poems, short stories, articles and novels.

Question 7.
What qualities and habits should a person cultivate to attain success in life ?
Answer:
It is very difficult to assess what qualities and habits should possess to get success in life. Actually the man who wants to get success in life must have a calm, steady and resolute mind and temper. He must learn how to work hard. He must not be confiused. He must not be hopeless and nervous. He must not be bewildered and perturbed to meet with danger difficulty and failure. But he should go on making efforts again and again.

Question 8.
Why are “Triumph” and “Disaster” called imposters ?
Answer:
It is true to say, that generally all of use are affected with triumph and disaster. We are very happy when we get success, On the other hand we hopless and nervous when we meet with failures and disasters. As a matter of fact “Triumph” and “Disaster” are personified. They are imagined here as two persons whom we may come across in our life. They are governed by false appearances which deceive them to fell delight or grief. This is why they are called imposters. That is persons who pretend to be what they are not.

Question 9.
How far ‘If is a didactic poem ?
Or, Attempt a critical appreciation of If ?
Answer:
‘If is composed by Rudyard Kpling a verstile geneus and noble prize winner in English literature in 1907. The poet has a long experience of the India and the Indian. He identified him self as an Indian. The association with common people, female, beggars, soldiers and Nicus enncued his mind and he had comparission for them. In Victorian era imperialism was one of the substitutes of religious and Kipling was a great singer of empire. His love and devotion for imperialism is manifested in many forms-the sympathy with the soldiers who fought the fronteir wars, keep peace in the Empire, die glorious work for mere to Hence.

As a novelist Kim is one of the least novels which deals with the life it a Buddhist who is in search of a religious river. As a poet he is recognised as a great poet for children. He gives advices to elevate their moral character. But his teaching is cencealed he does not each as a preacher. His language is very clear and sometime he uses beblical phrases to make his abstract thought real.

This verse is a extract from a longer poem “If’. It is like a piece of instruction which a father is giving to his son so that his son’s moral character would be improved. Thus the poem shows simple faith and clear understanding. But the’use fo the word “If at the same time shows that probably it is not possible on everybody’s part to achieve these qualities. Hence the poem has on the one hand simplicity and directness on the other hand doubt and uncertainly.

The poet leaches us some moral lesson to develop our personal character and a useful member of our society. We should be pure in our thought and action. Self determination is the key of success. We should have dreams but we should not be swept away by emotions and feelings, they should be guided and controlled by reason. If we have capacity to their we must hink because a man is alive till he has imaginations and thought but out thought should not be our master. If we want to live in harmony and peace with our fellowmen we must give connection to the ideas and views of other persons.

If they think us responsible for their defeat we should care for them. In our personal life we meet Triumple and Disaster but we must treat them as importers. They should not be treated equally. If we can keep all our activities and defects as in the game pitch and for we must begain a fresh with new hope, we must fall once or twice but we should not speak of it. In our public life if some body doubts our integrity we should go one with our honest work. It we can wait and are not tired of waiting we should not speak a lie. If we posses a high rank in society and have an opportunity to walk with a king we must not serve our relation with the common person. If we have a cordial relation with them no foes or friends could bring any harm to us.

The language of the poem is simple. Kipling a master crafts man so the moral lesson of the poem is artfully concealed.

If Word Meanings

Blaming = दोषारोपण | trust = विश्वास । doubting = संदेह करना । hate = घृणा करना । wise = ईमानदार । triumph = विजय । knave = बेईमान ।

If Paraphrase

If we stand on our point of view when others are being defeated and think ourselves to be responsible for their defeat and if all men doubt us we must not care for their doubt. We should go on with our honest work. If we can wait and are not fined of waiting we should not speak a lie. If we are being hated by others we should not hate others in return. We should not be self righteous if we can talk wisely and intelligently.

Question 1.
If you can wait ………… not talk to wise.
Answer:
These lines have been taken from the poem, “If composed by Rudyard Kipling a great singer of British empire. In these lines the poet gives us some moral lesson as a father teaches his son some moral lessons to elevate his character. But the poet teaches us indirectly. He speaks of some virtue which a child should adopt in his life. He tails us to wait if we have patience enough not to be tired of waiting. If some body speaks a lie to us we should not tell a lie of him. If some body hales us we should not hale him in return. If we are capable of speaking wisely and intelligently we should not garb ourselves to be very righteous. The lang dage of this verse is simple and clear.

If we cherish dream we must dream but we should be the master of our dream. Imagination and emotion should not drive us out. Reason should be our supreme guide. If we have specially to think we should not make our thought our aim. In the battle of life we of course meet Triumph and Disaster. They should not be treated equally. If we have strength to tolerate the truth distorted by scerudrels to make others fool we must cultivate it. We must watch each and every activity of life.

Question 2.
If you can meet …………. just the same.
Answer:
There lines have been taken from the poem ‘IF composed by Rudyard Kipling. It is a didactic poem. The poet gives us some moral lesson. In the race of life a man meets triumph and disaster. Here the poet personifies Triumph and Disaster as imposters. They should not relied upon because they pretend to be but they are not. Triumph and adversary should be treated equally. We should not exalted on our triumph and we should not be very much sad when the adversary befalls on us. We shoulod not speak of our failure or defeat even in the least. There lines are important because they teach us the wisdom of life

Question 3.
The unforgiving minute ……………. If we waste its.
Answer:
The poet advises us to realise the importance of time. Our every minute is valuable. A minute which is lost can never be regained. So we should utilise our every minute to the least of our capacity. If we waste our time, time will waste us because, it is hard task master.

These are condlucing lines of them poem “If’ composed by Rudyard Kipling a great versitle of his time. The poet gives us some moral lesson not as a preacher but as a poet. He teaches us very artistically. In these lines the poet tells us the importance of time in our time. Time is very valuable. A minute which is lost can never be regained. So the poet suggests us to utilise our every minute to the least of our capacity. If we spoil our time, time will spoil us because it is true task master. If we use our time in a constructive way the whole world is ours and then we should be man in the real sense of the term.

Kipling is a great craftsman. He has coined good words and his language is simple and precise.

If About The Poet

Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) was bom in Bombay of parents of English- birth. He was educated in England and came to India at the age of eighteen and started a career of a journalism. He degnified himself as an Indian and started native Indian life and that of British officials and soldiers. Then he returned to England and lived there by his writings. He wrote a number of novels, short stories and poems which have been recognised by new. He was a famous writer in the early part of the century. As a recognition of his versatile genius and starting contribution to literature he was honoured by the nobel prize in 1907. He was the first English man to win it.

If Introduction

These veres are an extract from a longer poem ‘If. It is a didactic poem It is like a piece of instruction which father is giving to his son so that his sons moral character world be elevated. But the use of word If at the same time, shows that probable It is not possible on a anybody part to achieve these qualities. Hence the poem on the one hand simplicity and directness on the other doubt and uncertainty. The moral lesson of this poem is artificially cancealed.

If Summary in Hindi

अगर तुम मन को काबू में रखते हो जबकि दूसरे मन पर नियंत्रण न रख पा रहे हो और इसके लिए तुम्हें ही दोषी ठहरा रहा हो । अगर तुम खुद पर भरोसा कर सकते हो जबकि सभी तुम पर संदेह करते हों और उसे सही भी ठहरा रहे हों ।

अगर तुम इंतजार कर सकते हो और करते हुए थकते नहीं हो या झूठ सहकर भी झूठ से वास्ता नहीं रखते । या घृणा किए जाते हुए भी घृणा नहीं करते हो । और इन सबके बावजूद तुम सामान्य लगते हो, सामान्य तरीके से बातें करते हो ।

अगर तुम सपना देख सकते हो-पर सपनों को अपने ऊपर हावी नहीं होने देते-अगर तुम सोच सकते हो-और सोच को अपना लक्ष्य नहीं बनाते ।

अगर तुम जय और पराजय से मिलते हो और इन दो धोखेबाजों से सामान्य तरीके से पेश आते हो । अगर तुम उस सच को सुनकर सह लेते हो जो तुमने ही कहा, मगर जिसे बेईमान लोग तोड़-मरोड़कर दूसरों को धोखा देने के लिए उपयोग करते हैं ।

अगर तुम उन चीजों को जिनके लिए पूरा जीवन समर्पित कर दिया टूटते हुए देखते हो।

If Summary in English

The poet tells us to be firm in our stand we should give concession to the ideas of other people who was doubt our activities and idoligies. It is his view that when others are defeated and they think responsible for their. Defeat we should come a fig for them. If somebody doubts our integrity we should go on with our honest work. If we can wait and one not tired of waiting we should not speak a lie. If we are being hated by other we should not hate other in nature we should not be self rightous if we can talk wisely and intelligently.

We should of course dream but we should be the master of our dream. If we have capacity to think, we should not make our thoughts our aim. They should not be treated equally. If we have strength to the tolerate the trouble distected by scomrels to trouble others folle we must cultivates it. We must watch each and every activity in life.

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 12 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Class 12 Poem 3 If English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.

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Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Poem 6 Everyone Sang Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

BSEB Bihar Board 12th English Book 50 Marks Solutions Poem 6 Everyone Sang

Kick start your preparation by using our online resource Bihar Board Class 11 English Solutions. You can even download the Bihar Board Board Solutions for Class 11 Poem 6 Everyone Sang Questions and Answers in Prison free of cost through the direct links available on our page. Clear your queries and understand the concept behind them in a simple manner. Simply tap on the concept you wish to prepare in the chapter and go through it.

Bihar Board 12th English Everyone Sang Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who wrote this poem, “Every One Sang” ?
Answer:
Siegfried Sassoon wrote this poem, “Everyone Sang”.

Question 2.
When was the poet born ?
Answer:
The poet “Siegfried Sasson” was bom in 1886.

Question 3.
When did the poet die ?
Answer:
The poet Siegfried Sasson died in 1967.

Question 4.
What is meant by “Everyone Sang” ?
Answer:
The poem, “Every One Sang” suggests that every body related to this poem was filled with joy. Everyone felt the same kind of joy after the first world war 1914-18 had ended. When the news of Armistic came through in November 1918 every soldier, every man went wild with joy.

Question 5.
Write the important works of the poet.
Answer:
The important works of the poet of are
(i) Memories of an Infantry officer
(ii) The weald of youth
(iii) Siegfried’s journey
(iv) The old Wuntsman
(v) Counterattack
(vi) Satirical poems
(vii) Vigil etc.

Question 6.
Explain: O but everyone,
was bird, and the song was wordless,
the singing will never be done.
Answer:
The news of the Armistic made everyone happy and joyful body was jubilant and oveijoyed. Everyone felt the same joy that a caged bird feels when it is suddenly let loose and is allowed to fly as its sweet wile over orchards and green meadows. As a matter of fact the song was in ever one’s heart.

Question 7.
How does the poet express his sense of relief from the confinement and horror of french to warfare ?
Answer:
The poet had taken active part in the first world war. Actually he was a commissioned officer. During the war period he had to lead a cabined and confined life in same joy after getting freed one like the caged birds when they are made from their respective cages. He was very pleased as he got relief from the confinement and horror of fresh to war fare.

Question 8.
How does the poet express his seed of sadden ecstasy ?
Answer:
There was a sudden autburst of song all around when the news of armistic came it was a day fo great joy and happiness. Actually the poet’s heart was filled with the pleasure felt by caged birds when they are suddenly released and allowed to fly with a new found liberty over orchards and meadows. There was universal rejoicing, with the breath of new life that was on the air everybody was possessed with the glad emotions of song birds.

Question 9.
Critically examine the poem ‘Every One Sang’.
Answer:
The poet, Siegfried Sassoon, was bom in Kent in 1886 and died in 1967. He joined the First World War and wrote various volumes of lyrics and satires specially after 1918 against war and war activities.

The present poem refers to the end of the First World War in November, 1918, when the Germans were finally defeated and asked for armistice. When the news of armistice came it was a day of great joy and happiness. The poem expresses this happiness. In the first stanza the poet compares his joy with the joy of birds who have been suddenly set free from their cages. When the birds are set free they fly wildly into their freedom and quickly vanish out of sight so much is their joy. The war was like a prison and when it ended all felt a very great sense of joy and relief—a feeling that now the freedom has been won, and they have come out of prision. The poet comes from ‘delight’ to ‘beauty’ in the second stanza. All ugliness and ‘horror’ have vanished and everywhere it is beautiful.

He thinks of the beauty coming from the ‘setting sun1 and he almost cries out of joy (‘My heart was shaken with tears’). But his joy is deeper than they joy felt by the birds. It is because, first of all, it is a silent joy (song was wordless’), and secondly, it is more permanent than that of birds, (‘the singing will never be done’) Thus the poem is a short, well-organized poem. It express powerfully the feelings of joy and freedom. These feelings grew out of the armistice day in November, 1918, which give a special meaning to the poem. But we can also take the poem in a general way expressing the feelings of joy and freedom.

Question 10.
Why does the poet compare a soldier to a caged bird.
Answer:
The poet compares a solider on the war frong to a caged bird. A bird loves freedom and liberty. When it is caged it feels suffocations and it dislikes slavery. A soldier also fights for freedom and he is against of any kind of slavery. When a bird is set free from its cage it soars up in the sky and flies till it is out of sight. Likewise a solider is set free from the trenches and barracks. His heart leaps up when he hears that his enemy is defeated and armistice is announced. His desire for freedom is fulfilled and he is able to return to their homes to see their friends and relatives.

Everyone Sang Word Meanings

Everyone—Everyone who hearts the news of armistice, specially it refers to soldiers engaged in the war field and now they are set free. Prisoned birds— Birds prisoned to their cages. Everyone was a bird—Man is compared to the bird, because they enjoy fredom.

Everyone Sang Paraphrase

1. Every one suddenly ……….. and out of sight

In the first stanza of the poem the poet compares a solider engaged in the war field to a prisoned bird. A bird is prisoned in its case. As it is set free it goes on flying. At first it is seen flying over the orchards and green fields and it goes on flying till it is out of sight in the vast open sky. So the armistice is announced and the soldiers are set free from their trenches and barracks. They get freedom and their mission is to be fulfilled. So they burst out singing and their hearts leap up in the sky.

Explanation : These lines have been taken from the poem “Every one sang” composed by S. Sasson. In these lines the poet expresses his heart fell joys for freedom. The armistice is announced the Germans are defeated. Thus the mission for fighting a war is fulfilled and soldiers are set free.

So there is no end of thier joy. They start singing and dancing. The soliders are Compared to a caged bird. As a bird is set fee from its cage it goes on flying. It is seen flying over orchards and green field till it vanishes in the often blue sky. The soldiers are set free from their baracks and they enjoy real freedom. So they start singing and dancing.

2. In the second stanza the poet comes from “delight to Beauty”. The poet thinks of the beauty coming from “the setting sun” and he almost cries out of joy “My heart was, shaken with tears”. The poet has witnessed the horror of war. Thousands were killed and many beautiful towns and cities were destroyed only their debries were fund. Now the armistice is announced the germans are defeated. So there is dawn of permanent peace. The ugliness of war is over and there will be creations out of destructions. So the poet vigulises real beauty emerging from the clouds of war.

Explanation : In these concluding lines the poet comes from “delight to beauty”. The beauty coming from the setting sun. In the evening the horizon is red and birds are chirping on the way to their nests. The poet vigualises real beauty emerging from the clouds of war as a peace and creation. There will be creations out of destructions of war and now the humanity will denounce future war.

So the joys of soldiers are deeper and permanent than the joys of birds who are set free from their cages. The soliders can not give the expression of their joys in words. The poet is overjoyed and tears roll down from their checks, because the horror of war is over and there will be no war in future. Though it is expression of joy on the day of armistice but we take it in a general way expressing the feelings of joy and freedom.

Everyone Sang About the Poem

The poet Siegfried Sassoon was bom in Kent in 1886 and died in 1967. The joined the first world war (1914-19) and witnessed the horror of war. He loved freedom and democracy. For the sake of democracy he fought the war but at heart he loved peace and wished that permanent peace should prevail on this earth. As a poet he is renouned for his lyrics and satires. He wrote many poems on the horror of war. This poem refers to the end of the war in November 1918 when the Germans were finally defeated and asked for armistice.

