Category: Class 12

Bihar Board 12th Maths Objective Questions and Answers

Bihar Board 12th Maths Objective Answers Chapter 1 सम्बन्ध एवं फलन

प्रश्न 1.
यदि A = {a, b, c}, B = {1, 2, 3) और f = {(a, 1) (b, 2) (c, 2)} तो f कैसा फलन है?
(a) एकैक अंत:क्षेपी
(b) अनेकैक अंतःक्षेपी
(c) अनेकैक आच्छादक
(d) एकैक आच्छादक
उत्तर:
(b) अनेकैक अंतःक्षेपी

प्रश्न 2.
यदि f : R → R जहाँ f(x) = 3x तो कैसा फलन है?
(a) एकैक आच्छादक
(b) अनेकैक आच्छादक
(c) एकैक अंतःक्षेपी
(d) अनेकैक अंत:क्षेपी
उत्तर:
(a) एकैक आच्छादक

प्रश्न 3.
यदि f : R → R इस प्रकार परिभाषित है कि f(x) = \(\left(3-x^{3}\right)^{1 / 3}\) तब fof(x) है :
(a) x^1/3
(b) x³
(c) (3 – x³)
(d) x
उत्तर:
(d) x

प्रश्न 4.

(a) x
(b) 1
(c) f(x)
(d) g(x)
उत्तर:
(b) 1

प्रश्न 5.
f(x) = a sin kx + b cos kx का आवर्त काल :
(a) \(\frac{2 \pi}{k}\)
(b) \(\frac{2 \pi}{|k|}\)
(c) \(\frac{\pi}{|k|}\)
(d) कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(b) \(\frac{2 \pi}{|k|}\)

प्रश्न 6.
f : A → B एक आच्छादक फलन होगा, यदि :
(a) BCf(A)
(b) f(A) = B
(c) f(B)CA
(d) f(A) ⊂ B
उत्तर:
(b) f(A) = B

प्रश्न 7.
संबंध R = {(1, 3), (4, 2), (2, 4), (2, 3), (3, 1)} समुच्चय A = {1, 2, 3, 4} पर कैसा संबंध है?
(a) संक्रामक
(b) स्वतुल्य
(c) सममित
(d) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(c) सममित

प्रश्न 8.
दिया हुआ है कि A = {x, y, z}, B = {u, v, w} तो फलन f : A → B alfon f(x) = u, f (y) = v, f(z) = w किस प्रकार का फलन होगा?
(a) Surjective
(b) Bijective
(c) Injective
(d) None
उत्तर:
(d) None

प्रश्न 9.
माना कि A = {1, 2, 3}, तो (1, 2) को शामिल करते हुए कितने तुल्यता संबंध A पर परिभाषित हो सकता है?
(a) 3
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 4
उत्तर:
(c) 2

प्रश्न 10.
यदि A, B तथा C तीन समुच्चय इस प्रकार हो कि A∩B = A∩C और A∪B = A∪C तो :
(a) A = B
(b) A = C
(c) B = C
(d) A∩B = d
उत्तर:
(c) B = C

प्रश्न 11.

उत्तर:
(b) \(\left[\frac{-1}{4}, \frac{1}{2}\right]\)

प्रश्न 12.
माना f(x) = (x + 1)2, x ≥ -1 यदि g(x) एक फलन हो जिसका ग्राफ रेखा y = x के सापेक्ष f(x) के ग्राफ का प्रतिबिम्ब हो, तब g(x) समान है :
(a) -√x – 1, x ≥ 0
(b) \(\frac{1}{(x+1)} 2\), x > -1
(c) √(x + 1) , x ≥ -1
(d) √x – 1, x ≥ 0
उत्तर:
(c) √(x + 1) , x ≥ -1

प्रश्न 13.
माना A = {1, 2, 3, 4,….n} तो कितने फलन f : A → B से परिभाषित हो सकते हैं?
(a) ⌊n – 1
(b) ⌊n
(c) n
(d) \(\frac{1}{2} n\)
उत्तर:
(c) n

प्रश्न 14.
वास्तविक संख्याओं के समुच्चय पर परिभाषित संबंध R = {(a, b) ∈ R × r : 1 + ab > 0} है।
(a) स्वतुल्य और संक्रामक
(b) सममित और संक्रामक
(c) स्वतुल्य और क्रमित
(d) समतुल्य संबंध
उत्तर:
(d) समतुल्य संबंध

प्रश्न 15.
यदि f(x) + 2f(1 – x) = x² + 2 ∀ x ∈ R तो f(x) =
(a) 1
(b) x² – 2
(c) \(\frac{1}{3}(x-2)^{2}\)
(d) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(c) \(\frac{1}{3}(x-2)^{2}\)

प्रश्न 16.
f : A → B आच्छादक फलन होगा, यदि
(a) f(A) ⊂ B
(b) f(A) = B
(c) f(A) ⊃ B
(d) f(A) ≠ B
उत्तर:
(b) f(A) = B

प्रश्न 17.
वास्तविक संख्याओं के समुच्चय में संबंध ‘छोटा है’ जिसमें कैसा संबंध है?
(a) केवल सममित
(b) केवल संक्रामक
(c) केवल स्वतुल्य
(d) तुल्यता संबंध
उत्तर:
(b) केवल संक्रामक

प्रश्न 18.
माना E = {1, 2, 3, 4} और F ={1, 2} तब E से F पर आच्छादक फलन की संख्या :
(a) 14
(b) 16
(c) 12
(d) 8
उत्तर:
(a) 14

प्रश्न 19.

उत्तर:
(b) \(\left(\frac{1}{7}, 3\right)\)

प्रश्न 20.
फलन f(x) = \(\log (x+\sqrt{x^{2}+1})\) है :
(a) सम फलन
(b) विषम
(c) आवर्ती फलन
(d) न तो सम और न ही विषम
उत्तर:
(b) विषम

प्रश्न 21.

(a) [1, 4]
(b) [1, 0]
(c) [0, 5]
(d) [5, 0]
उत्तर:
(a) [1, 4]

प्रश्न 22.
सम्बंध R जो निम्न द्वारा परिभाषित है R = {(a, b) : a, b ∈ human beings : a loves b} है
(a) स्वतुल्य
(b) सममित और संक्रामक
(c) समतुल्य
(d) उपर्युक्त में से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(c) समतुल्य

प्रश्न 23.
फलन f(x) = sin⁴ x + cos⁴ x का आवर्तकाल :
(a) 2π
(b) \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
(c) π
(d) कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(b) \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)

प्रश्न 24.
माना कि A = {1, 2} इस समुच्चय पर कितने द्विचर संक्रियाएँ परिभाषित हो सकते हैं?
(a) 8
(b) 10
(c) 16
(d) 20
उत्तर:
(c) 16

प्रश्न 25.
यदि f : A → R जहाँ A = {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3}, R = {वास्तविक संख्याएँ) तथा f(x) = x² तो फलन कैसा फलन है?
(a) एकैक आच्छादक
(b) एकैक अंतःक्षेपी
(c) अनेकैक आच्छादक
(d) अनेकैक अंतःक्षेपी
उत्तर:
(d) अनेकैक अंतःक्षेपी

प्रश्न 26.
f(x) = \(\frac{\log _{2}(x+3)}{x^{2}+3 x+2}\) का प्रांत है :
(a) R – {-1, -2}
(b) (-2, ∞)
(c) R – {-1, -2, -3}
(d) (-3, +∞) – {-1, -2}
उत्तर:
(d) (-3, +∞) – {-1, -2}

प्रश्न 27.
यदि f : R→ S जो f(x) = sin x – √3 cos x + 1 द्वारा परिभाषित है, आच्छादक हो, तब अंतराल S है :
(a) [0, 1]
(b) [-1, -1]
(c) [0, 3]
(d) [-1, 3]
उत्तर:
(d) [-1, 3]

प्रश्न 28.
माना फलन f : R → R, f(x) = 2x³ – 1 प्रकार से परिभाषित है, तब f^-1 है।
(a) (1 – 2x)³
(b) (2x)³ + 1
(c) 2x³ + 1
(d) \(\left(\frac{1+x}{2}\right)^{1 / 3}\)
उत्तर:
(d) \(\left(\frac{1+x}{2}\right)^{1 / 3}\)

प्रश्न 29.
यदि f : R→ R इस तरह से परिभाषित हो कि f (x) = 2x + 3 तो f^-1(x) =
(a) \(\frac{x+3}{2}\)
(b) \(\frac{x-3}{2}\)
(c) 2x – 3
(d) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(b) \(\frac{x-3}{2}\)

प्रश्न 30.
यदि f : R → R जहाँ f(x) = 3x – 4 तो f^-1(x) निम्नलिखित में कौन होगा?
(a) \(\frac{1}{3}\) (x + 4)
(b) \(\frac{1}{3}\) (x – 4)
(c) 3x – 4
(d) undefined
उत्तर:
(a) \(\frac{1}{3}\) (x + 4)

प्रश्न 31.
माना कि A = {1, 2, 3}, तो (1, 2) और (1, 3) को शामिल करते हुए कितने संबंध A पर परिभाषित हो सकते हैं जो स्वतुल्य सममित है किंतु संक्रामक नहीं
(a) 4
(b) 3
(d) 1
(c) 2
उत्तर:
(c) 2

प्रश्न 32.
माना f(x) = \(\frac{\alpha x}{x+1}\), x ≠ -1, तब x के किस मान के लिए f[f(x)] = x
(a) √2
(b) -√2
(c) 1
(d) -1
उत्तर:
(d) -1

प्रश्न 33.