Everyone Sang Introduction

“Everyone Sang” is a lyric composed by Sieg fried Sassoon a great lover for freedom of 20th century. The poet was engaged in war field (1914-19) and had witnessed the horror of the first world war. England participated in the war for the sake of liberty and protection of democracy. In the war field the poet led a trouble some life in trences and he was away from his kith and kin finally Germans was defeated and the news of armistic spread like the wild fire and every one began to sing a song of freedom and joy.

Everyone Sang Summary in Hindi

हर कोने सहसा ऊँचे-नीचे स्वरों में गाने लगा । सहसा सैकड़ों-हजारों कंठों से गीत फूट पड़े । और मैं खुशी से इतना भर उठा जैसे कि पिंजरमुक्त होकर पागलों की तरह उड़ान भरने लगते हैं । हरे-भरे मैदानों वनों से होते हुए गुजरते हैं और दूर-बहुत दूर जाकर अंत में आँखों से ओझल हो जाते हैं।

हर एक की आवाज एकाएक उठ गई, आरोह में आ गई और तब अस्त होते हुए सूर्य के सौन्दर्य की तरह सुन्दरता का आगमन हुआ । खुशी में मेरा हृदय झूम उठा । आतंक धीरे-धीरे छंटने लगा……….ओह, हर कोई तो जैसे पक्षी लग रहा हो । हाँ, लोगों के गीत नि:शब्द थे और उनका गीत एक कभी न शाम होनेवाला गीत था ।

Everyone Sang Summary in English

“Every One Sang” is a lyric composed by S. Sassoon a great war poet of 20th Century. The poet was engaged in war activities so he had witnessed the horror of war. In November 1918 the Germans were defeated and asked for armistice. When the news of armistice came it was a day of great joy and happiness. This poem is an expression of joy for freedom. The war was fought for freedom and the defeat of Germany was sure so the poet is over-joyed that the mission for fighting a war was to be fulfilled, Secondly the soldiers who were away from their Kith and Kin were to set free and now they would be able to see their relatives. So the news of armistice brought a great pleasure to them.

The poet compares a soldiers to a bird which gets freedom from its cage. As a bird is set free from its cage, it goes on flying in the open sky. It flies till it is our of sight in the vast blue sky. Likewise the soldier is set free from the barracks and frenches and he is over-joyed to hear that the war is over. He starts singing a song which symbolises his joy for freedom.

In the second stanza the poet comes from ‘Delight’ to ‘Beauty’ the horror of war vanishes and every where it is beautiful. The poet thinks of the beauty coming from “The setting sum and he almost cries out of joy” “My heart was shaken with tears”. The delight and they beauty which emerge from the clouds of war are more deepler and permanent than the joys of birds which get freedom from their cages.

This soliders are filled with intense joy and they can not giver expression to their joys in words. It is a permanent joy because the armistice would bring a permanent peace on the world. Though the feelings of joy were expressed on the day of armistice but we can also take the poem in a general way expressing the feelings of day and freedom.

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 12 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Class 12 Poem 6 Everyone Sang English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.

We believe the information shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English Poem 6 Everyone Sang Questions and Answers as far as our knowledge is concerned is true and reliable. In case of any queries or suggestions do leave us your feedback and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on several state board Solutions at your fingertips.

Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Poem 2 Echo Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

BSEB Bihar Board 12th English Book 50 Marks Solutions Poem 2 Echo

Kick start your preparation by using our online resource Bihar Board Class 11 English Solutions. You can even download the Bihar Board Board Solutions for Class 11 Poem 2 Echo Questions and Answers in Prison free of cost through the direct links available on our page. Clear your queries and understand the concept behind them in a simple manner. Simply tap on the concept you wish to prepare in the chapter and go through it.

Bihar Board 12th English Echo Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who wrote the poem “Echo”.
Answer:
Walter De La Mare wrote this poem “Echo”.

Question 2.
When and where was he born ?
Answer:
Walter De La Mare was born on April 26,1873 are Cholton, Kent.

Question 3.
When did he di ?
Answer:
Walter De La Mare died in 1952.

Question 4.
Write the chief works of the poet.
Answer:
The chief works of the poet are The Return, The Three mulla Mulgars, The Listerers and other poems, peacock pie memories of a mid get. The Ridde Broom Sticks, Told Again etc.

Question 5.
What is the central idea of tech poem “Echo” ?
Answer:
The central idea of the poem is mystery behind an echo. To the poet, it seems that he is being followed by some persons who always try to answer back whatever he says.

Question 6.
Who is “I” in the poem ?
Answer:
The poet is “I” in this poem.

Question 7.
What do you mean by “leafy boughs” ?
Answer:
It means bough’s of the trees full of leaves.

Question 8.
What do you understand by “bither thither” ?
Answer:
These two words mean here and there ‘everywhere.

Question 9.
Give two examples of onomatopoea ?
Answer:
The word onomatopoea is a figure of speech which means sound signifying sense. For this word two examples are
(i) hissing
(ii) whispersing.

Question 10.
What do you understand by the following lines:
“Eyes in the green in the shade,
In the motionless brake,
Voices the said what I said,
for mockery’s sake”.
Answer:
In the above said stanza the poet means to say that the looked here and there that is “In the green in the shade” but he found no one there naturally it seemed to him that somebody was replying to him mockingly.

Question 11.
Show that you have read and understood the poem “Echo”.
Or, Show your acquaintance with the poem “Echo”.
Or, Critically appriciate the poem “Echo “.
Answer:
Echo is a beautiful poem composed by Walter de la Mare, an eminent poet of the Edwardian age. The poem deals with a very simple experience that is how our sound is reflected back.

This is a personal experience of the poet which ultimately gets common sanction. The poet stood in the open space of a Jungle and said in loud voice who called ? No sooner it was spoken, than the poet heard the echo of his own voice-who called ? Who called one short sentence from the poet had produced two or more than two sentences. The sound who called rang in the atmosphere which baffled the birds. The birds became alert but they could not locate the original source of the echoing sound. The poet to wondered how his words were echoed back, who repeated who called ? Who called ?’ after him.

The poet stood in the open space of a thick forest. He imagines as if his sound went up to the leaves of the farthest branches of the trees, When he said, ‘who called ?’ loudly, the leaves hissed on the sun’. Beneath the trees it was all dark. It is really wonderful how the poet finds the air dark (dark air) which carried his cry to the unknown region.

‘Eyes in teh green’ in the third stanza suggest the rare gift of imagination which the poet had. The poet imagines as if there were some mysterious creatures behind the leaves and the trees looking at him but he was not able to spot them out Perhaps it were these creatures who rectumed his call. His simple who called ?’ was mockingly returned as who called ? Who called ?’ He thought they were unmocking his voice.

We find the poet’s reaction to the mimicry in the fourth and the last stanza of the poem. The mimicry brought a mixed feeling in the poet, of irritation and pain. Hence with tears in his eyes he cried aloud ‘who cares ?’ The show wind carried his voice to the furthest end of the forest. But very soon the poet received the same mimicking sound. Who cares ? Who cares ? rang throughout the forest.

The word used in the poem are simple and appropriate, ‘whispering glades’ ‘leafy boughts’, ‘dark air’ are some of fine uses language in the poem.

The lines.
The leafy bought on high
Hissed on the sun
and ‘who called ? who called ?
appeal to us at acoustic level.

Music plays key role in creating a dream like situation in the poem. There is a conscious effort on the part of De La Mare to create musical effect in the poem. Hence we get alternate rhyme scheme in the poem. It is a successful poem by Waleter De La Mare.

Question 12.
How would you explain echo through the content of the first stanza of the poem ?
Answer:
Echo is produced when a sound is reflected or sent back. In the first stanza of the poem, the poet refers to his own experience. In an open space of a certain forest the poet said who called in a loud voice. No sooner it was spoken than his words were reflected the whole atmosphere rang with who called ? Who called ? This was the echo of the poets original who called ?

Question 13.
What do you understand by the following lines.
This leafy boughs on high
Hissed on the Sun
Answer:
When who called ? form the poet produced an echo it resounded throughout the immediates sorrounding of the poet. The echo might have reached the twings of the trees, leaves on high branches of the trees were moving as the wind blew. The poet imagines as of the leaves were making hissing sound to the sun.

Question 14.
What is the significance of ‘eye’ in the third stanza of the poem?
Answer:
The ‘eyes’ referred to in the third stanza of the poem suggest the possibility of the presence of some mysterious creatures in the forest who were perhaps seeing the poet but whom the poet could not see.

Question 15.
Why did the poet say who cares ? and to what effect ?
Answer:
When the poet heard who called ? Who called he thought some unknown persons were mimicking him. He did not like this taunting reply. Actually he had mixed feeling of anger and pain and so with tears in his eyes he cried aloud ‘who cares ? ‘But who cares ?’ too produced the same effect which the earlier who called ? had produced. He heard the echo of “Who cares?” which we notice in the last two lines of the last stanza of the poem. In the silence, who cares ? who cares ? wailed to and fro.

The echo too bore the same wailing tenor which was there in the original ‘who cares ?’

Question 16.
Why were the birds baffled ?
Answer:
The birds were baffled to hear the echo produced by the words ‘who called ? of the poet. To the birds such sound was quite unusual, they were used to the quietude of the forest.

Question 17.
What do you understand by whispening glades ?
Answer:
Whispening glades in the first stanza refer to the twittering sound produced by the birds on the trees round the open space of the forest.

Echo Word Meanings

Whispering = फुस्फुसाहट, leafy = पत्तेदार । shade = छाया | motionless = गतिहीन । tears = आँसू । to and frow = इधर-उधर ।

Echo Paraphrase

Who called ? ………… who called ?

The speaker was in the forest. He said who called ? His words travelled through the clear open spaces in the forest. Who called ? resounded here and here in the jungle. The echo who called ? Who called puzzled the birds they could not understand where from sound was coming to them.

The leafy boughs ………… faintingly on.

Even the high large branches at the top of the trees seemed to receive the echoing sound which they passed on to the sun. Under the trees the air is dark. When the speaker speaks out loudly the leaves make hissing sound the dark air carries his cry further.

Eyes in the green ………… sake.

Here the poet makes use of his imagination. He imagines as if some unseen persons are hidden behind the trees in darkness. Perhaps the echo is made by them. He imagines that the eyes which he cannot see are looking at him from all comers of the thick forest. The echo of ’who called is produced by those unseen persons just to ridicule him.

Who cares ………… to and fro.

The speaker sharply reacts to the mocking tone of echo coming from the unseen persons. He cries in his loud shrill voice who cares ? The speed of the wind slows down and once again the speaker is baffled at the echo. Who cares who cares ? once again he hears the same type of mocking sound.

Echo About the Poet

Walter De la mare (1873-1956) a poet of great imagination and craftsmanship was born in 1873 at Charlton in Kent. He wrote poems novels fantasy and critical essays but primarily he was a lyric poet. He was a teller of hounting tales, a poet of childhood wonder and of strange beauty. Came Hither” which came in 1923 makes a delightful reading for children we find ourselves floating along with the poet in a dream world such is the atmosphere of the poems by De La Mare.

Walter De La mare wrote with directness and simplicity and in a wide variety of measures. His poems are always musical, evoling a sense of the strange, the pathetic, the other-wordly whimsical and the charming.

Echo Summary in Hindi

‘किसने पुकारा’-मैंने कहा और मेरे वे शब्द जंगल की पगडंडियों में फुसफुसाहट के स्वर में यहाँ-वहाँ सभी जगह गूंजने लगे । कुछ इतना अधिक कि पक्षी भ्रमित हो गए । ये सुनकर-किसने पुकारा । किसने पुकारा।

पेड़ों की ऊपरी शाखाओं के पत्ते सूरज से फुसफुसा कर यही शब्द कहने लगे-किसने पुकारा । अंधेरा मेरे इन शब्दों को मद्धिम होते स्वर में फैलाने लगा-किसने पुकारा ।

पड़ों की परछाई में से ऐसा लगता है मानो कई जोड़ी आँखें निहार रही हैं । लगता है अदृश्य लोग पेड़ों के पीछे ठिठके हुए हैं और निहार रहे हैं कि कौन पुकार रहा है । पुकारने वाला है कौन?

आँखों में आँसू लिए मैं चीख उठा-‘किसको फिकर है’ । एकाएक हवा ठहर गई । फिर नीरवता में यह चीख भी गूंजने लगी-‘किसको फिकर है’, किसको फिकर है ।’ फिर बिलख-बिलखकर रोने लगी-‘किसको फिकर है’, ‘किसको फिकर है’।

Echo Summary in English

‘Echo’ deals with a very simple human exprience, that is how does any sound echo. The speaker stood in a forest and said who called ? No sooner it was spoken than the sound returned ‘Who called ? Who called. Actually the speaker’s sound travelled through the clear open spaces in the forest. The sound ‘who called’ rang in the atmosphere. The birds were puzzled they could not locate the source of the souond. The speaker was no less buffled as to how his words were echoed back what was the object which returned his sound ?

The speaker stood in the open space of a thick forest. He imagines as if his sound went upto the leaves of the fathest branches of the trees. Those leaves seemed to pass it on to the sun. Beneath the trees the air was dark. Where he said, who called loudly, the leaves made hissing sound, the dark air carried his cry to the region not known to the speaker.

In the third stanza of the poem the poet imagines as if there were some mysterious creatures behind the rees who were looking at him but he was not able to spot them out. Perhaps his call was returned by those mysterious creatures. His simple ‘who called was mockingly returned to him in the form of ‘who called’ was called.

The speaker perhaps did not like this mocking tone. He reacted sharply and cried in his loud shrill voice who cares The wind slowed down once again his voice was reflected back and who cares, who cares ? rang throughout the forest. The speaker heard his own weeping tone.

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 12 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Class 12 Poem 2 Echo English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.

We believe the information shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English Poem 2 Echo Questions and Answers as far as our knowledge is concerned is true and reliable. In case of any queries or suggestions do leave us your feedback and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on several state board Solutions at your fingertips.

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पाठ्यनिहित प्रश्न एवं उनके उत्तर

प्रश्न 6.1
पाठ्यपुस्तक की सारणी 6.1 में दर्शाए गए अयस्कों में से कौन-से चुम्बकीय पृथक्करण विधि द्वारा सान्द्रित किए जा सकते हैं?
उत्तर:
यदि अयस्क या गैंग (दोनों में से एक) चुम्बकीय हो उन्हें चुम्बकीय प्रथक्करण विधि द्वारा किया जा सकता है। सारणी में दर्शाए गये अयस्क जैसे-हेमेटाइट (Fe₂O₃), मेग्नेटाइट (Fe₃O₄) सिडेराइट (FeCO₃) तथा आयरन पाइराइट (FeS₂) को चुम्बकीय पृथक्करण विधि द्वारा सान्द्रित किया जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 6.2
ऐलुमिनियम के निष्कर्षण में निक्षालन का क्या महत्त्व है?
उत्तर:
ऐलुमिनियम के मुख्य अयस्क बाक्साइट में मुख्यत: SiO₂, आयरन ऑक्साइड आदि की अशुद्धियाँ होती हैं जिन्हें ऐलुमिनियम के निष्कर्षण में निक्षालन द्वारा हटाया जा सकता है तथा शुद्ध ऐलुमिना भी प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 6.3
अभिक्रिया Cr₂O₃ + 2Al → Al₂O₃ + 2Cr (∆G° = – 421 kJ) के गिब्ज ऊर्जा मान से लगता है कि अभिक्रिया ऊष्मागतिकी के अनुसार सम्भव है, पर यह कक्ष ताप पर सम्पन्न क्यों नहीं होती?
उत्तर:
चूँकि संक्रियण ऊर्जा की निश्चित मात्रा ऊष्मा गतिकीय अभिक्रियाओं के लिए आवश्यक होती है, अतः दी गई अभिक्रिया को सम्पन्न करने के लिए अतिरिक्त ऊष्मा की आवश्यकता होती है।

प्रश्न 6.4
क्या यह सत्य है कि कुछ विशिष्ट परिस्थितियों में मैग्नीशियम, Al₂O₃ को अपचित कर सकता है और Al, Mgo को? वे परिस्थितियाँ कौन-सी है?
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से करें।

Bihar Board Class 12 Chemistry तत्त्वों के निष्कर्षण के सिद्धान्त एवं प्रक्रम Additional Important Questions and Answers

अभ्यास के प्रश्न एवं उनके उत्तर

प्रश्न 6.1
कॉपर का निष्कर्षण हाइड्रोधातुकर्म द्वारा किया जाता है, परन्तु जिंक का नहीं। व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
जिंक का मानक इलेक्ट्रोड विभव (E^Θ) [Zn²⁺ | Zn = – 0.76 V] कॉपर व E^Θ | Cu²⁺ | Cu = + 0.34] से कम होता है। दूसरी ओर जिंक Cu²⁺ आयनों के विलयन से Cu को विस्थापित कर सकता है।
Zn (s) + Cu²⁺ (aq) → Zn²⁺ (aq) + Cu (s)
इसीलिए Zn²⁺ आयनों के विलयन से जिंक विस्थापित करने के लिए हमें इससे अधिक क्रियाशील धातु की आवश्यकता होगी अर्थात्

परन्तु ये सभी धातुएँ जल से क्रिया करके अपने सम्बन्धित आयन बनाती हैं तथा H₂ गैस मुक्त करती है। इसलिए Al, Mg आदि को Zn²⁺ आयनों के विलयन से जिंक विस्थापित करने में प्रयुक्त नहीं किया जा सकता। अतः कॉपर का निष्कर्षण हाइड्रोधातुकर्म द्वारा किया जा सकता है, परन्तु जिंक का नहीं।

प्रश्न 6.2
फेन प्लवन विधि में अवनमक की क्या भूमिका है?
उत्तर:
फेन प्लावन विधि में, अवनमक की भूमिका दो सल्फाइड अयस्कों को पृथक् करना होता है। उदाहरणार्थ: एक अयस्क में से जिंक सल्फाइड (ZnS) तथा लेड सल्फाइड को पृथक करने के लिए सोडियम साइनाइड (NaCN) प्रयुक्त किया जाता है। इस चयन से ZnS को फेन में आने से रोकता है परन्तु Pbs को फेन में आने देता है। अत: ZnS अयस्क से पृथक किया जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 6.3
अपचयन द्वारा आक्साइड अयस्कों की अपेक्षा पाइराइट से ताँबे का निष्कर्षण अधिक कठिन क्यों है?
उत्तर:
Cu₂S के निर्माण की मानक मुक्त ऊर्जा (∆_fG^Θ); CS₂ तथा H₂S की मानक मुक्त ऊर्जा की तुलना में अधिक होती है। इसलिए कार्बन तथा हाइड्रोजन Cu₂S को Cu में अपचयित नहीं कर सकते हैं।
Cu₂S + H₂ → 2Cu ↓+ H₂S ↑
2Cu₂S + C → 4Cu ↓+ CS₂
दूसरी ओर Cu₂O का ∆_fG^Θ CO₂ की तुलना में अत्यन्त कम होता है, इसलिए कार्बन सरलता से Cu₂O को Cu में अपचयित कर सकता है।
Cu₂O(s) + C(s) → 2Cu(s) + CO(g)
इसी कारण अपचयन द्वारा ऑक्साइड अयस्कों की अपेक्षा पाइराइट से ताँबे का निष्कर्षण अधिक कठिन है।

प्रश्न 6.4
व्याख्या कीजिए –

1. मण्डल परिष्करण
2. स्तम्भ वर्णलेखिकी।

उत्तर:
1. मण्डल परिष्करण (Zone Refining):
यह विधि इस सिद्धान्त पर आधारित है कि अशुद्धियों की विलेयता धातु की ठोस अवस्था की अपेक्षा गलित अवस्था में अधिक होती है। अशुद्ध धातु की छड़ के एक किनारे पर एक वृत्ताकार गतिशील तापक लगा रहता है (चित्र)।

इसकी सहायता अशुद्ध धातु को गर्म किया जाता है। तापक जैसे ही आगे की ओर बढ़ता है, गलित से शुद्ध धातु क्रिस्टलित हो जाती है तथा अशुद्धियाँ संलग्न गलित मण्डल में चली जाती हैं।

चित्र – मण्डल परिष्करण प्रक्रम

इस क्रिया को कई बार दोहराया जाता है तथा तापक को एक ही दिशा में बार-बार चलाते हैं। अशुद्धियाँ छड़ के एक किनारे पर एकत्रित हो जाती हैं। इसे काटकर अलग कर लिया जाता है। यह विधि मुख्य रूप से अतिउच्च शुद्धता वाले अर्धचालकों तथा अन्य अतिशुद्ध धातुओं; जैसे-जर्मेनियम, सिलिकॉन, बोरॉन, गैलियम तथा इंडियम को प्राप्त करने के लिए बहुत उपयोगी है।

2. स्तम्भ वर्णलेखिकी (Column Chromatography):
यह विधि इस सिद्धान्त पर आधारित है कि अधिशोषक पर मिश्रण के विभिन्न घटकों का अधिशोषण अलग-अलग होता है। मिश्रण को द्रव या गैसीय माध्यम में रखा जाता है जो कि अधिशोषक में से गुजरता है। स्तम्भ में विभिन्न घटक भिन्न-भिन्न स्तरों पर अधिशोषित हो जाते हैं। बाद में अधिशोषित घटक उपर्युक्त विलायकों (निक्षालक) द्वारा निक्षालित कर लिए जाते हैं। गतिशील माध्यम की भौतिक

अवस्था, अधिशोषक पदार्थ की प्रकृति एवं गतिशील माध्यम के गमन के प्रक्रम पर भी निर्भर होने के कारण इसे ‘स्तम्भ वर्णलेखिकी’ नाम दिया जाता है। इस प्रकार की एक विधि में कांच की नली में Al₂O₃ का एक स्तम्भ बनाया जाता है तथा गतिशील माध्यम जिसमें अवयवों का विलयन उपस्थित होता है, द्रव प्रावस्था में होता है।

यह स्तम्भ-वर्णलेखिकी का एक उदाहरण है। यह सूक्ष्म मात्रा में पाए जाने वाले शुद्धिकरण और शुद्ध किए जाने वाले तत्व तथा अशुद्धियों के रासायनिक गुणों में अधिक भिन्नता न होने की स्थिति में, शुद्धिकरण के लिए अत्यधिक उपयोगी होती है। स्तम्भ वर्णलेखिकी में प्रयुक्त प्रक्रम में चित्र में दर्शाया गया है।

चित्र-स्तम्भ वर्णलेखिकी

प्रश्न 6.5
673 K ताप पर C तथा CO में से कौन-सा अच्छा अपचायक है?
उत्तर:
जब कार्बन डाइआक्सीजन से अभिक्रिया करता है, तब दो अभिक्रियाँ सम्भव होती हैं –
C(s) + O₂ (g) → CO₂ (g)
2C(s) + O₂ (g) → 2CO (g) प्रथम अभिक्रिया में उत्पन्न CO₂ का आयतन, प्रयुक्त O₂ के आयतन के बराबर होता है, इसलिए ∆S अत्यन्त कम होता है तथा ∆G ताप के साथ परिवर्तित नहीं होता है। अतः ∆G तथा T के मध्य ग्राफ लगभग क्षैतिज होता है। द्वितीय अभिक्रिया प्रयुक्त O₂ के प्रत्येक एक आयतन के लिए CO के दो आयतन उत्पन्न करती है।

चित्र-कार्बन के लिए एर्लिंघम आरेख

अतः ∆S धनात्मक होता है तथा ∆G ताप बढ़ाने पर ऋणात्मक रूप से बढ़ता है। परिणामस्वरूप एलिंघम आरेख पर इसकी रेखा का ढाल नीचे की ओर होता है। अभिक्रियाओं C → CO₂ तथा C → CO के लिए दोनों रेखाएँ 983 K पर एक-दूसरे को काटती हैं।

इस ताप से नीचे CO₂ का निर्माण करने वाली अभिक्रिया ऊष्मीय रूप से अधिक सम्भव होगी, परन्तु 673 K से अधिक ताप पर CO का निर्माण होगा। दूसरे शब्दों में 673 K से नीचे ताप पर C तथा CO दोनों अपचायक की भाँति कार्य करते हैं ‘क्योंकि CO का CO₂ में आक्सीकरण C → CO₂ की अपेक्षा सरलता से हो सकता है, इसलिए 673 K से ताप पर CO कार्बन की अपेक्षा अधिक प्रभावी अपचायक होता है।

प्रश्न 6.6
कॉपर के विद्युत-अपघट्न शोधन में ऐनोड पंक में उपस्थित सामान्य तत्वों के नाम दीजिए। वे वहाँ कैसे उपस्थित होते हैं?
उत्तर:
कॉपर के विद्युत अपघट्न शोधन में ऐनोड पंक में उपस्थित सामान्य तत्व ऐन्टीमनी, सेलेनियम, सिल्वर, गोल्ड आदि (CuSO₄ + H₂SO₄) हैं। ये तत्व, कम क्रियाशील होते हैं जिससे ये विलयन द्वारा प्रभावित नहीं होते और ऐनोड पर ऐनोड पंक के रूप में विद्यमान रहते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.7
आयरन (लोहे) के निष्कर्षण के दौरान वात्या भट्टी के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में होने वाली अभिक्रियाओं को लिखिए।
उत्तर:
वात्या भट्टी मे विभिन्न ताप-परासों में आयरन ऑक्साइड का अपचयन होता है। वात्या भट्टी में होने वाली अभिक्रियाएँ निम्नलिखित हैं –
500 – 800K पर (वात्या भट्टी में निम्न ताप परिसर में)
3Fe₂O₃ + CO → 2Fe₃O₄ + CO₂↑
Fe₃O₄ + 4CO → 3Fe ↓+ 4CO₂ ↑
Fe₂O₃ + CO → 2FeO + CO₂ ↑
900 – 1500K पर (वात्या भट्टी में उच्च ताप-परिसर में)
C + CO₂ → 2CO ↑
FeO + CO → Fe ↓+ CO₂ ↑
चूना पत्थर (लाइमस्टोन) भी CaO में अपघटित हो जाता है जो अयस्क की सिलिकेट अशुद्धि को धातुमल के रूप में हटा देता है। धातुमल स्लैग गलित अवस्था में हो जाता है तथा आयरन से पृथक्कृत हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 6.8
जिंक ब्लेण्ड से जिंक के निष्कर्षण में होने वाली रासायनिक अभिक्रियाओं को लिखिए।
उत्तर:
जिंक ब्लेण्ड से जिंक के निष्कर्षण में होने वाली रासायनिक अभिक्रियाएँ निम्नलिखित हैं –

1. सान्द्रण (Concentration):
अयस्क का सान्द्रण फेन प्लावन प्रक्रम द्वारा किया जाता है।

2. भर्जन (Roasting):
सान्द्रित अयस्क को लगभग 1200K ताप पर वायु की अधिकता में भर्जन किया जाता है जिससे जिंक ऑक्साइड प्राप्त होता है।

3. अपचयन (Reduction):
प्राप्त जिंक ऑक्साइड को चूर्णित कोक के साथ मिलाकर एक फायर क्ले रिटॉर्ट में 1673K तक गर्म करने पर जिंक धातु में अपचयित हो जाता है।

4. विद्यत-अपघटनी शोधन (Electrolytic refining):
अशुद्ध जिंक ऐनोड तथा कैथोड शुद्ध जिंक कैथोड लेते हैं। इसमें विद्युत-अपघट्य तनु H₂SO₄ से अम्लीकृत ZnSO₄ विलयन लेकर विद्युत धारा प्रवाहित करने पर शुद्ध Zn कैथोड पर प्राप्त हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 6.9
कॉपर के धातुकर्म में सिलिका की भूमिका बताइए।
उत्तर:
भर्जन के दौरान, कॉपर पाइराइट FeO तथा Cu₂O के मिश्रण में परिवर्तित हो जाते हैं।

2FeS + 3O₂ → 2FeO + 2SO₂
FeO तथा कॉपर, कॉपर मेट के रूप में प्राप्त होता है इसमें Cu₂S तथा Fes होते हैं। FeO, SiO₂ से संयोग करके फेरस सिलिकेट (FeSiO₃) धातुमल बनाता है जो गलित अवस्था में मैट पर तैरता है।

प्रश्न 6.10
‘वर्णलेखिकी’ पद का क्या अर्थ है?
उत्तर:
वर्णलेखिकी (Chromatography) को मूल रूप में ग्रीक शब्द Chroma अर्थात् रंग या वर्ण तथा graphy अर्थात् लेखन है। किसी मिश्रण के कुछ या सभी अवयवों को भिन्न प्रावस्थाओं में पृथक करने के प्रक्रम को वर्णलेखिकी कहते हैं। यह विधि किसी मिश्रण के अवयवों के दो प्रावस्थाओं के मध्य वर्णात्मक वितरण पर आधारित है। इस में एक अवस्था स्थिर अवस्था ठोस या द्रव होती है और दूसरी प्रावस्था गतिमान प्रावस्था द्रव या गैस होती है।

प्रश्न 6.11
वर्णलेखिकी में स्थिर प्रावस्था के चयन में क्या मापदण्ड अपनाए जाते हैं?
उत्तर:
स्थिर प्रावस्था का चयन के लिए अशुद्धियाँ स्थिर प्रावस्था में शुद्ध होने वाले तत्व से अधिक विलेय हो। जब स्तम्भ का निष्कर्षण किया जाता है, तब अशुद्धियाँ स्थिर प्रावस्था द्वारा रुक जाती है तथा शुद्ध घटक को सरलतापूर्वक हटा देते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.12
निकिल-शोधन की विधि समझाइए।
उत्तर:
निकिल शोधन की मॉन्ड प्रक्रम:
इस प्रक्रम में निकिल को कार्बन मोनोक्साइड के प्रवाह में गरम करने से वाष्पसील निकिल टेट्राकार्बोनिल संकुल बन जाता है –

इस कार्बोनिल को और अधिक ताप पर गरम करते हैं, जिससे यह विघटित होकर शुद्ध धातु दे देता है।

प्रश्न 6.13
सिलिकायुक्त बॉक्साइट अयस्क में से सिलिका को ऐलुमिना से कैसे अलग करते हैं? यदि कोई समीकरण हो तो दीजिए।
उत्तर:
सिलिकायुक्त बॉक्साइट अयस्क को NaOH के सान्द्रविलयन के साथ 473 – 523K ताप पर तथा 35-36 bar दाब पर गर्म करते हैं। इससे, ऐलुमिना, सोडियम ऐलुमिनेट के रूप में तथा सिलिका, सोडियम सिलिकेट के रूप में घुल जाती है तथा अशुद्धियाँ अवशेष के रूप में रह जाती हैं।

सोडियम सिलिकेट परिणामी विलयन को छानकर अविलेय अशुद्धियों (यदि कोई हो) को हटा दिया जाता है तथा इसे CO₂ गैस प्रवाहित करके उदासीन कर दिया जाता है। इस अवस्था पर विलयन को ताजा बने हुए जलयोजित Al₂O₃ के नमूने से बीजरोपित किया जाता है, जो अवक्षेपण को प्रेरित करता है।

सोडियम सिलिकेट विलयन में शेष रह जाता है तथा जलयोजित ऐलुमिना को छानकर, सुखाकर तथा गर्म करके पुनः शुद्ध Al₂O₃ प्राप्त कर लिया जाता है।

प्रश्न 6.14
उदाहरण देते हुए भर्जन एवं निस्तापन में अन्तर बताइए।
उत्तर:
निस्तापन (Calcination):
इस क्रिया में सांद्रित अयस्क को इतना गर्म करते हैं कि वह पिघले नहीं। इस क्रिया में अयस्क से गैसीय पदार्थ अथवा वाष्पशील पदार्थ अलग हो जाते हैं। गैस निकलने से अयस्क सरन्ध्र हो जाते हैं।
कार्बोनेट अयस्क अपघटित हो आक्साइड में बदल जाते हैं तथा CO₂ निकल जाती है।
CaCO₃ + CaO + CO₂
ZnCO₃ → ZnO + CO₂