उत्तर:
(d) \(\frac{7 n(n+1)}{2}\)

प्रश्न 34.
sin^-1[log₃(x/3)] का प्रांत :
(a) [1, 9]
(b) [-9, -1]
(c) [-1, 9]
(d) [-9, 1]
उत्तर:
(a) [1, 9]

प्रश्न 35.
यदि f : R → R जहाँ f(x) = 5x + 4 हो, तो f^-1(x) निम्न में से कौन होगा?
(a) \(\frac{x}{4}-5\)
(b) \(\frac{x-5}{4}\)
(c) \(\frac{x-4}{5}\)
(d) \(\frac{x-y}{5}\)
उत्तर:
(c) \(\frac{x-4}{5}\)

प्रश्न 36.
यदि * संक्रिया की परिभाषा है कि a * b = a² + b², तो (1 * 2) * 6 है
(a) 12
(b) 28
(c) 61
(d) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(c) 61

प्रश्न 37.
f : A → B अंतःक्षेपी होगा, यदि
(a) f(A) ⊂ B
(b) f(A) = B
(c) B ⊂ f(A)
(d) f(B) ⊂ A
उत्तर:
(a) f(A) ⊂ B

प्रश्न 38.
N पर एक द्विपद संक्रिया a * b = a³ + b³ से परिभाषित है :
(a) * साहचर्य एक क्रमविनिमेय है
(b) * क्रमविनिमेय है परंतु साहचर्य नहीं
(c) * साहचर्य है परंतु क्रमविनिमेय नहीं
(d) * न तो साहचर्य है और न क्रमविनिमेय है
उत्तर:
(d) * न तो साहचर्य है और न क्रमविनिमेय है

प्रश्न 39.
यदि फलन f(x) = \(x^{3}+e^{x / 2}\) तथा g(x) = f^-1(x) तो g'(1) का मान है :
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
उत्तर:
(b) 2

प्रश्न 40.
फलन y = f(x) का ग्राफ रेखा x = 2 के सममित हो, तब
(a) f(x) = f (-x)
(b) f(2 + x) = f(2 – x)
(c) f(x + 2) = f(x – 2)
(d) f(x) = -f(-x)
उत्तर:
(b) f(2 + x) = f(2 – x)

प्रश्न 41.
sin²θ का आवर्त काल :
(a) \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
(b) π
(c) 2π
(d) π²
उत्तर:
(b) π

प्रश्न 42.
फलन f(x) = \(\sqrt{(x-1)(3-x)}\) का परास है :
(a) (1, 3)
(b) (-2, 2)
(c) (0, 1)
(d) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(a) (1, 3)

प्रश्न 43.
यदि A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {5, 6, 7} तथा f : A → B एक फलन है जैसा कि f (x) = x + 4 तो f किस प्रकार का फलन है?
(a) अनेकैक आच्छादक
(b) अचर फलन
(c) एकैक आच्छादक
(d) अंत:क्षेपी
उत्तर:
(c) एकैक आच्छादक

प्रश्न 44.
माना A = {(1, 2), (1, 1),(2, 2), (2, 1)} और माना R, A पर एक संबंध हो तो R है :
(a) संक्रामक
(b) स्वतुल्य
(c) सममित
(d) कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(d) कोई नहीं

Bihar Board 12th Physics Objective Questions and Answers

Bihar Board 12th Physics Objective Answers Chapter 5 चुम्बकत्व एवं द्रव्य

प्रश्न 1.
चुम्बकत्व का प्राथमिक उद्गम (मूल-बिन्दु) किसमें स्थित होता
(a) परमाण्विक धारा एवं इलेक्ट्रॉनों का यथार्थ चक्रण
(b) अणुओं की ध्रुवीय एवं अध्रुवीय प्रकृति
(c) पाउली का अपवर्जन सिद्धांत
(d) पदार्थों की विद्युतऋणात्क प्रकृति
उत्तर-
(a) परमाण्विक धारा एवं इलेक्ट्रॉनों का यथार्थ चक्रण

प्रश्न 2.
परिनालिका एवं संगत छड़ चुम्बक के लिए चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण
(a) दोनों के लिए समान
(b) परिनालिका के लिए अधिक
(c) छड़ चुम्बक के लिए अधिक
(d) इनमें से कोई नहीं।
उत्तर-
(a) दोनों के लिए समान

प्रश्न 3.
एक चुम्बकीय सुई का चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण 5.8 x 10^-2A m² एवं जड़त्व आघूर्ण 7.8 x 10^-6 kg m’ है, यह 6.0 सेकण्ड में 12 पूर्ण दोलनों को सम्पन्न करती है। चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र का परिमाण क्या है ?
(a) 0.011T
(b) 0.021 T
(c) 0.031 T
(d) 0.041 T
उत्तर-
(b) 0.021 T
(b) यहाँ , दोलनों का आवर्तकाल T = \(\frac{6.0}{12}=0.5 s\)
अब चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र , B = \(\frac{4 \pi^{2} I}{m T^{2}}\)
यहाँ I = 7.8 x 10^-6kg m², π = 3.14
m=5.8 x 10^-2 A m²
∴ \(B=\frac{4 \times(3.14)^{2} \times 7.8 \times 10^{-6}}{5.8 \times 10^{-2} \times(0.2)^{2}}=0.021 \mathrm{T}\)

प्रश्न 4.
2 x 10^-4 m² अनुप्रस्थ परिच्छेद क्षेत्रफल तथा 900 फेरों की एक परिनालिका का चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण 0.6A m² है, तो इसमें प्रवाहित धारा होगी –
(a) 2.24 A .
(b) 2.34 m A
(c) 3.33 A
(d) 3.33 mA
उत्तर-
(b) 2.34 m A
(c) यहाँ N = 900 , A = 2 x 10^-4 m², m_s =0.6Am²
परिनालिका का चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण, \(I=\frac{m_{s}}{N A}=\frac{0.6}{900 \times 2 \times 10^{-4}}=3.33 \mathrm{A}\)

प्रश्न 5.
यदि किसी छड़ चुम्बक का चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण 0.6 A m² है, तो इसके मध्य-बिन्दु से 75 cm की दूरी पर 3 cm लम्बाई के छड़ चुम्बक के कारण अक्षीय क्षेत्र का परिमाण क्या होगा?
(a) 0.013 µT
(b) 0.113 µT
(c) 0.213 µT
(d) 0.313 µT
उत्तर-
(c) 0.213 µT

प्रश्न 6.
750 फेरे एवं 5 x 10^-4 m² अनुप्रस्थ परिच्छेद के क्षेत्रफल वाली तथा अच्छी तरह से लिपटी हुई परिनालिका में 3.0 A की धारा प्रवाहित होती है। इससे संबंधित चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण होगा –
(a) 4.12 JT^-1
(b) 3.12 JT^-1
(c) 2.12 JT^-1
(d) 1.13 JT^-1
उत्तर-
(d) 1.13 JT^-1

प्रश्न 7.
एक छोटे छड़ चुम्बक का चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण 0.48 JT^-1 है । अपने अक्ष पर चुम्बक के केन्द्र से 10 cm की दूरी पर चुम्बक द्वारा उत्पन्न चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र का परिमाण एवं दिशा क्या होगी?
(a) N-S दिशा के अनुदिश 0.48 x 10^-4
(b) S-N दिशा के अनुदिश 0.28 x 10^-4T
(c) N-S दिशा के अनुदिश 0.28x 10^-4T
(d) S-N दिशा के अनुदिश 0.96 x 10^-4T
उत्तर-
(d) S-N दिशा के अनुदिश 0.96 x 10^-4T
चुम्बक के अक्ष पर, \(B_{0}=\frac{\mu_{0}}{4 \pi} \cdot \frac{2 m}{d^{3}}\)
यहाँ \(\frac{\mu_{0}}{4 \pi}=10^{-7} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{m}^{-2}\)
m = 0.48JT^-1, d = 10cm = 0.1m
तो \(B=\frac{10^{-7} \times 2 \times 0.48}{(0.1)^{3}}\)
= 0.96 x 10^-4 T, S-N दिशा के अनुदिशा