भर्जन (Roasting):
इस क्रिया में अयस्क को वायु की उपस्थिति में उसके गलनांक से नीचे गर्म किया जाता है। भर्जन क्रिया के द्वारा अयस्क आंशिक या पूर्ण रूप से आक्सीकृत हो जाता है। यहाँ S, As आदि अशुद्धियाँ ऑक्साइड के रूप में निकल जाती हैं तथा अयस्क ऑक्साइड में परिवर्तित हो जाते हैं। जैसे-जिंक ब्लैड (ZnS) के भर्जन पर ZnO प्राप्त होता है।
2ZnS + 3O₂ → 2ZnO + 2SO₂

भर्जन एवं निस्तापन में अन्तर (Difference between Roasting and Calcination):
निस्तापन तथा भर्जन लगभग समान क्रियाएँ होती हैं। भर्जन में अयस्क को अकेले अथवा किसी अन्य पदार्थ के साथ गर्म करते हैं, जबकि निस्तापन अयस्क को अकेले ही गर्म करते हैं। भर्जन में As, Sb, S आदि की अशुद्धियाँ आक्साइड बनकर बाहर निकल जाती हैं, जबकि निस्तापन में H₂O तथा CO₂ आदि बाहर निकल जाते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.15
ढलवाँ लोहा कच्चे लोहे से किस प्रकार भिन्न होता है?
उत्तर:
वात्या भट्टी से प्राप्त लोहे में लगभग 4% कार्बन तथा अन्य अशुद्धियाँ; जैसे – S, P, Si, Mn सूक्ष्म मात्रा में उपस्थित रहती है। यह कच्चे लोहे (pig iron) के नाम से जाना जाता है तथा विभिन्न आकृतियों में ढाला जा सकता है। ढलवाँ लोहा (cast iron) कच्चे लोहे से भिन्न होता है तथा इसे कच्चे लोहे को, रद्दी लोहे एवं कोक के साथ गर्म हवा के झोंकों द्वारा पिघलाकर बनाया जाता है। इसमें थोड़ा कम कार्बन (लगभग 3%) होता है तथा यह अति कठोर और भंगुर होता है।

प्रश्न 6.16
अयस्कों तथा खनिजों में अन्तर स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
खनिज (minerals):
प्रकृति में पाए जाने वाले धातु के विभिन्न खनिज कहलाते हैं, जैसे – एक सॉल्ट (NaCl)

अयस्क (Ores):
वे खनिज जिसे शद्ध धातु का निष्कर्षण अधिक मात्रा में कम व्यय पर सुविधा से किया जा सकता है, अयस्क कहलाते हैं। जैसे – बॉक्साइट (Al₂O₃.2H₂O) एल्युमीनियम का अयस्क है। अतः सभी अयस्क खनिज होते हैं, परन्तु सभी खनिज अयस्क नहीं होते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.17
कॉपर मैट को सिलिका की परत चढ़े हुए परिवर्तकों में क्यों रखा जाता है?
उत्तर:
कॉपर मैट में Cu₂S तथा FeS से जब कॉपर मैट को सिलिका की परत चढ़े हुए परिवर्तक में लेकर इसमें गर्म वायु का तेज झोंका प्रवाहित करते हैं तब मैट में उपस्थित FeS फेरिक ऑक्साइड ऑक्सीकृत हो जाता है और सिलिका से क्रिया कर FeSiO₂ धातुमल बनाता है।

जब धातुमल (FeSiO₃) को अलग कर लिया जाता है तो Cu₂S ऑक्सीकृत होकर Cu₂O बनाता है जो Cu₂S के संयोग से कॉपर धातु देता है।
2Cu₂S + 3O₂ → 2Cu₂O + 2SO₂
2Cu₂O + Cu₂S → 6Cu + SO₂
अतः कॉपर के निष्कर्षण में सिलिका की भूमिका धातुमल को हटाने की होती है।

प्रश्न 6.18
ऐलुमिनियम के धातुकर्म में क्रायोलाइट की क्या भूमिका है?
उत्तर:
यह ऐलुमिना के गलनांक को कम करता है और उसकी विद्युत चालकता को बढ़ाता है।

प्रश्न 6.19
निम्न कोटि के कॉपर अयस्कों के लिए निक्षालन क्रिया को कैसे किया जाता है?
उत्तर:
निम्न कोटि के कॉपर अयस्कों से कॉपर का निष्कर्षण हाइड्रोधातु कर्म द्वारा करते हैं। इसे अम्ल या जीवाणु के उपयोग से निक्षालित करते हैं तथा Cu²⁺ आयन युक्त विलयन H₂ से क्रिया करते हैं।
Cu²⁺ (aq) + H₂ (g) → Cu(s) + 2H⁺ (aq)

प्रश्न 6.20
CO के उपयोग करते हुए अपचयन द्वारा जिंक ऑक्साइड से जिंक का निष्कर्षण क्यों नहीं किया जाता?
उत्तर:
चूंकि CO से CO₂ के निर्माण की मानक मुक्त ऊर्जा (∆_fG^Θ), Zn से Zn0 के निर्माण की मानक ऊर्जा अधिक होने के कारण Zno को Zn में अपचयित करने के लिए CO का उपयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 6.21
Cr₂O₃ के विरचन के लिए ∆_fG^Θ का मान – 540 kJ mol^-1 है तथा Al₂O₃ के लिए – 827 kJ mol^-1 है। क्या Cr₂O₃ का अपचयन Al से सम्भव है?
गणना:
इस प्रक्रम में अभिक्रियाओं के दो समीकरण है –

समीकरण (1) को (2) में से घटाने पर,
\(\frac{4}{3}\) cr(s) – \(\frac{4}{3}\) Al(s) → \(\frac{2}{3}\) Cr₂O₃ (s) – \(\frac{2}{3}\) Al₂O₃(s);
\(\frac{4}{3}\) Al (s) + \(\frac{2}{3}\) Cr₂O₃ (s) → \(\frac{2}{3}\) Al₂O₃ (s) + \(\frac{4}{3}\) Cr (s); ∆_fG^Θ = -287 kJ mol^-1
∵ संयुक्त रेडॉक्स अभिक्रिया का ∆_fG^Θ ऋणात्मक है।
∴ Cr₂O₃ का अपचयन Al से सम्भव है।

प्रश्न 6.22
C व CO में से Zno के लिए कौन-सा अपचायक अच्छा है?
उत्तर:
जिंक ऑक्साइड का अपचयन कोक द्वारा किया जाता है। इसमें कॉपर की स्थिति की अपेक्षा ताप अधिक रखा जाता है। तापन के लिए ऑक्साइड की कोक तथा मृदा के साथ छोटी-छोटी ईटें बनाई जाती हैं।

धातु को आसवित कर तथा तीव्र शीतलन द्वारा एकत्र कर लेते हैं। C से CO के निर्माण की मुक्त ऊर्जा (∆_fG^Θ) 1120K से अधिक ताप पर कम हो जाती है, जबकि O से CO₂ के निर्माण की मुक्त ऊर्जा, Zn0 के AG° की तुलना में, 1323 K से अधिक ताप पर कम हो 1120 K से अधिक ताप पर C से CO के बनने में मुक्त ऊर्जा कम हो जाती है।

जबकि 1323 K से अधिक ताप पर C से CO₂ के बनने में मुक्त ऊर्जा, ZnO की मुक्त ऊर्जा की तुलना में कम हो जाती है। चूंकि CO से CO₂ की मुक्त ऊर्जा ZnO से अधिक होती है, अत: C, ZnO का Zn में अपचयन कर सकता है जबकि CO नहीं। अत: c व CO में से ZnO के लिए अच्छा अपचायक C है, जबकि CO नहीं।

प्रश्न 6.23
किसी विशेष स्थिति में अपचायक का चयन ऊष्मागतिकी कारकों पर आधारित है। आप इस कथन से कहाँ तक सहमत हैं? अपने मत के समर्थन में दो उदाहरण दीजिए।
उत्तर:
किसी निश्चित धात्विक ऑक्साइड का धात्विक अवस्था में अपचयन करने के लिए उचित अपचायक का चयन करने में ऊष्मागतिकी कारक सहायता करता है। इसे निम्नवत् समझा जा सकता है –

ऐलिंघम आरेख से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि वे धातुएँ, जिनके लिए उनके ऑक्साइडों के निर्माण की मानक ऊर्जा अधिक ऋणात्मक होती है, उन धातु ऑक्साइडों को अपचयित कर सकती है जिनके लिए उनके सम्बन्धित ऑक्साइडों के निर्माण की मानक मुक्त ऊर्जा कम ऋणात्मक होती है। दूसरे शब्दों में कोई धातु किसी धातु के ऑक्साइड को केवल तब अपचयित कर सकती है, जबकि यह एलिंघम आरेख में इस धातु से नीचे स्थित हो।

चूँकि संयुक्त रेडॉक्स अभिक्रिया का मानक मुक्त ऊर्जा परिवर्तन ऋणात्मक होगा (जोकि दोनों धातु आक्साइडों के ∆_fG^Θ में अन्तर के तुल्य होता है।); अत: Al तथा Zn दोनों FeO को Fe में अपचयित कर सकते हैं, परन्तु Fe, Al₂O₃, को Al में तथा ZnO को Zn में अपचयित नहीं कर सकता। इसी प्रकार C, ZNO को Zn में अपचयित कर सकता है, परन्तु CO को नहीं।

प्रश्न 6.24
उस विधि का नाम लिखिए जिसमें क्लोरीन सहउत्पाद के रूप में प्राप्त होती है। क्या होगा यदि NaCl के जलीय विलयन का विद्युत अपघटन किया जाए?
उत्तर:
सोडियम धातु डॉउन प्रक्रम द्वारा प्राप्त की जा सकती है। इस प्रक्रम में NaCl तथा CaCl₂ के संगलित मिश्रण का 873K पर विद्युत अपघटन किया जाता है। जिससे सोडियम कैथोड पर निरावेशित होती है तथा Cl₂ ऐनोड पर सहउत्पाद के रूपं में होती है।

यदि NaCl के जलीय विलयन का विद्युत अपघटन किया जाता है तो कैथोड पर H₂ मुक्त होती है तथा Cl₂ ऐनोड पर प्राप्त होती है। चूँकि Na⁺/ Na रेडॉक्स युग्म का E°(= – 2.17 V) जल के E° (= – 0.83 V) की अपेक्षा कम होता है तथा अत: जल Na⁺ आयनों की अपेक्षा H₂ में अपचयित हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 6.25
ऐलुमिनियम के विद्युत-धातुकर्म में ग्रेफाइट छड़ की क्या भूमिका है?
उत्तर:
इस धातु में Al₂O₃ में Na₃AlF₆ या CaF₂ मिलाया जाता है जिससे मिश्रण का कम हो जाता है और इसमें चालकता आ जाती है। विद्युत-अपघटन में ग्रेफाइट के रूप में विद्युत अपघटन तथा स्टील कैथोड के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हैं। विद्युत-अपघट्य में Al कैथोड पर और CO तथा CO₂ ऐनोड पर बनती है।

कथोड:
Al³⁺ (गलित) → Al(l)

ऐनोड:
C(s) + O^2-(गलित) → CO(g) + 2e^–
C(s) + 2O^2- (गलित) → CO₂(g) + 4e^–
ग्रेफाइट के स्थान पर किसी अन्य धातु लेने पर मुक्त ऑक्सीजन न केवल इलेक्ट्रोड की धातु को ऑक्सीकृत करेगी बल्कि कैथोड पर मुक्त Al की कुछ मात्रा को Al₂O₃ में परिवर्तित कर देगी। अत: Al के निष्कर्षण में ग्रेफाइट की भूमि का ऐनोड पर 0, को संरक्षित करके मुक्त होने वाले Al की कुछ मात्रा को पुन: Al₂O₃ में परिवर्तन न करने में रोकना होती है।

प्रश्न 6.26
निम्नलिखित विधियों द्वारा धातुओं के शोधन के सिद्धान्तों की रूपरेखा दीजिए:

1. मण्डल परिष्करण
2. विद्युतअपघट्न परिष्करण
3. वाष्य प्रावस्था परिष्करण

उत्तर:
1. मण्डल परिष्करण:

मण्डल परिष्करण (Zone Refining):
यह विधि इस सिद्धान्त पर आधारित है कि अशुद्धियों की विलेयता धातु की ठोस अवस्था की अपेक्षा गलित अवस्था में अधिक होती है। अशुद्ध धातु की छड़ के एक किनारे पर एक वृत्ताकार गतिशील तापक लगा रहता है (चित्र)।

इसकी सहायता अशुद्ध धातु को गर्म किया जाता है। तापक जैसे ही आगे की ओर बढ़ता है, गलित से शुद्ध धातु क्रिस्टलित हो जाती है तथा अशुद्धियाँ संलग्न गलित मण्डल में चली जाती हैं।

चित्र – मण्डल परिष्करण प्रक्रम

इस क्रिया को कई बार दोहराया जाता है तथा तापक को एक ही दिशा में बार-बार चलाते हैं। अशुद्धियाँ छड़ के एक किनारे पर एकत्रित हो जाती हैं। इसे काटकर अलग कर लिया जाता है। यह विधि मुख्य रूप से अतिउच्च शुद्धता वाले अर्धचालकों तथा अन्य अतिशुद्ध धातुओं; जैसे-जर्मेनियम, सिलिकॉन, बोरॉन, गैलियम तथा इंडियम को प्राप्त करने के लिए बहुत उपयोगी है।

2. विधुतअपघटन परिष्करण:
इस विधि में अशुद्ध धातु की ऐनोड बनाते हैं। उसी धातु की शुद्ध धातु-पट्टी को कैथोड के रूप में प्रयुक्त करते हैं। इन्हें एक उपयुक्त विद्युतअपघटनी विश्लेषित्र में रखते हैं जिसमें उसी धातु का लवण घुला रहता है। अधिक क्षारकीय धातु विलयन में रहती है तथा कम क्षारकीय धातुएँ ऐनोड पंक (anode mud) में चली जाती हैं। इस प्रक्रम की व्याख्या, विद्युत विभव की धारण, अधिविभव तथा गिब्ज के द्वारा (उपयोग) भी की जा सकती है। ये अभिक्रियाएँ निम्नलिखित हैं –

ऐनोड: Mn → Mn⁺ + ne^–
कैथोड: Cu²⁺ + 2e^– → Cu
फफोलेदार कॉपर से अशुद्धियाँ ऐनोड पंक के रूप में जमा होती हैं, जिसमें एण्टिमनी सेलीनियम टेल्यूरियम, चाँदी, सोना तथा प्लैटिनम मुख्य होती हैं। इन तत्वों की पुनः प्राप्ति से शोधन की लागत की क्षतिपूर्ति हो सकती है। जिंक का शोधन भी इसी प्रकार से किया जा सकता है।

3. वाष्प प्रावस्था परिष्करण-इस विधि में, धातु को वाष्पशील यौगिक में परिवर्तित किया जाता है तथा दूसरे स्थल पर एकत्र कर लेते हैं। इसके बाद इसे विघटित करके शुद्ध धातु प्राप्त कर लेते हैं। इस प्रक्रिया की दो आवश्यकताएँ होती हैं –

(क) उपलब्ध अभिकर्मक के साथ धातु वाष्पशील यौगिक बनाती हो तथा
(ख) वाष्पशील पदार्थ आसानी से विघटित हो सकता हो, जिससे धातु आसानी से पुनः प्राप्त की जा सके।

उदाहरणार्थ:
जर्कोनियम या टाइटेनियम शोधन के लिए वॉन-आरकैल विधि – यह Zr तथा Ti जैसी कुछ धातुओं से अशुद्धियों की तरह उपस्थित सम्पूर्ण ऑक्सीजन तथा नाइट्रोजन को हटाने में बहुत उपयोगी है। परिष्कृत धातु को निर्वातित पात्र में आयोडीन के साथ गर्म करते हैं। धातु आयोडाइड अधिक सहसंयोजी होने के कारण वाष्पीकृत हो जाता है।
Zr + 2I₂ → ZrI₄

धातु आयोडाइड को विद्युत धारा द्वारा 1800K ताप पर गर्म किए गए टंगस्टन तन्तु पर विघटित किया जाता है। इस प्रकार से शुद्ध धातु तन्तु पर जमा हो जाती है।
ZrI₄ → Zr + 2I₂ ↑

प्रश्न 6.27
उन परिस्थितियों का अनुमान लगाइए जिनमें Al, MgO को अपचयित कर सकता है।
उत्तर:
इसके लिए रासायनिक अभिक्रियाएँ निम्नवत् हैं –
\(\frac{4}{3}\) Al + O₂ → \(\frac{2}{3}\) Al₂O₃; ∆_fG^Θ Al, Al₂O₃ ……………….. (1)
2 Mg + O₂ → 2MgO; ∆_fG^Θ Mg, MgO ………………. (2)
एलिंघम आरेख द्वारा स्पष्टीकरण:
कुछ ऑक्साइडों के विरचन में T तथा ∆G^Θ के एलिंघम आरेख निम्न प्रकार से हैं –

कुछ ऑक्साइडों के विरचन में गिब्ज ऊर्जा ∆G^Θ तथा ताप T के मध्य वक्र (आरेखीय एलिंघम आलेख)।
उपर्युक्त आरेख से 1665K से नीचे तापमान पर Al₂O₃ का ∆_fG^Θ मान MgO की अपेक्षा कम ऋणात्मक है। अतः जब समीकरण (1) को समीकरण (2) में से घटाने पर संयुक्त रेडॉक्स अभिक्रियाओं ∆_fG^Θ ऋणात्मक होता है। 2Mg + \(\frac{2}{3}\) Al₂O₃ → 2MgO + \(\frac{4}{3}\)Al
∆_fG^Θ = ऋणात्मक …………….. (3)
अतः 1665K से नीचे तापमान पर Mg Al₂O₃ को Al में अपचयित कर सकता है। 1665K से अधिक तापमान पर Al₂O₃ का मान MgO की तुलना में अधिक ऋणात्मक होता है। अत: जब समीकरण (2) को समीकरण (1) में से घटाने पर संयुक्त रेडॉक्स अभिक्रिया अर्थात् समीकरण (4) का ∆_fG^Θ ऋणात्मक होता है।
\(\frac{4}{3}\) Al + 2MgO → \(\frac{2}{3}\) Al₂O₃ + 2Mg;
∆_fG^Θ = ऋणात्मक ……………………. (4)
अतः 1665K से अधिक तापमान पर Al MgO को Mg में अपचयित कर सकता है।

Bihar Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 उपसहसंयोजन यौगिकTextbook Questions and Answers, Additional Important Questions, Notes.

BSEB Bihar Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 उपसहसंयोजन यौगिक

Bihar Board Class 12 Chemistry उपसहसंयोजन यौगिक Text Book Questions and Answers

पाठ्यनिहित प्रश्न एवं उनके उत्तर

प्रश्न 9.1
निम्नलिखित उपसहसंयोजन यौगिकों के सूत्र लिखिए:

1. टेट्राऐम्मीनडाइऐक्वाकोबाल्ट (III) क्लोराइड
2. पोटैशियम टेट्रासायनोनिकिलेट (II)
3. ट्रिस (एथेन – 1, 2 – डाइऐमीन) क्रोमियम (III) क्लोराइड
4. ऐम्मीनब्रोमिडोक्लोरिडोनाइट्रिटो – N – प्लैटिनेट (II)
5. डाइक्लोरोबिस (एथेन – 1, 2 – डाइऐमीन) प्लैटिनम (IV) नाइट्रेट
6. आयरन (III) हेक्सासायनोफेरेट (II)

उत्तर:

1. [Co(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]Cl₃
2. K₂[Ni(CN)₄]
3. [Cr(en)₃]Cl₃
4. [Pt(NH₃) BrCl(NO₂)]^–
5. [PtCl₂(en)₂] (NO₃)₂
6. Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃

प्रश्न 9.2
निम्नलिखित उपसहसंयोजन यौगिकों के IUPAC नाम लिखिए –

1. [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃
2. [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl₂
3. K₃[Fe(CN)₆]
4. K₃[Fe(C₂O₄)₃]
5. K₂[PaCl₄]
6. [Pt(NH₃)₂ CI(NH₂CH₃)]Cl

उत्तर:

1. हेक्साऐम्मीनकोबाल्ट (III) क्लोराइड
2. पेन्टाऐम्मीनक्लोरिडोकोबाल्ट (III) क्लोसइड
3. पोटैशियम हेक्सासायनोफेरेट (III)
4. पोटैशियम ट्राइऑक्सेलेटोफेरेट (III)
5. पोटैशियम टेट्राक्लोरिडोपैलेडेट (II)
6. डाइऐम्मीनक्लोरिडो (मेथिलऐमीन) प्लैटिनम (II) क्लोराइड।

प्रश्न 9.3
निम्नलिखित संकुलों द्वारा प्रदर्शित समावयवता का प्रकार बतलाइए तथा इन समावयवों की संरचनाएँ बनाइए:

1. K[Cr(H₂O)₂ (C₂O₄)₂]
2. [Co(en)₃] Cl₃
3. [Co(NH₃)₅(NO₂)](NO₃)₂
4. [Pt(NH₃)(H₂O)Cl₂]

उत्तर:
(i) (क) सिस के लिए ज्यामितीय (सिस – ट्रान्स) तथा प्रकाशिक समावयव हो सकते हैं –

(ख) सिस के प्रकाशिक समावयव (d- तथा l-)

(ii) दो प्रकाशिक समावयव हो सकते हैं।

(iii) आयनन समावयव:
दस समावयव सम्भव हैं (ज्यामितीय, आयनन तथा बन्धनी समावयव सम्भव हैं)।
[Co(NH₃)₅(NO₂)](NO₃)₂, [Co(NH₃)₅(NO₃)] (NO₂)(NO₃)

बन्धनी समावयव:
[Co(NH₃)₅(NO₂)] (NO₃)₂, [Co(NH₃)₅ (ONO)] (NO₃)₂

(iv) ज्यामितीय समावयव (सिस-, ट्रान्स-) हो सकते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.4
इसका प्रमाण दीजिए कि [Co(NH₃)₅Cl] SO₄ तथा [Co(NH₃)₅SO₄]Cl आयनन समावयव हैं।
उत्तर:
आयनन समावयव जल में घुलकर भिन्न आयन देते हैं, इसलिए विभिन्न अभिकर्मकों से भिन्न – भिन्न अभिक्रियाएँ करते हैं।
[Co(NH₃₅Cl)SO₄ + Ba²⁺ → BaSO₄(s)
[Co(NH₃)₅SO₄] + Ba²⁺ → कोई अभिक्रिया नहीं
[Co(NH₃)₅Cl]SO₄ + Ag⁺ → कोई अभिक्रिया नहीं
[Co(NH₃)SO₄]Cl + Ag⁺ → AgCl(s)

प्रश्न 9.5
संयोजकता आबन्ध सिद्धान्त के आधार पर समझाइए कि वर्ग समतलीय संरचना वाला [Ni(CN)₄]^2- आयन प्रतिचुम्बकीय है तथा चतुष्फलकीय ज्यामिति वाला [NiC₄]^2- आयन अनुचुम्बकीय है।
उत्तर:
[Ni(CN)₄]^2- का चुम्बकीय व्यवहार (Magnetic behaviour of [Ni(CN)₄]^2-: Ni का परमाणु क्रमांक 28 है। Ni, Ni²⁺ तथा [Ni(CN)₄]^2- में निकिल की अवस्था के इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास निम्नलिखित हैं:

संकरण संकुल आयन [Ni(CN)₄]^2- प्रतिचुम्बकीय है, चूंकि इसमें अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन नहीं होते हैं।

[NiCl₄]^2- का चुम्बकीय व्यवहार (Magnetic behaviour of [NiCl₄^2-): इसमें Cl^– दुर्बल क्षेत्र लिगेण्ड है तथा यह इलेक्ट्रॉनों का युग्मन नहीं करता है।

संकुल आयन Co[NiCl₄]^2- में इसके d – उपकोश में अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन होते हैं, इसलिए यह अनुचुम्बकीय होता है।

प्रश्न 9.6
[NiCl₄]^2- अनुचुम्बकीय है, जबकि [Ni(CO)₄] प्रतिचुम्बकीय है यद्यपि दोनों चतुष्फलकीय हैं।
उत्तर:
[Ni(CO)₄] में निकिल शून्य ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था में है, जबकि [NiCl₄]^2- में यह +2 ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था में है। Co लिगेण्ड की उपस्थिति में निकिल के अयुगलित d – इलेक्ट्रॉन युगलित हो जाते हैं, परन्तु Cl^– दुर्बल लिगेण्ड होने के कारण अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉनों को युगलित करने योग्य नहीं होता है। चूँकि [Ni(CO)₄] में कोई अयुगमित इलेक्ट्रॉन नहीं है, अतः यह प्रतिचुम्बकीय है और [NiCl₄]^2- में अयुगमित इलेक्ट्रॉनों की उपस्थिति के कारण यह अनुचुम्बकीय होता है।

प्रश्न 9.7
[Fe(H₂O₆)]³⁺ प्रबल अनुचुम्बकीय है, जबकि [Fe(CN)₆]^3- दुर्बल अनुचुम्बकीय। समझाइए।
उत्तर:
CN^– (एक प्रबल लिगेण्ड) की उपस्थिति में, 3d – इलेक्ट्रॉन युगलित होकर केवल एक अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन छोड़ते हैं। d²sp³ संकरण आन्तरिक कक्षक संकुल बनाता है, इसलिए [Fe(CN)₆]^3- दुर्बल अनुचुम्बकीय होता है। H₂O (एक दुर्बल लिगेण्ड) की उपस्थिति में 3d – इलेक्ट्रॉन युगलित नहीं होते। संकरण sp³d² है जो बाह्य कक्षक संकुल, जिसमें पाँच अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन होते हैं, बनाता है, इसलिए [Fe(H₂O)₆]³⁺ प्रबल अनुचुम्बकीय होता है।

प्रश्न 9.8
समझाइए कि [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ एक आन्तरिक कक्षक संकुल है, जबकि [Ni(NH₃)₆]^2- एक बाह्य कक्षक संकुल है।
उत्तर:
NH₃ की उपस्थिति में 3d – इलेक्ट्रॉन युग्मित होकर दो रिक्त d – कक्षक छोड़ते हैं जो [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺ की स्थिति में आन्तरिक कक्षक संकुल बनाने वाले d²sp³ संकरण में सम्मिलित होते हैं।

Ni(NH₃)₆]²⁺ में निकिल +2 ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था में है तथा इसका d⁸ विन्यास है। इसमें बाह्य कक्षक संकुल बनाने वाला sp³d² संकरण सम्मिलित होता है।

प्रश्न 9.9
वर्ग समतली [Pt(CN)₄]^2- आयन में अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन की संख्या बतलाइए।
उत्तर:
तत्व ₇₈Pt वर्ग 10 में स्थित है तथा इसका इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास 5d⁹ 6s¹ है। अत: Pt²⁺ का विन्यास d⁸ है।

वर्ग समतली संरचना के लिए संकरण dsp² होता है। चूँकि 5d में अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन युगलित होकर रिक्त dsp² कक्षक संकरण के लिए एक रिक्त कर देते हैं अतः इसमें अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन नहीं है।

प्रश्न 9.10
क्रिस्टल क्षेत्र सिद्धान्त को प्रयुक्त करते हुए समझाइए कि कैसे हेक्साऐक्वा मैंगनीज (II) आयन में पाँच अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन हैं, जबकि हेक्सासायनो आयन में केवल एक ही अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन है।
उत्तर:
उत्तर-ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था +2 में Mn का विन्यास 3d⁵ होता है। लिगण्ड के रूप में H₂O की उपस्थिति में इन पाँच इलेक्ट्रॉनों का वितरण \(t_{2 g}^{3} e_{g}^{2}\) होते हैं अर्थात् उच्च प्रचक्रण संकुल के कारण सभी इलेक्ट्रॉन अयुगलित रह जाते हैं। लिगेण्ड के रूप में CN^– की उपस्थिति में इन इलेक्ट्रॉन का वितरण \(t_{2 g}^{5} e_{g}^{0}\) है अर्थात् दो t_2g कक्षकों में युगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन है, जबकि तीसरे t_2g कक्षक में एक अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन होता है।

प्रश्न 9.11
[Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ संकुल आयन के β₄ का मान 2.1 × 10¹³ है, इस संकुलन के समग्र वियोजन स्थिरांक के मान की गणना कीजिए।
गणना:
समग्र वियोजन स्थिरांक, समग्र स्थायित्व स्थिरांक का व्युत्क्रम होता है।

= 4.7 × 10^-14

Bihar Board Class 12 Chemistry उपसहसंयोजन यौगिक Additional Important Questions and Answers

अभ्यास के प्रश्न एवं उनके उत्तर

प्रश्न 9.1
वर्नर की अभिधारणाओं के आधार पर उपसहसंयोजन यौगिकों में आबन्धन को समझाइए।
उत्तर:
उपसहसंयोजन यौगिकों में आबन्धन को समझाने के लिए वर्नर ने सन् 1898 में उपसहसंयोजन यौगिकों का सिद्धान्त प्रस्तुत किया। इस सिद्धान्त की मुख्य अभिधारणाएँ निम्नलिखित हैं:

1. उपसहसंयोजन यौगिकों में धातुएँ दो प्रकार की संयोजकताएँ दर्शाती हैं प्राथमिक तथा द्वितीयक।

2. प्राथमिक संयोजकताएँ सामान्य रूप से धातु परमाणु की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था से सम्बन्धित होती हैं तथा आयननीय होती हैं। ये संयोजकताएँ ऋणात्मक आयनों द्वारा सन्तुष्ट होती हैं।

3. द्वितीयक संयोजकताएँ धातु परमाणु की उपसहसंयोजन संख्या से सम्बन्धित होती हैं। द्वितीयक संयोकजताएँ अनआयननीय होती हैं। ये उदासीन अणुओं अथवा ऋणात्मक आयनों द्वारा सन्तुष्ट होती हैं। द्वितीयक संयोजकता उपसहसंयोजन संख्या के बराबर होती है तथा इसका मान किसी धातु के लिए सामान्यत: निश्चित होता है।

4. धातु से द्वितीयक संयोजकता से आबन्धित आयन समूह विभिन्न उपसहसंयोजन संख्या के अनुरूप दिक्स्थान में विशिष्ट रूप से व्यवस्थित रहते हैं। आधुनिक सूत्रीकरण में इस प्रकार की दिक्स्थान व्यवस्थाओं को समन्वय बहुफलक (coordination polyhedra) कहते हैं। गुरुकोष्ठक में लिखी स्पीशीज संकुल तथा गुरुकोष्ठक के बाहर लिखे आयन प्रति आयन (counter ions) कहलाते हैं।

उन्होंने यह भी अभिधारणा दी कि संक्रमण तत्वों के समन्वय यौगिकों में सामान्यतः अष्टफलकीय, चतुष्फलकीय व वर्ग समतली ज्यामितियाँ पाई जाती हैं। इस प्रकार [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺, [CoCl(NH₃)₅]²⁺ तथा [CoCl₂(NH₃)₄]⁺ की ज्यामितियाँ अष्टफलकीय हैं, जबकि [Ni(CO)₄] तथा [PtCl₄]^2- क्रमशः चतुष्फलकीय तथा वर्ग समतली हैं।

उपर्युक्त अभिधारणाओं से वर्नर, जिसने निम्नलिखित यौगिको को कोबाल्ट (III) क्लोराइड की NH₃ से अभिक्रिया करके बनाया, ने इन यौगिकों (उपसहसंयोजक) की संरचना की सफलतापूर्वक व्याख्या की जिसका वर्णन निम्नलिखित है –