प्रश्न 8.
चक्रण के अक्ष के अनुदिश मापे गये प्रोटॉन से 1Å दुर बिन्दु पर चुम्बकीय प्रेरण होगा –
(प्रोटॉन का चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण 1.4 x 10^-26 A m² है)
(a) 0.28 mT
(b) 28 mT
(c) 0.028 mT
(d) 2.8 mT
उत्तर-
(d) 2.8 mT

प्रश्न 9.
300 फेरे एवं 14 cm व्यास की एक वृत्तीय कुंडली में 15 A धारा प्रवाहित होती है । लूप से सम्बन्धित चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण का परिमाण होगा –
(a) 51,7 JT^-1
(b) 69.2 JT^-1
(c) 38.6 JT^-1
(d) 19.5 JT^-1
उत्तर-
(b) 69.2 JT^-1
(b) यहाँ, N= 300, I = 15 A, r = 7cm = 7 x 10^-2m
∴ M = NIA = NI x πr²
= 300 x 15 x 3.14 x (7 x 10^-2)² = 69.2 JT^-1

प्रश्न 10.
एक धारावाही लूप को चित्रानुसार चार विभिन्न अभिविन्यासों में एकसमान चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र में रखा जाता है । स्थितिज ऊर्जा के घटते क्रम में उन्हें व्यवस्थित कीजिए।

(a) 4, 2, 3, 1
(b) 1, 4, 2, 3
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4
उत्तर-
(b) 1, 4, 2, 3

प्रश्न 11.
चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण \(\vec{m}=30 \hat{j} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{m}^{2}\) के एक द्विध्रुव को एकसमान
चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र \(\vec{B}=(2 i+5 \hat{j})\) में y-अक्ष के अनुदिश रखा गया है। इस पर कार्यरत बल आघूर्ण क्या होगा?
(a) – 40 k̂ Nm
(b) – 50 k̂Nm
(c) – 60 k̂ Nm
(d) – 70 k̂ Nm
उत्तर-
(c) – 60 k̂ Nm

प्रश्न 12.
पृथ्वी, चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के साथ एक चुम्बक की भाँति व्यवहार करती है, भौगोलिक रूप से लगभग इस दिशा में
(a) उत्तर से दक्षिण
(b) दक्षिण से उत्तर
(c) पूर्व से पश्चिम
(d) पश्चिम से पूर्व
उत्तर-
(b) दक्षिण से उत्तर

प्रश्न 13.
भू-चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र की तीव्रता होती है
(a) प्रत्येक जगह नियत
(b) प्रत्येक जगह पर शून्य
(c) बहुत उच्च मान वाली
(d) पृथ्वी की सतह पर अलग-अलग स्थानों पर भिन्न ।
उत्तर-
(d) पृथ्वी की सतह पर अलग-अलग स्थानों पर भिन्न ।

प्रश्न 14.
पृथ्वी का विषुवतीय चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र 0.4G है, तो विषुवत रेखा पर इसका द्विध्रुव आघूर्ण क्या होगा?
(a) 1.05 x 10²³ A m²
(b) 2.05 x 10²³ A m²
(c) 1.05 x 10²¹ A m²
(d) 2.05 x 10²¹ A m²
उत्तर-
(a) 1.05 x 10²³ A m²

प्रश्न 15.
किसी निश्चित स्थान के चुम्बकीय याम्योत्तर में, भू-चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र का क्षैतिज घटक 0.25G है तथा नमक कोण/नीति कोण 60° है । इस स्थान पर पृथ्वी का चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र क्या होगा?
(a) 0.50 G
(b) 0.52G
(c) 0.54G
(d) 0.56 G
उत्तर-
(a) 0.50 G
(a) यहाँ, H_E = 0.25 G एवं cos δ = \(\frac{H_{E}}{B_{E}}\)
∴ दी गई स्थिति पर पृथ्वी का चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र,
\(B_{E}=\frac{H_{E}}{\cos 60^{\circ}}=\frac{0.25}{1 / 2}=0.50 \mathrm{G}\)

प्रश्न 16.
भू-चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र का क्षैतिज घटक किसी निश्चित स्थान पर B₀ है तथा नमन कोण 45° है। उस स्थान पर क्षेत्र की कुल तीव्रता होगी
(a) 2 B₀
(b) B₀
(c) √2 B₀
(d) √3 B₀
उत्तर-
(c) √2 B₀

प्रश्न 17.
निम्न में से किसमें सार्वत्रिक चुम्बकीय गुण होता है ?
(a) लौहचुम्बकत्व
(b) प्रतिचुम्बकत्व
(c) अनुचुम्बकत्व
(d) प्रति-लौहचुम्बकत्व
उत्तर-
(b) प्रतिचुम्बकत्व

प्रश्न 18.
दक्षिणी भारत में किसी स्थान पर नमन कोण 18° के लगभग है, तो ब्रिटेन में नमक कोण क्या होगा?
(a) 18° से अधिक
(b) 18° से कम
(c) 18° के बराबर
(d) शून्य
उत्तर-
(a) 18° से अधिक

प्रश्न 19.
माना कि पृथ्वी पर स्थित चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र, पृथ्वी के केन्द्र पर स्थित बिन्दु चुम्बकीय द्विध्रुव का प्रतिरूपण (Modelled) है । भौगोलिक विषुवत रेखा पर उस बिन्दु पर नमन कोण होगा –
(a) हमेशा शून्य
(b) धनोत्मक, ऋणात्मक या शून्य
(c) असम्बद्ध
(d) हमेशा ऋणात्मक
उत्तर-
(b) धनोत्मक, ऋणात्मक या शून्य

प्रश्न 20.
किसी स्थान पर भू-चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र का ऊर्ध्वाधर घटक क्षैतिज घटक का √3 गुना है, उस स्थान पर नमन कोण का मान क्या होगा?
(a) 30°
(b) 45°
(c) 60°
(d) 90°
उत्तर-
(c) 60°

प्रश्न 21.
ध्रुवों एवं विषुवत रेखा पर नमन कोण क्रमशः हैं
(a) 30°, 60°
(b) 0°, 90°
(c) 45°, 90°
(d) 90°, 0°
उत्तर-
(d) 90°, 0°

प्रश्न 22.
यदि आप ऑस्ट्रेलिया में मेलबान पर चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र रेखाओं का मानचित्र बनाते हैं, तो चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र रेखाएँ प्रतीत होती हैं –
(a) भूमि में जाती हुई
(b) भूमि के बाहर आती हुई
(c) पृथ्वी के पृष्ठ पर सर्पिलाकार पथ बनाती हुई
(d) भूमि के पृष्ठ के ऊपर कुण्डलिकार पथ पर गति करती हैं।
उत्तर-
(b) भूमि के बाहर आती हुई

प्रश्न 23.
किसी निश्चित स्थान पर नमन कोण जहाँ भू-चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र केक्षैतिज एवं ऊर्ध्वाधर घटक बराबर होते हैं, होगा
(a) 30°
(b) 75°
(c) 60°
(d) 45°
उत्तर-
(d) 45°

प्रश्न 24.
निम्न में से कौन-सा भू-चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के लिए उत्तरदायी होता है ?
(a) पृथ्वी की क्रोड में संवहनी धाराएं ।
(b) पृथ्वी की क्रोड में विविध धाराएँ ।
(c) पृथ्वी की घूर्णन गति ।
(d) पृथ्वी की स्थानान्तरीत गति ।
उत्तर-
(a) पृथ्वी की क्रोड में संवहनी धाराएं ।

प्रश्न 25.
10 cm लम्बाई के पतले बेलन की आकृति वाले किसी स्थायी चुम्बकीकरण (M) = 10⁶A m^-1 है । इसकी चुम्बकीकरण I_M क्या होगी?
(a) 10⁵ A
(b) 10⁶ A
(c) 10⁷ A
(d) 10⁸ A
उत्तर-
(a) 10⁵ A
(a) चूँकि Bl = µ₀MI = µ₀ (I + I_M) यहाँ, I = 0
तो µ₀MI = µ₀(I_M)
→ I_MI = 10⁶ x 0.1 = 10⁵ A

प्रश्न 26.
निम्न में से कौन-सा आपेक्षिक चुम्बकशीलता (μ_r) के बारे में सही
नहीं है? (a) यह शुद्ध विमाहीन अनुपात होता है।
(b) निर्वात माध्यम के लिए इसका मान एक होता है।
(c) लौहचुम्बकीय पदार्थों के लिए μ_r >>1
(d) अनुचुम्बकीय पदार्थों के लिए μ_r >1
उत्तर-
(d) अनुचुम्बकीय पदार्थों के लिए μ_r >1