CoCl₃.6NH₃ नारंगी
CoCl₃.5NH₃.H₂O गुलाबी
CoCl₃.5NH₃ बैंगनी CoCl₃.3NH₃ हरा
CoCl₃.4NH₃ के विभिन्न रंगों का कारण यह है कि ये समपक्ष तथा विपक्ष समावयव होते हैं।

– प्राथमिक संयोजकता या ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था
– द्वितीयक संयोजकता या उपसहसंयोजन संख्या

प्रश्न 9.2
FeSO₄ विलयन तथा (NH₄)2SO₄ विलयन का 1:1 मोलर अनुपात में मिश्रण Fe²⁺ आयन का परीक्षण देता है, परन्तु CuSO₄ व जलीय अमोनिया का 1:4 मोलर अनुपात में मिश्रण Cu²⁺ आयनों का परीक्षण नहीं देता। समझाइए क्यों?
उत्तर:
FeSO₄ विलयन तथा (NH₄)₂SO₄ विलयन का 1:1 मोलर अनुपात में मिश्रण द्विक लवण –

जो विलयन में आयनित होकर Fe²⁺ आयन देता है। अतः यह Fe²⁺ आयनों का परीक्षण देता है। CuSO₄ व जलीय विलयन का 1:4 मोलर अनुपात में मिश्रण संकर लवण [Cu(NH₃)₄] SO₄ बनाता है। संकुल आयन, [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ आयनित होकर Cu²⁺ आयन नहीं देता है। अतः यह Cu²⁺ आयन के परीक्षण नहीं देता।

प्रश्न 9.3
प्रत्येक के दो उदाहरण देते हुए निम्नलिखित को समझाइए समन्वय समूह, लिगेण्ड, उपसहसंयोजन संख्या, उपसहसंयोजन बहुफलक, होमोलेप्टिक तथा हेटेरोलेप्टिक।
उत्तर:
1. उपसहसंयोजन सत्ता या समन्वय समूह:
केन्द्रीय धातु परमाणु अथवा आयन से किसी एक निश्चित संख्या में आबन्धित आयन. अथवा अणु मिलकर एक उपसहसंयोजन सत्ता का निर्माण करते हैं। उदाहरणार्थ: [CoCl₃(NH₃)₃] एक उपसहसंयोजन सत्ता है जिसमें कोबाल्ट आयन तीन अमोनिया अणुओं तथा तीन क्लोराइड आयनों से घिरा है। अन्य उदाहरण हैं –
[Ni(CO)₄], [PtCl₂(NH₃)₂], [Fe(CN₆]^4-, [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ आदि।

2. लिगेण्ड:
उपसहसंयोजन सत्ता में केन्द्रीय परमाणु/आयन से परिबद्ध आयन अथवा अणु लिगेण्ड कहलाते हैं। ये सामान्य आयन हो सकते हैं; जैसे – Cl^– छोटे अणु हो सकते हैं; जैसे – H₂O या NH₃, बड़े अणु हो सकते हैं;
H₂NCH₂CH₂NH₂N(CH₂CH₂NH₂)₃ वृहदाणु भी हो सकते हैं; जैसे-प्रोटीन।

3. उपसहसंयोजन संख्या:
एक संकुल में धातु आयन की उपसहसंयोजन संख्या (CN) उससे आबन्धित लिगण्डों के उन दाता परमाणुओं की संख्या के बराबर होती है जो सीधे धातु आयन से जुड़े हों।

उदाहरणार्थ:
संकुल आयनों [PtCl₆]^2- तथा [Ni(NH₃)₄]²⁺ में Pt तथा Ni की उपसहसंयोजन संख्या क्रमश: 6 तथा 4 हैं। इसी प्रकार संकुल आयनों [Fe(C₂O₄)₃]^3- और [Co(en)3] + में Fe और Co दोनों की समन्वय संख्या 6 हैं; क्योंकि \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}\) तथा en (एथेन-1, 2-डाइऐमीन) द्विदन्तुर लिगेण्ड हैं।

उपसहसंयोजन संख्या के सन्दर्भ में यह तथ्य महत्वपूर्ण है कि केन्द्रीय परमाणु/आयन की उपसहसंयोजन संख्या केन्द्रीय परमाणुःआयन तथा लिगेण्ड के मध्य बने केवल (σ) (सिग्मा) आबन्धों की संख्या के आधार पर ही निर्धारित की जाती है। यदि लिगेण्ड तथा केन्द्रीय परमाणु/आयन के मध्य π (पाई) आबन्ध बने हों तो उन्हें नहीं गिना जाता।

4. उपसहसंयोजन बहुफलक:
केन्द्रीय परमाणु/ आयन से सीधे जुड़े लिगेण्ड परमाणुओं की दिक्स्थान व्यवस्था (special arrangement) को उपसहसंयोजन बहुफलक कहते हैं।

चित्र – विभिन्न उपसहसंयोजन बहुफलकों की आकृतियाँ – M केन्द्रीय परमाणु/आयन को तथा L एकदन्तुर

लिगेण्ड को प्रदर्शित करता है इनमें अष्टफलकीय, वर्ग समतलीय तथा चतुष्फलकीय मुख्य हैं। उदाहरणार्थ: [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ अष्टफलकीय है, [Ni(CO)₄] चतुष्फलकीय है तथा [PtCl₄]^2- वर्ग समतलीय है। चित्र में विभिन्न उपसहसंयोजन बहुफलकों की आकृतियाँ दर्शाई गई हैं।

5. होमोलेप्टिक:
संकुल जिनमें धातु परमाणु केवल एक प्रकार के दाता समूह से जुड़ा रहता है, होमोलेप्टिक संकुल कहलाते हैं।
उदाहरणार्थ: [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ तथा [Fe(CN)₆]²⁺

6. हेटरोलेप्टिक:
संकुल जिनमें धातु परमाणु एक से अधिक प्रकार के दाता समूहों से जुड़ा रहता है, हेटरोलेप्टिक संकुल कहलाते हैं। उदाहरणार्थ – [Co(NH₃)₄Cl₂]⁺ तथा [Pt(NH₃)₅Cl]³⁺

प्रश्न 9.4
एकदन्तुर, द्विदन्तुर तथा उभयदन्तुर लिगेण्ड से क्या तात्पर्य है? प्रत्येक के दो उदाहरण दीजिए।
उत्तर:
जब एक लिगेण्ड धातु आयन से एक दाता परमाणु द्वारा परिबद्ध होता है; जैसे – Cl^– H₂O या NH₃ तो लिगेण्ड एकदन्तुर (unidentate) कहलाता है। जब लिगेण्ड दो दाता परमाणुओं द्वारा परिबद्ध हो सकता है; जैसे – H₂NCH₂CH₂NH₂ (एथेन-1, 2-डाइऐमीन) अथवा C₂O^2-₄ (ऑक्सेलेट) तो ऐसा लिगेण्ड द्विदन्तुर कहलाता है।

वह लिगेण्ड जो दो भिन्न परमाणुओं द्वारा जुड़ सकता है, उसे उभयदन्ती संलग्नी या उभयदनी लिगेण्ड कहते हैं। ऐसे लिगेण्ड के उदाहरण हैं – NO^–₂, तथा SCN^– आयन। NO^–₂ आयन केन्द्रीय धातु परमाणु/आयन से या तो नाइट्रोजन द्वारा अथवा ऑक्सीजन द्वारा संयोजित हो सकता है। इसी प्रकार SCN^– आयन सल्फर अथवा नाइट्रोजन परमाणु द्वारा संयोजित हो सकता है।

प्रश्न 9.5
निम्नलिखित उपसहसंयोजन सत्ता में धातुओं के ऑक्सीकरण संख्या का उल्लेख कीजिए –

1. [Co(H₂O)(CN)(en)₂]²⁺
2. [CoBr₂(en)₂]⁺
3. [PtCl₄]^2-
4. K₃[Fe(CN₆)]
5. [Cr(NH₃)₃Cl₃]

गणना:

प्रश्न 9.6
IUPAC नियमों के आधार पर निम्नलिखित के लिए सूत्र लिखिए –

1. टेट्राहाइड्रोऑक्सोजिंकेट (II)
2. पोटैशियम टेट्राक्लोरिडोपैलेडेट (II)
3. डाइऐम्मीनडाइक्लोरिडोप्लैटिनम (II)
4. पोटैशियम टेट्रासायनोनिकिलेट (II)
5. पेन्टोऐम्मीननाइट्रिटो-0-कोबाल्ट (III)
6. हेक्साऐम्मीनकोबाल्ट (III)) सल्फेट
7. पोटैशियम ट्राइ (ऑक्सेलेटो) क्रोमेट (III)
8. हेक्साऐम्मीनप्लैटिनम (IV)
9. टेट्राबोमिडोक्यूप्रेट (II)
10. पेन्टाऐम्मीननाइट्रिटो-N-कोबाल्ट (III)

उत्तर:

1. [Zn(OH)₄]^2-
2. K₂[PdCl₄]
3. [Pt(NH₃))₂Cl₂]
4. K₂[Ni(CN)₄]
5. [Co(NH₃)₅(ONO)²⁺
6. [Co(NH₃)₆]₂ (SO₄)₃
7. K₃[Cr(C₂O₄)₃]
8. [Pt(NH₃)₆]⁴⁺
9. [CuBr₄]^2-
10. [Co(NH₃)₅ (NO₂)]²⁺

प्रश्न 9.7
IUPAC नियमों के आधार पर निम्नलिखित के सुव्यवस्थित नाम लिखिए:

1. [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃
2. [Pt(NH₃)₂ Cl(NH₂CH₃)]Cl
3. [Ti(H₂O)₆]³⁺
4. [Co(NH₃)₄ Cl(NO₂)]Cl
5. [Mn(H₂O)₆]²⁺
6. [NiCl₄]^2-
7. [Ni(NH₃)₆]Cl₂
8. [Co(en)₃]³⁺
9. [Ni(CO)₄]

उत्तर:

1. हेक्साऐमीनकोबाल्ट (III) क्लोराइड
2. डाइऐमीनक्लोरिडो (मेथिलऐमीन) प्लैटिनम (II)क्लोराइड
3. हेक्साऐक्वाटाइटेनियम (III) आयन
4. टेट्राऐमीनक्लोरिडोनाइट्रिटो – N – कोबाल्ट (III) क्लोराइड
5. हेक्साऐक्वामैंगनीज (II) आयन
6. टेट्राक्लोरिडोनिकिलेट (II) आयन
7. हेक्साऐमीनिकिल (II) क्लोराइड
8. ट्रिस (एथेन-1, 2-डाइऐमीन) कोबाल्ट (III) आयन
9. टेट्राकार्बोनिलनिकिल (0)।

प्रश्न 9.8
उपसहसंयोजन यौगिकों के लिए सम्भावित विभिन्न प्रकार की समावयवताओं को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए तथा प्रत्येक का एक उदाहरण दीजिए।
उत्तर:
उपसहसंयोजन यौगिकों में दो प्रमुख प्रकार की समावयवताएँ ज्ञात हैं। इनमें से प्रत्येक को पुनः प्रविभाजित किया जा सकता है।

1. त्रिविम समावयवता:
(क) ज्यामितीय समावयवता; जैसे –

2. संरचनात्मक समावयवता:
(क) बन्धनी समावयवता; जैसे –
[Co(NH₃)₅(NO₂)] Cl₂
तथा [Co(NH₃)₅(ONO)] Cl₂

(ख) उपसहसंयोजन समावयवता; जैसे –
[Co(NH₃)₆] [Cr(CN)₆]
तथा [Cr(NH₃)₆] [Co(CN)₆]

(ग) आयनन समावयवता; जैसे –
[Co(NH₃)₄ Cl₂] NO₂
तथा [Co(NH₃)₄ (NO₂Cl)] Cl

(घ) विलायकयोजन समावयवता; जैसे –
[Cr(H₂O)₆] Cl₃
तथा [Cr(H₂O)₅ Cl] Cl₂.H₂O

प्रश्न 9.9
निम्नलिखित उपसहसंयोजन सत्ता में कितने ज्यामितीय समावयव सम्भव हैं?
(क) [Cr(C₂O₄)₃]
(ख) [Co(NH₃)₃ Cl₃]
उत्तर:
(क) कोई ज्यामितीय समावयव सम्भव नहीं है।
(ख) दो ज्यामितीय समावयव फलकीय तथा रेखांशिक समावयव सम्भव हैं।

प्रश्न 9.10
निम्नलिखित के प्रकाशिक समावयवों की संरचनाएँ बनाइए –

1. [Cr(C₂O₄)₃]^3-
2. [PtCl₂(en)₂]²⁺
3. [Cr(NH₃)₂Cl₂(en)]⁺

उत्तर:
1. [Cr(C₂O₄)₃]^3-

2. [PtCl₂(en)₂]²⁺

3. [Cr(NH₃)₂Cl₂(en)]⁺

प्रश्न 9.11
निम्नलिखित के सभी समावयवों (ज्यामितीय व ध्रुवण) की संरचनाएँ बनाइए –

1. [CoCl₂(en)₂]⁺
2. [Co(NH₃)Cl(en)₂]²⁺
3. [Co(NH₃)₂Cl₂(en)]⁺

उत्तर:
1. [CoCl₂(en)₂]⁺

2. [Co(NH₃)Cl(en)₂]²⁺

3. [Co(NH₃)₂Cl₂(en)₂]²⁺

प्रश्न 9.12
[Pt (NH₃) (Br)(CI) (Py)] के सभी ज्यामितीय समावयव लिखिए। इनमें से कितने ध्रुवण समावयवता दर्शाएँगे?
उत्तर:
इसके तीन ज्यामितीय समावयव सम्भव हैं।

ये समायव ध्रुवण समावयवता नहीं दर्शाते हैं। ध्रुवण समावयवता वर्ग समतली अथवा चतुष्फलकीय संकुलों में पाई जाती है जबकि इनमें असममिताकार कीलेटिंग लीगेंड हैं।

प्रश्न 9.13
जलीय कॉपर सल्फेट विलयन (नीले रंग का), निम्नलिखित प्रेक्षण दर्शाता है –

1. जलीय पोटैशियम फ्लुओराइड के साथ हरा रंग
2. जलीय पोटैशियम क्लोराइड के साथ चमकीला हरा रंग। उपर्युक्त प्रायोगिक परिणामों को समझाइए।

उत्तर:
जलीय CusO₄ विलयन [Cu(H₂O)₄]²⁺ SO₄^2-, H₂O के रूप में पाया जाता है जिसका नीला रंग [Cu(H₂O)₄]²⁺ आयनों के कारण होता है।

1. जब पोटैशियम फ्लुओराइड मिलाया जाता है, तब दुर्बल H₂O लिगेण्ड F^– लिगेण्डों द्वारा प्रतिस्थापित होकर [CuF₄]^2- आयन बनाते हैं जो एक हरा अवक्षेप होता है।

2. जब पोटैशियम क्लोराइड (KCl) मिलाया जाता है, तब Cl^– लिगेण्ड दुर्बल H₂O लिगेण्डों को प्रतिस्थापित करके [CuCl₄]^2- आयन बनाते हैं जिसका चमकीला हरा रंग होता है।

प्रश्न 9.14
कॉपर सल्फेट के जलीय विलयन में जलीय KCN को आधिक्य में मिलाने पर बनने वाली उपसहसंयोजन सत्ता क्या होगी? इस विलयन में जब H₂S गैस प्रवाहित की जाती है तो कॉपर सल्फाइड का अवक्षेप क्यों नहीं प्राप्त होता?
उत्तर:
कॉपर सल्फेट के जलीय विलयन में जलीय KCN विलयन मिलाने पर पोटैशियम टेट्रासाइनो क्यूप्रेट (II) का संकुल बनता है।
2 CuSO₄(aq) + 10KCN (aq) → 2K₃ [Cu(CN)₄](aq) + 2K₂SO₄(aq)
चूँकि CN^– एक प्रबल लिगेण्ड है, अत: संकुल स्थाई होता है। H₂S गैस को प्रवाहित करने पर यह विखण्डित नहीं होता है तथा CuS का कोई अवक्षेप नहीं बनता।

प्रश्न 9.15
संयोजकता आबन्ध सिद्धान्त के आधार पर निम्नलिखित उपसहसंयोजन सत्ता में आबन्ध की प्रकृति की विवेचना कीजिए –
(क) [Fe(CN)₆^4-
(ख) [FeF₆]^3-
(ग) Co(C₂O₄)₃]^3-
(घ) [CoF₆]^3-
उत्तर:
(क) [Fe(CN)₆]^4- इस संकुल आयन में आयरन की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था +2 है।
Fe का इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास = [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²
Fe²⁺ का इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास = [Ar] 3d⁶
छह सायनाइड आयनों से छह इलेक्ट्रॉन युग्मों को स्थान देने के लिए आयरन (II) आयन को छह रिक्त कक्षक उपलब्ध करने चाहिए। ऐसा निम्नलिखित संकरण पद्धति के द्वारा प्राप्त किया जा सकता है जिसमें d – उपकोश के इलेक्ट्रॉन युगलित हो जाते हैं, चूँकि CN आयन प्रबल क्षेत्र लिगेण्ड हैं।

अतः छह सायनाइड आयनों से छड़ इलेक्ट्रॉन युग्म आयरन (II) आयन के छह संकरित कक्षकों को अध्यासित कर लेते हैं। इस प्रकार किसी भी कक्षक में अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन नहीं होते हैं, इसलिए [Fe(CN)₆]^4- प्रतिचुम्बकत्व दर्शाता है। अतः [Fe(CN)₆]^4- प्रतिचुम्बकीय तथा अष्टफलकीय है।

(ख) [FeF₆]^3-:
यह संकुल उच्च चक्रण (या चक्रण मुक्त) या बाह्य संकुल है, चूँकि केन्द्रीय धातु आयन, Fe (III) संकरण के लिए nd-कक्षकों का प्रयोग करता है। यह एक ङ्केअष्टफलकीय संकुला है जिसमें sp³ d² संकरण होता है। प्रत्येक कक्षक में छह फ्लुओराइड आयनों से एक-एक एकाकी इलेक्ट्रॉन-युग्म स्थान प्राप्त करता है जैसा कि निम्नांकित चित्र में दर्शाया गया है।

चूँकि संकुल में पाँच अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन हैं, यह अनुचुम्बकीय है।

(ग) [Co(C₂O₄)^3-:
Co(Z = 27) का इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास: [Ar] 4s² 3d⁷
Co³⁺ का इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास: [Ar] 4s⁰ 4d⁶
C₂O₄^2- प्रबल क्षेत्रीय लिगेण्ड है, जिसके कारण इलेक्ट्रॉनों का युग्मन होता है।

अतः स्पष्ट है कि [Co(C₂O₄)₃]^3- प्रतिचुम्बकीय, अष्टफलकीय संकुल है।

(घ) [CoF₆]^3- – Co(27): [Ar] 4s² 3d⁷ Co³⁺: [Ar] 4s⁰ 3d⁶

F^– एक दुर्बल लिगेण्ड होने के कारण इलेक्ट्रॉनों का युग्मन नहीं कर सकता है।

अतः [CoF₆]^3- अनुचुम्बकीय तथा अष्टफलकीय संकुल है।

प्रश्न 9.16
अष्टफलकीय क्रिस्टल क्षेत्र में d-कक्षकों के विपाटन को दर्शाने के लिए चित्र बनाइए।
उत्तर:
माना छह लिगण्ड कार्तिक अक्षों के अनुदिश सममित रूप में स्थित हैं तथा धातु परमाणु मूल बिन्दु पर है। लिगेण्ड के निकट पर d – कक्षकों की ऊर्जा में मुक्त आयनों की तुलना में अपेक्षित वृद्धि होती है जैसा कि गोलीय क्रिस्टल क्षेत्र की स्थिति में होता है।

अक्षों के अनुदिश कक्षक (dz² तथा \(d_{x}^{2}-y^{2}\)) d_xy, d_yz तथा d_zx कक्षकों की तुलना में अधिक प्रबलता से प्रतिकर्षित होते हैं तथा इनमें अक्षों के मध्य निर्देशित पालियाँ (lobes) होती गोलीय क्रिस्टल क्षेत्र में औसत ऊर्जा की अपेक्षा dz² तथा \(d_{x}^{2}-y^{2}\) कक्षक ऊर्जा में बढ़ जाते हैं तब d_xy, d_yz, d_xz कक्षक ऊर्जा में न्यून हो जाते हैं।

चित्र – अष्टफलीय क्रिस्टल क्षेत्र में d – कक्षकों का विघटन
अतः d – कक्षकों का समभ्रंश समूह (degenerate set) दो समूहों में विघटित हो जाता है – निम्न ऊर्जा कक्षक समूह t_2g तथा उच्च ऊर्जा कक्षक समूह e_g ऊर्जा ∆0 द्वारा पृथक्कृत होती

प्रश्न 9.17
स्पेक्ट्रमीरासायनिक श्रेणी क्या है? दुर्बल क्षेत्र लिगेण्ड तथा प्रबल क्षेत्र लिगेण्ड में अन्तर स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तरः
स्पेक्ट्रमीरासायनिक श्रेणी:
क्रिस्टल क्षेत्र विपाटन, ∆₀ लिगेण्ड तथा धातु आयन पर विद्यमान आवेश से उत्पन्न क्षेत्र पर निर्भर करता है। कुछ लिगेण्ड प्रबल क्षेत्र उत्पन्न कर सकते हैं तथा ऐसी स्थिति में विपाटन अधिक होता है, जबकि अन्य दुर्बल क्षेत्र उत्पन्न करते हैं जिसके फलस्वरूप d – कक्षकों का विपाटन कम होता है। सामान्यत: लिगेण्डों को उनके बढ़ती हुई क्षेत्र प्रबलता के क्रम में एक श्रेणी में निम्नानुसार व्यवस्थित किया जा सकता है –
I^–Br^– < SCN^– < Cl^– < S^2- < F^– < OH^– C₂
O₄^2- < H₂O < NCS^– <edta^4- < NH₃ < en < CN^– < Co इस प्रकार की श्रेणी स्पेक्ट्रमीरासायनिक श्रेणी (spectrochemical series) कहलाती है।

यह विभिन्न लिगेण्डों के साथ बने संकुलों द्वारा प्रकाश के अवशोषण पर आधारित प्रायोगिक तथ्यों द्वारा निर्धारित श्रेणी हैं। प्रबल क्षेत्र लिगेण्ड के मध्य अन्तर ऐसे लिगेण्ड को जिनकी क्रिस्टल क्षेत्र विपाटन ऊर्जा (CFSE), ∆₀ का मान कम होता है, दुर्बल क्षेत्र लिगेण्ड कहते हैं।

दुर्बल क्षेत्र लिगेण्ड के कारण इलेक्ट्रॉनों का युग्मन नहीं होता तथा. ये उच्च चक्रण संकुल बनाते हैं। ऐसे लिगेण्ड को जिनकी क्रिस्टल क्षेत्र विपाटन ऊर्जा, ∆₀ का मान अधिक होता है, प्रबल क्षेत्र लिगेण्ड कहते हैं। प्रबल क्षेत्र लिगेण्ड के कारण इलेक्ट्रॉनों का युग्मन होता है तथा ये निम्न चक्रण संकुल बनाते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.18
क्रिस्टल क्षेत्र विपाटन ऊर्जा क्या है? उपसहसंयोजन सत्ता में d – कक्षकों का वास्तविक विन्यास ∆₀ के मान के आधार पर कैसे निर्धारित किया जाता है?
उत्तर:
जब लिगेण्ड संक्रमण धातु आयन के निकट जाता है, तब d – कक्षक दो समुच्चयों में विपाटित हो जाते हैं, एक निम्न ऊर्जा के साथ तथा दूसरा उच्च ऊर्जा के साथा कक्षकों के इन दो समुच्चयों के बीच ऊर्जा का अन्तर अष्टफलकीय क्षेत्र के लिए क्रिस्टल क्षेत्र विपाटन ऊर्जा ∆₀ कहलाता है।

यदि ∆₀ < P (युग्मन ऊर्जा) तो चौथा इलेक्ट्रॉन किसी एक e_g कक्षक में प्रवेश करता है तथा \(t_{2 g}^{3} e_{g}^{1}\) विन्यास देकर उच्च चक्रण संकुल बनाता है। ऐसे लिगेण्ड (जिनके लिए, ∆₀ < P) दुर्बल क्षेत्र लिगेण्ड कहलाते हैं।
यदि ∆₀ < P, तो चौथा इलेक्ट्रॉन किसी एक t_2g कक्षक में युग्मित होता है तथा \(t_{2 g}^{4} e_{g}^{0}\) विन्यास देकर अल्प चक्रण संकुल बनाता है। ऐसे लिगेण्ड (जिनके लिए, ∆₀ > P) प्रबल क्षेत्र लिगेण्ड कहलाते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.19
[Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺ अनुचुम्बकीय है, जबकि [Ni(CN)₄]^2- प्रतिचुम्बकीय, समझाइए क्यों?
उत्तरः
[Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺ का निर्माण:
[Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺ आयन में क्रोमियम की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था +3 है, जिसका इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹ है। संकरण को निम्न प्रकार से दिखाया गया है –

Cr³⁺ आयन अमोनिया के छह अणुओं से छह इलेक्ट्रॉन युग्मों के लिए यह रिक्त कक्षक उपलब्ध हैं। इसके फलस्वरूप संकुल [Cr(NH₃₆)³⁺ में d²sp³ संकरण अष्टफलकीय होता है।

संकुल में इन अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉनों की उपस्थिति के कारण यह वर्ग समतल संकुलों के संकरण d sp² है जिसे निम्नवत् दर्शाया जा सकता है। प्रत्येक संकरित कक्षक सायनाइड आयन से एक इलेक्ट्रॉन युग्म ग्रहण करता है, जिससे अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉनों की अनुपस्थिति [Ni(CN)₄]^2- के प्रतिचुम्बकीय व्यवहार की पुष्टि होती है।

प्रश्न 9.20
[Ni(H₂O)₆]²⁺ का विलयन हरा है, परन्तु [Ni(CN)₄]^2- का विलयन रंगहीन है। समझाइए।
उत्तर:
चूँकि H₂O दुर्बल लिगण्डों को निरूपित करता है, अतः ये कोई इलेक्ट्रान नहीं बनाते हैं। [Ni(H₂O)₆]²⁺ में Ni, 3d⁸ विन्यास के साथ +2 ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था में है अर्थात् संकुल में दो अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन हैं, अत: यह रंगीन होता है। d-d संक्रमण लाल प्रकाश अवशोषित करके पूरक हरा रंग उत्सर्जित करता है।

[Ni(CN)₄]^2- में भी Ni, 3d⁸ विन्यास के साथ +2 ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था में है, परन्तु प्रबल CN^– लिगेण्ड की उपस्थिति में 3d – कक्षक में दो अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन गलित हो जाते हैं। अतः कोई अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन नहीं होता; अत: यह रंगहीन होता है।

प्रश्न 9.21
[Fe(CN)₆]^4- तथा [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ के तनु विलयनों के रंग भिन्न होते हैं। क्यों?
उत्तर:
दोनों संकलों में, Fe की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था +2 है अर्थात् इसमें चार अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन हैं। दुर्बल H₂O लिगण्ड की उपस्थिति में ये युगलित नहीं हो पाते हैं जबकि CN^– प्रबल लिगण्ड की उपस्थिति में ये युग्मित होकर कोई अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉन नहीं छोड़ते हैं। अत: अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉनों की उपस्थिति में अन्तर के कारण इनके तनु विलयनों में भिन्न रंग होते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.22
धातु कार्बोनिलों में आबन्ध की प्रकृति की विवेचना कीजिए।
उत्तर:
धातु कार्बोनिलों में आबन्ध की प्रकृति:
धातु कार्बोनिलों के धातु कार्बन आबन्ध में s तथा p के गुण पाये जाते हैं। M – C सिग्मा (σ) आबन्ध कार्बोनिल समूह के कार्बन में उपस्थित इलेक्ट्रॉन युगल को धातु के रिक्त कक्षक में दान करने से बनता है।

π – अतिव्यापन जिसमें पूरित धातु d – कक्षकों से इलेक्ट्रॉनों का CO के रिक्त प्रतिआबन्धन π* आण्विक कक्षकों में दान निहित होता है, इसके परिणामस्वरूप M → Cπ आबन्ध बनता है। धातु से लिगेण्ड का आबन्ध एक सहक्रियाशीलता का प्रभाव उत्पन्न करता है जो CO व धातु के मध्य आबन्ध को मजबूत बनाता है।

धातु कार्बोनिलों में आबन्धन निम्न प्रकार से प्रदर्शित है –

चित्र-कार्बोनिल संकुल में सहक्रियाशीलता आबन्धन अन्योयक्रिया का उदाहरण

प्रश्न 9.23
निम्नलिखित संकुलों में केन्द्रीय धातु आयन की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था, d – कक्षकों का अधिग्रहण एवं उपसहसंयोजन संख्या बतलाइए –

1. K₃[C₂O₄₃]
2. समपक्ष – [Cr(en)₂Cl₂]Cl
3. (NH₄)₂[CoF₄] ङ्के
4. [Mn(H₂O)₆]SO₄

उत्तर:
1. संकुल:
K₃[Co(C₂O₄)₃]
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था –
1 + x + 3(-2) = 0
x = +3
उपसहसंयोजन संख्या: 6 (∵\(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}\) द्विदुन्तर है)
d – कक्षक अध्यासन : 3d⁶ = \(t_{2 g}^{6} e_{g}^{0}\)

2. संकुल समपक्ष:
[Cr(en)₂Cl₂]Cl
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था:
या x + 0 + 2(-1) = +1 या
x = +3

उपसहसंयोजन संख्या: 6

d – कक्षक अध्यासन:
3d³ = \(t_{2 g}^{3}\)

3. संकुल (NH₄)₂ [CoF₄]:
थैऑक्सीकरण अवस्था:
x + 4(-1) = -2
x = +2
उपसहसंयोजन संख्या: 4

d – कक्षक अध्ययासन:
3d⁷ = \(e_{g}^{4} t_{2 g}^{3}\)

4. संकुल [Mn(H₂O)₆] SO₄
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था:
x + 0 = +2
x = +2

उपसहसंयोजन संख्या: 6

d – कक्षक अध्यासन:
3d⁵ = \(t_{2 g}^{3} e_{g}^{2}\)

प्रश्न 9.24
निम्नलिखित संकलों के IUPAC नाम लिखिए तथा ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास और उपसहसंयोजन संख्या दर्शाइए। संकुल का त्रिविम रसायन तथा चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण भी बतलाइए –

1. K[Cr(H₂O)₂ (C₂O₄)₂].3H₂O
2. [CrCl₃(Py)₃]
3. [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl₂
4. Cs[FeCl₄]
5. K₄[Mn(CN)₆]

उत्तर:
1. K[Cr(H₂O)₂ (C₂O₄)₂].3H₂O का IUPAC
नाम-पोटैशियम डाइऐक्वाऑक्सेलेटो क्रोमेट (III) हाइड्रेट
K[Cr(H₂O)(C₂O₄)₂].3H₂O में Cr की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था,
+ 1 + x + 0 – 4 = 0
x = +3
क्रोमियम की उपसहसंयोजन संख्या 6 है।
Cr(24) : 4s¹ 3d⁵
Cr³⁺ : 4s⁰ 3d³

2. [CrCl₃(Py)₃] का IUPAC
नाम-ट्राइक्लोरिडोट्राइपिरिडीन क्रोमियम (III)
क्रोमियम की उपसहसंयोजन संख्या 6 है।
[CrCl₃ (Py)₃] में Cr की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था +3 है।

चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण (µ) = \(\sqrt{3×5}\) = \(\sqrt{15}\) = 3.87 BM

3. [Co(NH₃)₅ Cl]Cl₂ का IUPAC
पेन्टाऐम्मीनक्लोरिडोकोबाल्ट (III) क्लोराइड
Co की ऑक्सीकरण संख्या +3 है।
Co की उपसहसंयोजन संख्या 6 है।
Cr (27) : 4s² 3d⁷
Cr³⁺ : 4s⁰3d⁶

चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण (µ) = 0

4. Cs[FeCl₄] का IUPAC नाम –
सीजियम टेट्राक्लोरोफेरेट (III)
Fe की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था +3 है।
Fe की उपसहसंयोजन संख्या 4 है।
Fe (26) : 4s² 3d⁶
Fe³⁺ : 4s⁰ 3d⁵

यह 5 – अयुगलित इलेक्ट्रॉनों की उपस्थिति के कारण अनुचुम्बकीय है।
चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण
(µ) = \(\sqrt{n(n+2)}\) = \(\sqrt{5×7}\) = \(\sqrt{35}\) = 5.92 BM

5. K₄[Mn(CN)₆] का IUPAC नाम –
पोटैशियम हेक्सासायनोमैंगनीज (II) Mn की ऑक्सीकरण संख्या +2 है।
Mn की उपसहसंयोजन संख्या 6 है।
Mn(25) : 4s² 3d⁵
Mn²⁺ : 4s⁰ 3d⁵

चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण
(µ) = \(\sqrt{n(n+2)}\) = \(\sqrt{1(1+2)}\) = \(\sqrt{3)}\) = 1.732 BM.