प्रश्न 27.
एक परिनालिका में 600 आपेक्षिक चुम्बकशीलता वाले किसी पदार्थ की क्रोड है । दिये गये पदार्थ की चुम्बकीय चुम्बकशीलता क्या है ?
(a) 20πx 10^-5 NA^-2
(b) 21πx 10^-5 NA^-2
(c) 22π x 10^-5 NA^-2
(d) 24π x 10^-5 NA^-2
उत्तर-
(d) 24π x 10^-5 NA^-2

प्रश्न 28.
एक पतली चुम्बकीय सुई T आवर्तकाल वाले क्षैतिज तल में दोलन करती है। इसे n बराबर भागों में तोड़ा गया है। प्रत्येक भाग का .. आवर्तकाल क्या होगा?
(a) nT
(b) n2T
(c) \(\frac{T}{n}\)
(d) \(\frac{T}{n^{2}}\)
उत्तर-
(c) \(\frac{T}{n}\)

प्रश्न 29.
एक चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र 2 x 10³ Am^-1, किसी लोहे की छड़ में 8 TT
का चुम्बकीय फ्लकस घनत्व उत्पन्न करता है। छड़ की आपेक्षिक चुम्बकशीलता क्या होगी?
(a) 10²
(b) 1
(c) 10⁴
(d) 10³
उत्तर-
(c) 10⁴
(c) यहाँ, H= 2 x 10³ A m^-1, B = 8πT, µ₀ = 4π x 10^-7

प्रश्न 30.
निकिल कमरे के ताप पर लौहचुम्बकीय गुण दर्शाता है। यदि यह ताप क्यूरी ताप के परे वृद्धि करता है, तो यह दर्शाएगा –
(a) प्रति-लौहचुम्बकत्व
(b) कोई चुम्बकीय गुण नहीं
(c) प्रतिचुम्बकत्व
(d) अनुचुम्बकत्व
उत्तर-
(d) अनुचुम्बकत्व

प्रश्न 31.
किसी प्रतिचुम्बकीय पदार्थ की चुम्बकीय प्रवृत्ति
(a) ताप में वृद्धि के साथ बढ़ जाती है।
(b) ताप में कमी के साथ बढ़ जाती है।
(c) ताप में परिवर्तन के साथ नियत रहती है।
(d) इनमें से कोई नहीं।
उत्तर-
(c) ताप में परिवर्तन के साथ नियत रहती है।

प्रश्न 32.
एक प्रयोग में, यह पाया जाता है कि दिये गये पदार्थ की चुम्बकीय प्रवृत्ति एक से बहुत अधिक होती है। संभव पदार्थ है –
(a) प्रतिचुम्बकीय
(b) अनुचुम्बकीय
(c) लौहचुम्बकीय
(d) अचुम्बकीय
उत्तर-
(c) लौहचुम्बकीय

प्रश्न 33.
चुम्बकीय चुम्बक शीलता किसके लिए अधिकतम होती है ?
(a) लौहचुम्बकीय पदार्थ
(b) प्रतिचुम्बकीय पदार्थ
(c) अनुचुम्बकीय पदार्थ
(d) इनमें से सभी ।
उत्तर-
(a) लौहचुम्बकीय पदार्थ

प्रश्न 34.
किसी अनुचुम्बकीय पदार्थ के लिए चुम्बकीय प्रवृत्ति (y) एवं ताप (χ) एवं ताप (T) के मध्य सम्बन्ध के सबसे अच्छे प्रदर्शन को बताइए।

उत्तर-
(a)

प्रश्न 35.
लौहचुम्बकीय गुण से अनुचुम्बकीय गुण में संक्रमण का ताप कहलाता है –
(a) संक्रमण ताप
(b) क्रांतिक ताप
(c) क्यूरी ताप
(d) त्रिक ताप
उत्तर-
(c) क्यूरी ताप

प्रश्न 36.
लौहचुम्बकीय पदार्थों के सही समूह को चिन्हित करें।
(a) लोहा, कोबाल्ट एवं निकिल
(b) लोहा, ताँबा एवं सीसा
(c) सिलिकॉन, विस्मथ एवं निकिल
(d) ऐलुमिनियम, सोडियम एवं ताँबा
उत्तर-
(a) लोहा, कोबाल्ट एवं निकिल

प्रश्न 37.
अतिचालक पदार्थ की एक गेंद को नाइट्रोजन द्रव में डुबाया जाता है तथा छड़ चुम्बक के पास रखा जाता है। यह किस दिशा में घूमेगी?
(a) छड़ चुम्बक से दूर
(b) छड़ चुम्बक की ओर
(c) छड़ चुम्बक के चारों ओर
(d) नियत रहती है।
उत्तर-
(a) छड़ चुम्बक से दूर

प्रश्न 38.
-73°C पर किसी अनुचुम्बकीय पदार्थ की चुम्बकीय प्रवृत्ति 0.0075 है, -173°C पर इसका मान होगा-
(a) 0.0045
(b) 0.0030
(c) 0.015
(d) 0.0075
उत्तर-
(c) 0.015
(c) यहाँ, χ_m1, = 0.0075, T₁ = -73°C = (-73 + 273)K
= 200 K
T₂ = – 173°C = (-173 + 273) K = 100 K,
χ_m2 = ?
चूँकि अनुचुम्बकीय पदार्थ के लिए, चुम्बकीय प्रवृत्ति

प्रश्न 39.
निम्न में से कौन-सा पदार्थ चल कुंडली धारामापी की क्रोड को
बनाने में प्रयुक्त होता है?
(a) ताँबा
(b) निकिल
(c) लोहा
(d) (a) एवं (b) दोनों
उत्तर-
(c) लोहा

प्रश्न 40.
1500 A m^-1का चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र अनुप्रस्थ परिच्छेद के क्षेत्रफल 0.5 cm² की किसी लोहे की छड़ में 2.4 x 10^-5 वेबर का फ्लक्स उत्पन्न करता है। लोहे की छड़ की चुम्बकशीलता क्या होगी?
(a) 245
(b) 250
(c) 252
(d) 255
उत्तर-
(d) 255

प्रश्न 41.
किसी ट्रांसफार्मर की क्रोड के पदार्थ के लिए शैथिल्स चक्र होता
(a) छोटा एवं चौड़ा
(b) लम्बा एवं संकरा
(c) लम्बा एवं चौड़ा
(d) छोटा एवं संकरा
उत्तर-
(b) लम्बा एवं संकरा

प्रश्न 42.
प्रतिचुम्बकीय पदार्थों के लिए चुम्बकीय प्रवृत्ति एवं आपेक्षिक चुम्बकीय चुम्बकशीलता की परास होती है –
(a) -1 ≥ χ > 0,0 ≤ µ_r < 1
(b) -1 ≤ χ > 0,0 ≥ µ_r < 1
(c) -1 ≥ χ > 0,0 ≤ µ_r < 1
(d) -1 ≤ χ > 0,0 ≤ µ_r < 1
उत्तर-
(d) -1 ≤ χ > 0,0 ≤ µ_r < 1

प्रश्न 43.
अवशिष्ट चुम्बकत्व को शून्य करने के लिए विपरीत दिशा में . आरोपित आवश्यक चुम्बकन क्षेत्र को कहते हैं –
(a) धारणशीलता
(b) निग्राहिता
(c) शैथिल्य
(d) फ्लक्स
उत्तर-
(b) निग्राहिता

Bihar Board 12th English Model Papers

Bihar Board 12th English 50 Marks Model Question Paper 3

Time: 01 Hours 37.5 Minutes
Full Marks : 50

Instructions

1. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as parcticable.
2. Figures in the right hand margin indicate full marks.
3. While answering the candidate should adhere to the words limit as far as practicable.
4. 7.5 minutes of extra time has been alloted for the candidates to read the questions and follow the instructions carefully.
5. All questions are compulsory.
6. Use of any electronic device is strictly prohibited.
7. This question paper is divided into two sections -Section -A and Section- B.
8. In Section -A, there are 25 objective type questions, rach carrying 1 mark. Darken the circle with blue/black ball pen against the correct option on OMR Sheet provided to you. Do not use Whitener/ Liquid /Blade/Nail on OMR Answer sheet; otherwise, the restlt will be treated as invalid.
9. In Section-B there are descripttive type questions.

Section – A

Objective Type Questions

Question No. 1 to 25 have four options, out of which only one is correct. You to mark, your selected option, on the OMR-Sheet. (25 x 1 = 25)

Question 1.
A horse is useful animal. (Choose the suitable article)
(A) the
(B) a
(C) an
(D) None
Answer:
(C) an

Question 2.
Ramayana is Holy book. (Choose the suitable article)
(A) the
(B) an
(C)a
(D)None
Answer:
(A) the

Question 3.
‘With the Photographer’ is written by.
(A) Robert Lynd
(B) Jim Corbett
(C) Stephen Leacock
(D) J. C. Hill
Answer:
(C) Stephen Leacock

Question 4.
The machines, helpful to man work by
(A) petrol
(B) steam
(C) power
(D) force
Answer:
(C) power

Question 5.
Choose the correct meaning of the phrase ‘well off’:
(A) rich
(B) poor
(C) average
(D) very poor
Answer:
(A) rich

Question 6.
Choose the correct meaning of the phrase ‘in time’ :
(A) very late
(B) not late
(C) always late
(D) occasionally late
Answer:
(B) not late

Question 7.
He may be at home. I do not know, (Choose the correct option of combination)
(A) I do not know whether he is at home.
(B) I know tiftthe is at home.
(C) I may know he is at tome.
(D) I know he is not at home.
Answer:
(A) I do not know whether he is at home.

Question 8.
The weather was fine. We went for a walk. (Choose the correct option of combination)
(A) The weather being fine, we go for a walk.
(B) The weather being fine, we went for a walk.
(C) The weather had being fine, we go for a walk.
(D) The weather fine, we go for a walk.
Answer:
(B) The weather being fine, we went for a walk.

Question 9.
Choose the correcty spelt word :
(A)terified
(B) terrified
(C)tyrified
(D)tirified
Answer:
(B) terrified

Question 10.
Children obey their parents. (Choose the correct option)
(A) may not
(B) might be
(C) should
(D) must be
Answer:
(C) should

Question 11.
Uriah Heep is the black hearted, mischievous clerk of
(A) Mr. Micawber
(B) Mr. Chillip
(C) Mr. Wickfied
(D) Mr. Spenlow
Answer:
(C) Mr. Wickfied

Question 12.
He wears suits. (Choose the correct option)
(A) plen
(B) plain
(C) plane
(D)plan
Answer:
(B) plain

Question 13.
Sea water must be before you drink it. (Choose the correct option)
(A) altered
(B) filtered
(C) drunk
(D) proceed
Answer:
(B) filtered

Question 14.
He leaves the bed 6 o’clock in the morning. (Choose the correct option)
(A) at
(B) to
(C) with
(D) for
Answer:
(A) at

Question 15.
He is taller than you two inches. (Choose the correct option)
(A) into
(B) since
(C) at
(D) by
Answer:
(D) by

Question 16.
‘On Letter Writing’ is written by. (Choose the correct option)
(A) J. C. Hill
(B) A. G. Gardiner
(C) C.E.M.Joad
(D)R.Lynd
Answer:
(B) A. G. Gardiner

Question 17.
‘Forgetting’is written by :
(A) Robert Lynd
(B) A.G. Gardiner
(C) Carlyle
(D)J.C.Hill
Answer:
(A) Robert Lynd

Question 18.
People forget things because (Choose the correct option)
(A) it is their habit
(B) others make them forget
(C) they wish to forget
(D) they are ill
Answer:
(C) they wish to forget

Question 19.
Rupert Brooke is famous as a
(A) love poet
(B) war poet
(C) nature poet
(D) didactic poet
Answer:
(B) war poet

Question 20.
The photographer’s studio was (Choose the correct option)
(A) very bad
(B) not properly arranged
(C) neatly arranged
(D) broken
Answer:
(B) not properly arranged

Question 21.
The Lake Isle of Innisfree’ is written by.
(A) Rupert Brooke
(B) Edward Thomas
(C) W.B. Yeats
(D) Rudyard Kipling
Answer:
(C) W.B. Yeats

Question 22.
Walter de la Mare is fomous as a (Choose the correct option)
(A) children’s poet
(B) nature poet .
(C) war poet
(D) romantic poet
Answer:
(A) children’s poet

Question 23.
‘Everyone Sang’ is a poem. (Choose the correct option) .
(A) war
(B)love
(C) (a) & (b)
(D) None
Answer:
(A) war

Question 24.
Mr. Murdstone is the of David. (Choose the correct option)
(A) watchman
(B) servant
(C) aunt
(D) stepfather
Answer:
(D) stepfather

Question 25.
Who has written ‘Echo’ ?
(A) W.B.Yeats
(B) William Wordsworth
(C) Edward Thomas
(D) Walter de la Mare
Answer:
(D) Walter de la Mare

Section – B

Non-Objective Questions

Question 1.
Answer any two of the following : (5 x 2 = 10)
(a) What should be the rule about conver-sation ?
(b) Why are order and safety necessary for civilization ?
(c) Why do some people have difficulty in writting letters ?
(d) Why do some people not remember to take medicines ?
(e) Why did the author not mark of spot where he shot the leopard ?
Answer:
(a) The rule about the conversation should be that in company one should take only a fair share of the conversation. One should be polite to another in conversation. When there are two persons, one should take only half of it. The way of conversation should be accommodation and balanced. When one has said a little, one should keep quiet and give his friend and companion a chance and freedom to say something. This is-the best way and manner of conversation.

(b) It is obvious that order and safety are very necessary for civilization because without order and safety, we cannot be able to engage ourselves in higher activities which make up civilization. The inventors, the scientists and the artists are bound to provide order and safety to their creations. Otherwise their creations cannot serve our pupose. As a result the achievements of the scientists, the inventors and artists will fail and they annot survive long. They cannot make beautiful things if order and safety are lacking.

(c) Some people have difficulty in writing letters because they cannot express the atmosphere in which they live in concrete words. They have no gift of self-expression.

(d) Some people do not remember to take medicines. They for get to have medicines because of their dislike for pills of medicines. Most of the people do not like to use medicines as they hesitate to have them. Actually they neglect the medicines.

(e) We know that the author shot a leopard, one day. It was a matter of great courage and bravery. He had fired leopard at the short range. He had seen the bullet strike. The bullet had gone right through the leopard’s body. But the author did not mark the spot.

Question 2.
Show that you have read and understood any one of the poem: (5)
(a) The Daffodils
(b) The Soldier
(c) Echo
Answer:
(a) The Daffodils ‘The Daffodils’ is a beautiful poem by William Wordsworth. The poet was a lover of nature. He saw a close relation between man and nature.

Once the poet was walking along when he came across daffodils. They were count-less, ‘ten thousand’. They were “fluttering and dancing”. They were standing in never ending line beside the lake. The poet lboked at the dance of the waves too but to him the dance of the daffodils was far superior. At that time, the poet could not make out if such beautiful scene was of any use. But once when the poet was in thouhtful and sad mood, the picture of daffodils flashed in his mind. He forgot all his sorrow. His heart began to dance with the daffodils. The poet means to say that beautiful scenes of nature may not give material comforts but it has healing power that removes our sorrow and sadness.

(b) The Soldier : The poem THE SOLDIER by Rupert Brooke speaks about a soldier’s love for his motherland. For a soldier his motherland is more important than anything else. He fights in battles to defend his motherland and may have to lay down his life in an enemy territory.

Here in this poem, which is a sonnet, the poet speaks of such likelihood and expresses his deep feelings for such situation. If he dies in a foreign land fighting a battle, and is buried there, even in death his body will continue to be England’s (‘of a foreign field/That is for ever England’)

Once having imagined himself as having died, he remembers the ‘flowers’, the ‘ways’, the ‘air’, the ‘rivers’ and the ‘suns’ of home and tells us how his ‘body’ was given to him by his motherland-England. The soldier was bom in England and also grew up there (‘whom England bore, shaped).

In the second stanza there is a shift in ideas. From the ‘body’ ‘ in the first stanza the soldier now goes to talk of ‘thoughts’. The thoughts are actually qualities of mind like ‘dreams’, ‘laughter’ and ‘gentleness’ given by England. These are England’s gifts. In death, the soldier will be a part of ‘eternal mind’. And then all his qualities of mind will be spread out everywhere. People will acknowledge him as son of England, of his motherland.

The poem celebrates patriotism and a patriot is not afrid of dying for his country, his motherland.

(e) Echo : ‘Echo’ deals with a very simple him an experience, that is, how does any sound echo. The speaker stood in a forest and said, ‘who called ?’ No sooner it was spoken than the sound returned, ‘who called ? who called ?’ Actually the speaker’s sound traveled through the clear open spaces in the forest. The sound ‘who called ?’ rang in the atmosphere. The birds were puzzled.

They could not locate the source of the sound. The speaker was ho less baffled as to how his words were echoed back, what was the object which returned his sound ?

Tlie speaker stood in the open space of a thick forest. He imagines as if his sound went up to the leaves of the farthest branches of the trees. Those leaves seemed to pass it on to the sun. Beneath the trees the air was drak. When he said, ‘who called’ loudly, the leaves made hissing sound, the dark air carried his cry to the region not known to the speaker.