प्रश्न 9.25
उपसहसंयोजन यौगिक के विलयन में स्थायित्व से आप क्या समझते हैं? संकुलों का स्थायित्व को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों का उल्लेख कीजिए।
उत्तर:
विलयन में उपसहसंयोजन यौगिकों का स्थायित्व (Stability of Coordination of Compounds in Solution):
अधिकांश संकुल अत्यधिक स्थायी होते हैं। धातु आयन तथा लिगेण्ड के बीच अन्योन्यक्रिया को लूइस अम्ल-क्षार अभिक्रिया के समान माना जाता है।

यदि अन्योन्यक्रिया प्रबल होगी तो बनने वाला संकुल ऊष्मागतिकीय रूप से अत्यधिक स्थायी होगा। विलयन में संकुल के स्थायित्व का अर्थ है-साम्य् अवस्था पर भाग ले रही दो स्पीशीज के मध्य संगुणन की मात्रा का मान। संगुणन के लिए साम्य स्थिरांक (स्थायित्व या विरचन) का परिमाण गुणात्मक रूप को स्थायित्व को प्रकट करता है। इस प्रकार यदि हम निम्नांकित प्रकार की अभिक्रिया को लें –
M + 4L ⇄ ML₄
K = \(\frac{\left[\mathrm{ML}_{4}\right]}{[\mathrm{M}][\mathrm{L}]^{4}}\)
साम्य स्थिरांक का मान जितना अधिक होगा, ML₄ की विलयन में मात्रा उतनी ही अधिक होगी। विलयन में मुक्त धातु आयनों का अस्तित्व नगण्य होता है। अतः M सामान्यतः विलायक अणुओं से घिरा होगा जो लिगेण्ड अणुओं, L, से प्रतिस्पर्धा करेंगे तथा धीरे – धीरे उनसे प्रतिस्तापित हो जाएंगे।

संकलों के स्थायित्व को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक (Factors affecting the Stability of a Complex):
संकुलों का स्थायित्व निम्नलिखित कारकों पर निर्भर करता है –

(1) केन्द्रीय आयन की प्रकृति (Nature of Central Ion):

(i) केन्द्रीय धातु आयन पर आवेश (Charge on central metal ion):
सामान्यतया केन्द्रीय आयन पर आवेश घनत्व जितना अधिकर होता है, इसके संकुलों का स्थायित्व भी उतना ही अधिक होता है। दूसरे शब्दों में किसी आयन पर आवेश अधिक तथा आकार छोटा होने पर अर्थात् आयन का आवेश/त्रिज्या अनुपात अधिक होने पर इसके संकुलों का स्थायित्व अधिक होता है। उदाहरणार्थ – Fe²⁺ आयन की तुलना में Fe³⁺ आयन उच्च आवेश वहन करते हैं, परन्तु इनके आकार समान होते हैं।

इसलिए Fe²⁺ आयन की तुलना में Fe³⁺ पर आवेश घनत्व उच्च होता है, इसलिए Fe³⁺ आयन के संकुल अधिक स्थायी होते हैं।
Fe³⁺ + 6CN^– → [Fe(CN)₆]^3-; K = 1.2 × 10³¹
Fe²⁺ + 6CN^– → [Fe(CN)₆]^4-; K = 1.8 × 10⁶

(ii) धातु आयन का आकार (Size of metal ion):
धातु आयन का आकार घटने पर संकुल का स्थायित्व बढ़ता है। यदि हम द्विसंयोजी धातु आयन पर विचार करें तो इनके संकुलों का स्थायित्व केन्द्रीय धातु आयन की आयनिक त्रिज्या बढ़ने के साथ बढ़ता है।

इसलिए स्थायित्व का क्रम इस प्रकार है –
Mn²¹ < Fe²⁺ < Co²⁺ < Ni²⁺ < Cu²⁺ < Zn²⁺ यह क्रम इरविंग विलियम का स्थायित्व क्रम कहलाता है।

(iii) धातु आयन की विद्युतऋणात्मकता या आवेश वितरण (Electronegativity or Charge distribution of metal ion):
संकुल आयन का स्थायित्व धातु आयन पर इलेक्ट्रॉन आवेश वितरण से भी सम्बन्धित होता है। आरलेण्ड, चैट तथा डेविस के अनुसार धातु आयनों को दो प्रकारों में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है –

(क) वर्ग ‘a’ ग्राही (Class ‘a’ acceptors):
ये पूर्णतया विद्युतधनात्मक धातुएँ होती हैं तथा इनमें वर्ग 1 तथा 2 की धातुएँ सम्मिलित होती हैं। इनके अतिरिक्त आन्तरसंक्रमण धातुएँ तथा संक्रमण श्रेणी के पूर्व सदस्य (वर्ग 3 से 6 तक), जिनमें अक्रिय गैस विन्यास से कुछ इलेक्ट्रॉन अधिक होते हैं, भी इस वर्ग में सम्मिलित होते हैं। ये N, O तथा F दाता परमाणुओं से युक्त लिगण्डों के साथ अत्यधिक स्थायी उपसहसंयोजक सत्ता बनाते है।

(ख) वर्ग ‘b’ ग्राही (Class ‘b’ acceptors):
ये बहुत कम विद्युतधनात्मक होते हैं। इनमें भारी धातुएँ; जैसे – Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Pb आदि, जिनमें भरित d – कक्षक होते हैं, सम्मिलित होती हैं। ये उन लिगण्डों के साथ स्थायी संकुल बनाती हैं जिनमें N, O तथा F वर्ग के भारी सदस्य दाता परमाणु होते हैं।

(iv) कीलेट प्रभाव (Chelate effect):
स्थायित्व कीलेट वलयों के निर्माण पर भी निर्भर करता है। यदि L एक एकदन्तुर लिगेण्ड तथा L – L द्विदन्तुर लिगेण्ड हो तथा यदि L तथा L – L के दाता परमाणु एक ही तत्त्व के हों, तब L – L, L को प्रतिस्थापित कर देगा। कीलेशन के कारण यह स्थायित्व कीलेट प्रभाव कहलाता है। 5 तथा 6 सदस्यीय वलयों में कीलेट प्रभाव अधिकतम होता है। सामान्य रूप में वलय संकुल को अधिक स्थायित्व प्रदान करती है।

(v) वृहदचक्रीय प्रभाव (Macrocyclic effect):
यदि एक बहुदन्तुर लिगेण्ड चक्रीय है तथा कोई अनपयुक्त त्रिविम प्रभाव नहीं है तो बनने वाला संकुल बिना चक्रीय लिगेण्ड के सम्बन्धित संकुल की तुलना में अधिक स्थायी होगा। यह वृहदचक्रीय प्रभाव कहलाता है।

(2) लिगेण्ड की प्रकृति (Nature of Ligand):

(i) क्षारीय सामर्थ्य (Basic strength):
लिगेण्ड जितना अधिक क्षारीय होगा, उतनी ही अधिक सरलता से अपने एकाकी इलेक्ट्रॉन-युग्म को दान देने में होगी, इसलिए इससे बनने वाले संकुल उतने ही अधिक स्थायी होंगे। अत: CN^– तथा F^– आयन एवं NH₃, जो प्रबल क्षार हैं, अच्छे लिगेण्ड भी हैं तथा अनेक स्थायी संकुल बनाते हैं।

(ii) लिगण्डों का आकार तथा आवेश (Size and charge of ligands):
ऋणायनी लिगण्डों के लिए आवेश उच्च तथा आकार छोटा होने पर बनने वाला संकुल अधिक स्थायी होता है। अत: F^– अधिक स्थायी संकतुल देता है, परन्तु Cl^– आयन नहीं।

प्रश्न 9.26
कीलेट प्रभाव से क्या तात्पर्य है? एक उदाहरण दीजिए।
उत्तर:
जब एक द्विदन्तुर या बहुदन्तुर लिगेण्ड में दाता परमाणु इस प्रकार स्थित होते हैं कि जब वे केन्द्रीय धातु आयन से उपसहसंयोजित होते हैं, तब एक पाँच या छ: सदस्यीय वलय बनती है तो इस प्रभाव को कीलेट प्रभाव कहते हैं।
उदाहरण:

प्रश्न 9.27
प्रत्येक का एक उदाहरण देते हुए निम्नलिखित में उपसहसंयोजन यौगिकों की भूमिका की संक्षिप्त विवेचना कीजिए:

1. जैव-प्रणालियाँ
2. विश्लेषणात्मक रसायन
3. औषध रसायन
4. धातुओं का निष्कर्षण/धातुकर्म।

उत्तर:
1. जैव प्रणालियाँ:
उपसहसंयोजन यौगिक जैव-तन्त्र में बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण हैं। प्रकाश-संश्लेषण के लिए उत्तरदायी वर्णक, क्लोरोफिल मैग्नीशियम का उपसहसंयोजन यौगिक हैं। रक्त का लाल वर्णक हीमोग्लोबिन, जो कि ऑक्सीजन का वाहक है, आयरन का एक उपसहसंयोजन यौगिक है।

विटामिन B₁₂ सायनोकोबालऐमीन, प्रतिप्राणाली अरक्तता कारक (antipernicious anaemia factor), कोबाल्ट का एक उपसहसंयोजन यौगिक है। जैविक महत्त्व के अन्य धातु आयन युक्त उपसहसंयोजन यौगिक; जैसे- कार्बोक्सीपेप्टिडेज – A (carboxypeptidase A) तथा कार्बोनिक एनहाइड्रेज (carbonic anhydrase) (जैव-प्रणाली के उत्प्रेरक) एन्जाइम हैं।

2. विश्लेषणात्मक रसायन:
गुणात्मक (qualitative) तथा मात्रात्मक (quantitative) रासायनिक विश्लेषणों में उपसहसंयोजन यौगिकों के अनेक उपयोग हैं। अनेक परिचित रंगीन अभिक्रियाएँ जिनमें धातु आयनों के साथ अनेक लिगण्डों (विशेष रूप से कीलेट लिगण्ड) की उपसहसंयोजन सत्ता बनने के कारण रंग उत्पन्न होता है, चिरसम्मत (classical) तथा यान्त्रिक (instrumental) विधियों द्वारा धातु आयनों की पहचान व उनके मात्रात्मक आकलन का आधार हैं। ऐसे अभिकर्मकों के उदाहरण हैं – EDTA, DMG (डाइमेथिल ग्लाइऑक्सिम), α – नाइट्रोसो – β – नैफ्थॉल आदि।

3. औषध रसायन:
औषध रसायन में कीलेट चिकित्सा के उपयोग में अभिरुचि बढ़ रही है। इसका एक उदाहरण है-पौधे/जीव-जन्तु निकायों में विषैले अनुपात में विद्यमान धातुओं के द्वारा उत्पन्न समस्याओं का उपचार।

इस प्रकार कॉपर तथा आयरन की अधिकता को D – पेनिसिलऐमीन तथा डेसफरीऑक्सिम B लिगण्डों के साथ उपसहसंयोजन यौगिक बनाकर दूर किया जाता है। EDTA को लेड की विषाक्तता के उपचार में प्रयुक्त किया जाता है। प्लैटिनम के कुछ उपसहसंयोजन यौगिक ट्यूमर वृद्धि को प्रभावी रूप से रोकते हैं। उदाहरण हैं-समपक्ष-प्लैटिन (cis-platin) तथा सम्बन्धित यौगिका।

4. धातुओं का निष्कर्षण/धातुकर्म:
धातुओं की कुछ प्रमुख निष्कर्षण विधियों में; जैसे-सिल्वर तथा गोल्ड के लिए संकुल विचन का उपयोग होता है। उदाहरणार्थ: ऑक्सीजन तथा जल की उपस्थिति में गोल्ड सायनाइड आयन से संयोजित होकर जलीय विलयन में उपसहसंयोजन सत्ता, [Au(CN)₂]^– बनाता है। इस विलयन में जिंक मिलाकर गोल्ड को पृथक् किया जा सकता हैं।

प्रश्न 9.28
संकुल [Co(NH₃)₆] Cl₂ से विलयन में कितने आयन उत्पन्न होंगे –

1. 6
2. 4
3. 3
4. 2

उत्तर:
संकुल [Co(NH₃)₆] Cl₂ विलयन में तीन आयनों में वियोजित होता है –

अतः सही विकल्प (iii) है।

प्रश्न 9.29
निम्नलिखित आयनों में से किसके चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण का मान सर्वाधिक होगा?

1. [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺
2. [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺
3. [Zn(H₂O₆]²⁺

उत्तर:

1. Cr³⁺ का इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास = 3d³; अयुगमित इलेक्ट्रॉन = 3
2. Fe²⁺ का इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास = 3d⁶; अयुगमित इलेक्ट्रॉन = 4
3. Zn²⁺ का इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास = 3d¹⁰; अयुगमित इलेक्ट्रॉन = 0

चूँकि n = 4 सबसे अधिक है, अत: इसके लिए चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण सर्वाधिक होगा। अतः सही विकल्प (ii) है।

प्रश्न 9.30
K[Co(CO)₄] में कोबाल्ट की ऑक्सीकरण संख्या है:

1. +1
2. +3
3. -1
4. -3

उत्तर:
माना K [Co(CO)₄]^-1 में Co की आ० सं० x है।
x + 0 = -1 या x = -1
अतः सही विकल्प (iii) है।

प्रश्न 9.31
निम्नलिखित में सर्वाधिक स्थायी संकुल है:

1. [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺
2. [Fe(NH₃)₆]³⁺
3. [Fe(C₂O₄)₃]^3-
4. [FeCl₆]^3-

उत्तर:
दिये गए संकुलों में Fe की आ० सं० +3 है। चूंकि तीन \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}\) आयन कीलेटलिगेण्ड हैं, अत: यह संकुल एक कीलेट है। अतः सही विकल्प (iii) है।

प्रश्न 9.32
निम्नलिखित के लिए दृश्य प्रकाश में अवशोषण की तरंगदैर्ध्य का सही क्रम क्या होगा?
[Ni(NO₂)₆]^2-, [Ni(NH₃)₆]²⁺, [Ni(H₂O)²⁺
उत्तर:
चूँकि इन सभी संकुलों में धातु आयन (Ni²⁺) है अत: स्पेक्ट्रमी रासायनिक श्रेणी के अनुसार उपस्थित लिगण्डों के बढ़ते क्षेत्र सामर्थ्य निम्न प्रकार है:
H₂O < NH₃ < NO^–₂
अत: उत्तेजन हेतु अवशोषित ऊर्जाओं का क्रम निम्नवत् है:
[Ni(H₂O)₆]²⁺ < [Ni(NH₃)₆]²⁺ < [Ni(NO₂)₆]^4-
चूँकि E = \(\frac{hc}{λ}\) अर्थात् E ∝ \(\frac{1}{λ}\) अत: अवशोषित तरंदैर्ध्य विपरीत क्रम में होगी।