. In the third stanza of the poem, the poet imagines as if there were some mysterious creatures behind the trees who were looking at him but he was not able to spot them out. Perhaps his call was returned by those mysterious creatures. His simple saying (voice) ‘who called’ was mockingly returned to him in the form of ‘who called ?, who called ?’

The speaker perhaps did not like this mocking tone. He reacted sharply and cried in his loud shrill voice ‘who cares ?’ The wind slowed down. Once again his voice was reflected back and who cares ?, who cares ?’ rang throughout the forest. The speaker heard his own weeping tone.

Question 3.
Write in brief of the novel, “David Copper-field in your own words. (5)
Answer:
‘David Copperfield’ is an important and popular novel of Charles Dickens. It is autobiographical in nature and soaked in humous child from his Childhood to manhood when he becomes a famous writer.

David was a posthumous child. His mother Clara loved him heart and soul. His nurse Pegotty doted on him. He was happy in his childhood but hell broke down when his mother married. Mr. Murdstone who was very cruel and hard hearted. He treated David unkindly. David hated him. David was beaten black and blue. He was confined to his room for five days, later on, he was sent to Salem house where a piece of paper with words. ‘I bite’ was pasted on his back.

In the meanwhile his mother died. He had to come for her burial. His step-father refused to bear the cost of his education. He had to wash and clean bottles to earn his bread. He left for London for his aunt Betsy Trotwood. On the way he was robbed of his helongings. he had to go without food and sleep under the open sky. At last he reached the house of his aunt who arranged for his education. He married Dora and after his death Ages. He learnt typewriting and became a reporter and thereafter a famous writer leading a very happy married life.

(Or)

Give the character-sketch of any one :
(a) Mr. Micawber.
(b) Uriah Heep
(a) Mr. Micawber is a businessman but a very funny one. He is a memorable character of the novel. He is always on the look out for a windfall or something to happen. He has a lot of friends of his tem[erament and generosity.

Despite his poverty and debt he is very honest and places ethics higher than his personal profits. His knowledge of law made him a successful Magistrate in Austrialia.

The novel would have a vacuum had Mr. Micawber not been there. He is a good person and grandiloquent in speech, probably created keeping Dickens father in mind.

(b) Uriah Heep is one of the most important characters of the novel. His role is more vital than David herself. Uriah Heep is red-haired person, a youth of fifteen but looking much older.

He is the villain who has set a web to keep Agnes under his thumb. He wants to destroy those who come in their support Uriah Heep was a clerk in Mr. Wickfield’s office. He also studied law. He was very ambitiuous. He played false with Mr. Wickfield to become his firm partner. He had an evil eye on his daughter Agnes and wanted to marry her. The mother of Agnes was dead. Uriah Heep tried to take advantage of this. He cheats wickfield in may ways. He is the perfect villain of the novel.

He swallows to money of Wickfield. He plots to marry Agnes. He challenges four persons including David. Aa a villain Uriah Heep is perfect. He excites rtpu’- ion, hated and wrath in our hearts. Thus he is really a villain.

Question 4.
Write a paragraph in about 75 – 80 words on any one : (5) 
(a) Terorrism
(b) Spring Season
(c) Pollution
Answer:
(a) Terorrism : A major irony of today’s global terrorism is the fact that dreads most and desperately. Osama-bin-Laden was monster created by the American themselves. It all started when the cold war was at its peak and the Soviet union mrched into Afghanistan in 1979. Since the Americans could not encounter militarily, they decided to emply proxy fighters. The American operation of Iraq was also bad to further problem. Various regions in the world including South and South-East Asia. Middle East and Africa are gripped by the terrorist violence.

(b) Spring Season : I like athe spring season most. It is the best season of the year. It is caled the queen of the season. How beautiful the earth looks during this season ! Different kinds of flowers bloom in the spring. The smiling flowers give us a lot of joy. They make us forget our cares and anxieties when we walk in a garden, we are filled with joy. The cuckoo sings with joy. Its sweet notes charm us. Th days of the spring are very pleasant.

The spring brings beautiful sights and charming sounds. This season is neither very hot nor very cold. It is suitable for work. Nature looks fresh and beautiful in this season. Dry and dead leaves are dropped by the trees and fresh green leaves appear on the branches. The atmosphere is filled with fragrance. The humming bees and the chirping birds enchant us. The cool breeze gives us new energy. We enjoy good healtyh during this season. It is the season of joy. That is why I am very fond of this season.

(c) Pollution : In recent years the problem of pollution has become very acture. This problem assumes different forms such as Air pollution, Water pollution, Food polution, Noise pollution, Moral pollution and Paper pollution. All this pollution results from the greed of man for getting more and more money.

Trees have been cut down on an unpeecedented scale and large production by industrialisation has assumed gigantic proportions. So, the nvm cause of air and water pollutions is unabalnced industrial growth and urbanization and deforestation. There is the problem of noise-pollution also. The thus and roar of vehicles, particularly in large cities, is deafening and unbearable. There is no pollution check on the road-worthiness of vehicles nor any restriction on the type of horns being used.

Bihar Board 12th Physics Objective Questions and Answers

Bihar Board 12th Physics Objective Answers Chapter 4 गतिमान आवेश और चुम्बकत्व

प्रश्न 1.
जब किसी चुम्बकीय दिकसूची को सीधे धारावाही तार के पास लाया जाता है, तो
(i) सीधा तार दिकसूची में महत्त्वपूर्ण विक्षेप उत्पन्न करता है
(ii) सुई की व्यवस्था (Alignment) सीधे तार वाले एक काल्पनिक वृत्त के लिए स्पर्शज्यात्मक (Tangential) होती है क्योंकि इसका केन्द्र तार के साथ लम्बवत् होता है।
(a) (i) सही है।
(b) (ii) सही है।
(c) (i) एवं (ii) दोनों सही है।
(d) न तो (i) और न ही (ii) सही है।
उत्तर-
(c) (i) एवं (ii) दोनों सही है।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्न में से कौन-सा एक लॉरेंज बल के बारे में सही नहीं है ?
(a) विद्युत क्षेत्र \(\vec{E}(r)\) एवं चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र \(\vec{B}(r)\) की उपस्थिति में, गतिमान विद्युत आवेश पर बल \(\vec{F}=q[\vec{E}(r)+v \times \vec{B}(r)]\) होता है।
(b) ऋणात्मक आवेश पर चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के कारण, बल धनात्मक आवेश पर चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के विपरीत होता है।
(c) यदि वेग एवं चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र समानान्तर या असमानान्तर होते हैं तो चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के कारण बल शून्य हो जाता है।
(d) स्थिर आवेश के लिए चुम्बकीय बल अधिकतम होता है।
उत्तर-
(d) स्थिर आवेश के लिए चुम्बकीय बल अधिकतम होता है।
(d) यदि आवेश गतिमान नहीं होता है तो चुम्बकीय बल शून्य होता है।
चूँकि \(\vec{F}_{m}=q(\vec{v} \times \vec{B})\)
चूँकि \(\vec{v}=0\) आवेश के लिए
∴ \(\vec{F}_{m}=0\)

प्रश्न 3.
किसी बाह्य चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र \(\vec{B}\) में ! लम्बाई के धारावाही चालक पर चुम्बकीय बल \(\vec{F}\) को इस प्रकार से व्यक्त किया जाता है –

उत्तर-
(c)

प्रश्न 4.
किसी प्रबल चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र को स्थायी इलेक्ट्रॉन पर लगाया जाता है, तो इलेक्ट्रॉन
(a) क्षेत्र की दिशा में पति करता है।
(b) स्थायी रहता है।
(c) क्षेत्र की दिशा के लम्बवत् गति करता है।
(d) क्षेत्र की दिशा के विपरीत गति करता है।
उत्तर-
(b) स्थायी रहता है।

प्रश्न 5.
I धारा वाले R त्रिज्या के एक वृत्ताकार लूप को लूप के लम्बवत् एकसमान चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र B में रखा जाता है । लूप पर बल होगा
(a) 2πRIB
(b) 2πRI²B³
(c) πR²IB
(d) शून्य
उत्तर-
(d) शून्य

प्रश्न 6.
किसी जड़त्वीय फ्रेम के संदर्भ में, गतिमान आवेशित कण पर चुम्बकीय बल \(\vec{F}\) है। अन्य जड़त्वीय फ्रेम के संदर्भ में इसका मान –
(a) समान रहता है।
(b) आवेश के मात्रा में परिवर्तन के कारण परिवर्तित होगा।
(c) आवेशित कण के वेग में परिवर्तन के कारण परिवर्तित होगा।
(d) क्षेत्र की दिशा में परिवर्तन के कारण परिवर्तित होगा।
उत्तर-
(c) आवेशित कण के वेग में परिवर्तन के कारण परिवर्तित होगा।

प्रश्न 7.
निम्न में से कौन-सा चुम्बकीय बलों के बारे में सही कथन है ?
(a) चुम्बकीय बल हमेशा न्यूटन के तृतीय नियम का पालन करते हैं ।
(b) चुम्बकीय बल न्यूटन के तृतीय नियम का पालन नहीं करते हैं।
(c) बहुत उच्च धारा के लिए, चुम्बकीय बल न्यूटन के तृतीय नियम का पालन करते हैं।
(d) निम्न चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के अन्तर्गत, चुम्बकीय बल न्यूटन के तृतीय नियम का पालन करते हैं।
उत्तर-
(b) चुम्बकीय बल न्यूटन के तृतीय नियम का पालन नहीं करते हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
एक आवेशित कण किसी साइक्लोट्रॉन में गति कर रहा है, जब . रेडियो आवृत्ति के क्षेत्र की आवृत्ति दुगुनी हो, तो इस आवेशित कण के पथ की त्रिज्या पर क्या प्रभाव होगा?
(a) यह भी दुगुना हो जाएगा।
(b) यह आधा हो जाएगा।
(c) यह चार गुना बढ़ जाएगा ।
(d) यह अपरिवर्तित रहेगा।
उत्तर-
(d) यह अपरिवर्तित रहेगा।

प्रश्न 9.
एक इलेक्ट्रॉन इसके लम्बवत् 5 x 10^-4T के चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र में 3.2 x 10⁷ ms^-1 की चाल पर साइक्लोट्रॉन में गति कर रहा है। इस इलेक्ट्रॉन की आवृत्ति क्या है ? (= 1.6 x 10^-19 C,m^e = 9.1 x 10^-31kg)
(a) 1.4x 10⁵ Hz
(b) 1.4 x 10⁷ Hz
(c) 1.4 x 10⁶ Hz
(d) 1.4 x 10⁹ Hz
उत्तर-
(b) 1.4 x 10⁷ Hz
(b) v = 3.2 x 10⁷ ms^-1; B = 5 x 10^-4 opta

प्रश्न 10.
साइक्लोट्रॉन आवृत्ति v_c का व्यक्त किया जाता है –

उत्तर-
(b)

प्रश्न 11.
यदि एक इलेक्ट्रॉन 2.5 MHz की आवृति वाले 32 cm त्रिज्या के किसी वृत्तीय पथ पर 5.4 x 10^-4T के चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र में गति कर रहा हो, तो इसकी चाल होगी –
(a) 8.56 x 10⁶ m s^-1
(b) 5.024 x 10⁶ m s^-1
(c) 8.56 x 10⁴ m s^-1
(d) 5.024 x 10⁴ ms^-1
उत्तर-
(b) 5.024 x 10⁶ m s^-1

प्रश्न 12.
यदि एक आवेशित कण किसी साइक्लोट्रॉन में गति कर रहा हो, तो
(a) यह डी के अंदर चाल को बढ़ाता है।
(b) डी के अंदर धीमा हो जाता है तथा डीज के मध्य में चाल को बढ़ाता है।
(c) बाह्य चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के कारण डीज के मध्य चाल बढ़ जाती है।
(d) त्वरण हमेशा निरंतर बना रहता है।
उत्तर-
(d) त्वरण हमेशा निरंतर बना रहता है।

प्रश्न 13.
0.05îm के किसी तत्व को चित्रानुसार मूलबिन्दु पर रख गया है जो 10 A की बड़ी धारा को प्रवाहित करता है। लम्बवत् दिशा में 1m की दूरी चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र है –

(a) 4.5 x 10^-8 T
(b) 5.5 x 10^-8T
(c) 5.0 x 10^-8 T
(d) 7.5 x 10^-8 T
उत्तर-
(c) 5.0 x 10^-8 T

प्रश्न 14.
यदि कोई इलेक्ट्रॉन \(\vec{v}\) वेग के साथ घूम रहा है तथा वह चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र \(\vec{B}\) को उत्पन्न करता है, तो
(a) क्षेत्र \(\vec{B}\) की दिशा, \(\vec{v}\) वेग की दिशा के समान होगी।
(b) क्षेत्र \(\vec{B}\) की दिशा, \(\vec{v}\) वेग की दिशा के विपरीत होगी।
(c) क्षेत्र \(\vec{B}\) की दिशा, \(\vec{v}\) वेग की दिशा के लम्बवत् होगी ।
(d) क्षेत्र \(\vec{B}\) की दिशा, \(\vec{v}\) वेग की दिशा पर निर्भर नहीं करती है।
उत्तर-
(b) क्षेत्र \(\vec{B}\) की दिशा, \(\vec{v}\) वेग की दिशा के विपरीत होगी।

प्रश्न 15.
2A की धारा वाली 12 cm त्रिज्या की 150 फेरे कस कर लिपटी हुई कुंडली के केन्द्र पर चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र का परिमाण होगा –
(a) 18 G
(b) 19.7G
(c) 15.7G
(d) 17.7G
उत्तर-
(c) 15.7G
(c) यहाँ N = 150, R = 12 cm = 12 x 10^-2 m, I = 2A

= 1.57 x 10^-31 = 15.7 x 10^-4T = 15.7G

प्रश्न 16.
3 cm के वृत्तीय लूप में 12.5A की धारा है। इसके अक्ष पर 4cm की दूरी पर चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र का परिमाण क्या होगा?
(a) 5.65 x 10^-5T
(b) 5.27x 10^-5 T
(c) 6.54 x 10^-5T
(d) 9.20 x 10^-5 T
उत्तर-
(a) 5.65 x 10^-5T

प्रश्न 17.
9 cm त्रिज्या के प्रत्येक 100 फेरों वाले तार की वृत्तीय कुंडली में 0.4 A की धारा प्रवाहित होती है। उस कुंडली के केन्द्र पर चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र का परिमाण है –
(a) 2.4 x 10⁴ T
(b) 3.5 x 10^-4T
(c) 2.79 x 10⁴T
(d) 3 x 10⁴T
उत्तर-

प्रश्न 18.
ऐम्पियर का परिपथीय नियम इस प्रकार दिया जाता है –

उत्तर-
(b)

प्रश्न 19.
50 cm लम्बाई, 100 फेरों वाली परिनालिका में 2.5A की धारा प्रवाहित हो रही है । परिनालिका के एक सिरे पर चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र होगा
(a) 3.14 x 10^-4T
(b) 6.28 x 10^-4T
(c) 1.57 x 10^-4 T
(d) 9.42 x 10^-4T
उत्तर-
(a) 3.14 x 10^-4T
(a) यहाँ l = 2.5 A, l = 50 cm=0.50 m

प्रश्न 20.
समानान्तर एवं प्रति-समानान्तर धाराओं की प्रकृति होती है
(a) समानान्तर धाराएँ प्रतिकर्षित होती हैं तथा प्रतिसमानान्तर धाराएँ आकर्षित होती हैं
(b) समानान्तर धाराएँ आकर्षित होती हैं तथा प्रतिसमानान्तर धाराएँ प्रतिकर्षित होती हैं
(c) दोनों धाराएँ आकर्षित होती हैं
(d) दोनों धाराएँ प्रतिकर्षित होती हैं
उत्तर-
(b) समानान्तर धाराएँ आकर्षित होती हैं तथा प्रतिसमानान्तर धाराएँ प्रतिकर्षित होती हैं

प्रश्न 21.
दो एवं समानान्तर सीधे तार A एवं B में समान दिशा में 4A एवं 7A की धाराएँ बह रही हैं तथा इनके बीच 5 cm की दूरी है । तार A के 8 cm भाग पर कार्यरत बल है –
(a) 3 x 10^-6N
(b) 6 x 10^-6N
(c) 9 x 10^-9N
(d) 2 x 10^-6N
उत्तर-
(c) 9 x 10^-9N
(c) यहाँ I₁ = 4 A, I₂ = 7A .
d = 5 cm = 5 x 10^-2 m, l = 8 cm = 8 x 10^-2 m

= 89.6 x 10^-7 N = 9 x 10⁶N

प्रश्न 22.
100 फेरों वाली 10 cm त्रिज्या की वृत्तीय कुंडली में 3.2A की धारा प्रवाहित हो रही है। कुंडली के केन्द्र पर चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र होगा –
(a) 2.01 x 10^-3T
(b) 5.64 x 10^-3T
(c) 2.64 x 10^-4T
(d) 5.64 x 10^-4T
उत्तर-
(a) 2.01 x 10^-3T
(a) चूँकि \(B=\frac{\mu_{0} N I}{2 R}\), यहाँ N = 100, I = 3.2 A,
R= 10 cm = 10 x 10^-2 m

प्रश्न 23.
15 cm त्रिज्या तथा निकटता से लिपटी हुई 200 फेरों वाली वृत्तीय कुंडली में 4A की धारा प्रवाहित होती है । इस कुंडली का चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण होगा –
(a) 36.5 A m²
(b) 56.5A m²
(c) 66.5 A m²
(d) 108 A m²
उत्तर-
(b) 56.5A m²
(b) चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण, \(|\vec{m}|=N I A=N I \pi r^{2}\)
= 200 x 4 x 3.14 x (15 x 10^-2)²
= 200 x 4 x 3.14 x 15 x 15 x 10^-4 = 56.5 A m²

प्रश्न 24.
एक धारावाही लूप को एकसमान चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र में रखा जाता है इस पर कार्यरत बल आघूर्ण किस पर निर्भर नहीं करता है –
(a) लूप की आकृति
(b) लूप का क्षेत्रफल
(c) धारा का मान
(d) चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र
उत्तर-
(a) लूप की आकृति

प्रश्न 25.
यदि कुंडली चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के प्रभाव में 60° के कोण से घूमती है, तो 5 T एकसमान बाह्य चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र में 25 A m² चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण वाली किसी कुंडली पर अंतिम बल आघूर्ण क्या होगा ?
(a) 216.5 Nm
(b) 108. 25 N m
(c) 102.5Nm
(d) 258.1 Nm
उत्तर-
(b) 108. 25 N m
(b) \(|\vec{\tau}|=|\vec{m} \times \vec{B}|=m B \sin \theta\)
यहाँ, m = 25 A m² ; θ = 60° ; B = 5 T
∴ τ= 25 x 5 x 5 x sin 60° .
या τ = \(125 \times \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) = = 108.25Nm

प्रश्न 26.
बोर मैग्नेटॉन का सही मान क्या है ?
(a) 8.99 x 10^-24Am²
(b) 9.27 x 10^-24A m²
(c) 5.66 x 10^-24 A m²
(d) 9.27 x 10^-28A m²
उत्तर-
(b) 9.27 x 10^-24A m²

प्रश्न 27.
सोडियम परमाणु में किसी इलेक्ट्रॉन का घूर्ण-चुम्बकीय अनुपात
(a) परमाणु की परमाणु संख्या पर निर्भर करता है।
(b) परमाणु की कोश संख्या पर निर्भर करता है ।
(c) उस कक्षा से स्वतंत्र जिसमें यह है।
(d) धनात्मक मान वाला होता है ।
उत्तर-
(c) उस कक्षा से स्वतंत्र जिसमें यह है।

प्रश्न 28.
10Ω प्रतिरोध वाला धारामापी जिसमें से 1 mA की धारा को गुजारे जाने पर यह पूर्ण पैमाने पर विक्षेप देता है । इसे 2.5V तक नापने वाले वोल्टमीटर में बदलने के लिए आवश्यक प्रतिरोध क्या होगा?
(a) 24.9Ω
(b) 249Ω
(c) 2490Ω
(d) 24900Ω
उत्तर-
(c) 2490Ω
(c) यहाँ, I_g = 1 mA = 1 x 10^-3A,
G= 10Ω, V= 2.5 V

चित्र से, V = I_g(G+R) या R = \(\frac{V}{I_{g}}-G\)
दिये गये मानों को रखने पर,
R = \(\frac{2.5 \mathrm{V}}{1 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{A}}-10 \Omega\) = 2500Ω – 10Ω = 2400Ω

प्रश्न 29.
यदि अमीटर प्रतिरोध R_G = 50Ω वाला एक धारामापी हो तो दिये गये परिपथ में धारा का मान क्या होगा?

(a) 0.048 A
(b) 0.023 A
(c) 0.061 A
(d) 0.094 A
उत्तर-
(d) 0.094 A
(d) R_G = 50Ω,R = 3Ω
∴ श्रेणीक्रम में परिपथ का कुल प्रतिरोध,
R_eq = R_G + R = 50 + 3=53Ω
∴ धारा, I = \(\frac{5}{53}\) = 0094A

प्रश्न 30.
एक चल कुंडली धारामापी को किसके द्वारा एक अमीटर में परिवर्तित किया जा सकता है ?
(a) श्रेणीक्रम में अधिक मान का शंट प्रतिरोध लगाकर।
(b) समानान्तर क्रम में कम मान का शंट प्रतिरोध लगाकर।
(c) श्रेणीक्रम में कम मान का प्रतिरोध लगाकर ।
(d) समानान्तर क्रम में अधिक मान का प्रतिरोध लगाकर ।
उत्तर-
(b) समानान्तर क्रम में कम मान का शंट प्रतिरोध लगाकर।

प्रश्न 31.
यदि किसी धारामापी की धारा सुग्राहिता दुगुनी कर जाये, तो इसकी वोल्टेज सुग्राहित क्या होगी?
(a) दुगुनी
(b) आधी
(c) अपरिवर्तित
(d) चार गुनी
उत्तर-
(c) अपरिवर्तित

प्रश्न 32.
किसी चल कुंडली धारामापी का परिवर्तन एक वोल्टमीटर में किसके द्वारा किया जाता है?
(a) श्रेणीक्रम में अधिक मान का प्रतिरोध लगाकर।
(b) समानान्तर क्रम में कम मान का प्रतिरोध लगाकर।
(c) समानान्तर. क्रम में अधिक मान का प्रतिरोध लगाकर ।
(d) श्रेणीक्रम में कम मान प्रतिरोध लगाकर ।
उत्तर-
(a) श्रेणीक्रम में अधिक मान का प्रतिरोध लगाकर।

प्रश्न 33.
300Ω के वोल्टमीटर की परास 5 V है। 5A परास के एक अमीटर में इसे बदलने के लिए कितना प्रतिरोध जोड़ना पड़ेगा?
(a) श्रेणीक्रम में 1Ω
(b) समानान्तर क्रम में 1Ω
(c) श्रेणीक्रम में 0.1Ω
(d) समानान्तर क्रम में 0.1Ω
उत्तर-
(b) समानान्तर क्रम में 1Ω

प्रश्न 34.
यदि धारामापी की धारा 10 mA, धारामापी का प्रतिरोधी 40Ω है | तथा धारामापी से 2Ω का शंट जोड़ा जाता है, तो इस अमीटर द्वारा अधिकतम कितनी धारा मापी जा सकती है ?
(a) 0.21 A
(b) 2.1A
(c) 210A
(d) 21 A
उत्तर-
(a) 0.21 A

प्रश्न 35.
एक इलेक्ट्रॉन को धारावाही लम्बी परिनालिका के अक्ष के अनुदिश एकसमान वेग से प्रक्षेपित किया जाता है। निम्न में से कौन-सा सही है ?
(a) इलेक्ट्रॉन अक्ष के अनुदिश त्वरित होगा।
(b) इलेक्ट्रॉन का पथ अक्ष के परितः वृत्तीय होगा ।
(c) इलेक्ट्रॉन अक्ष से 45° पर बल का अनुभव करेगा तथा इसलिए यह कुंडलिकार पथ को पूरा करता है।
(d) इलेक्ट्रॉन परिनालिका के अक्ष के अनुदिश एकसमान वेग से सतत् घूमता रहेगा।
उत्तर-
(d) इलेक्ट्रॉन परिनालिका के अक्ष के अनुदिश एकसमान वेग से सतत् घूमता रहेगा।

प्रश्न 36.
किसी साइक्लोट्रॉन में, आवेशित कण
(a) हर समय त्वरण का अनुभव करता है।
(b) चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के कारण डीज के मध्य गति को बढ़ाता है।
(c) डीज में गति को बढ़ाता है।
(d) डीज के अंदर धीमा होता है एवं डीज के मध्य गति को बढ़ाता है ।
उत्तर-
(a) हर समय त्वरण का अनुभव करता है।

Bihar Board 12th Chemistry Objective Questions and Answers

Bihar Board 12th Chemistry Objective Answers Chapter 7 p-ब्लॉक के तत्त्व

Question 1.
नाइट्रोजन की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था किसमें अत्यधिक होती है?
(a) N₃H
(b) NH₃
(c) NH₂OH
(d) N₂H₄
Answer:
(a) N₃H

Question 2.
नाइट्रोजन किस परास तक भिन्न ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ दर्शाता
(a) -3 से +5
(b) -5 से +5
(c)  0 से -5
(d) -3 से +3
Answer:
(a) -3 से +5

Question 3.
निम्न में से कौन-सा नाइट्रोजन अपनी ऑक्सीकरण संख्या के बढ़ते हुए क्रम को दर्शाता है ?

Answer:
(b)

Question 4.
नाइट्रोजन स्थायी N₂,अणु बनाता है किन्तु फॉस्फोरस P₂, से P₄ में परिवर्तित हो जाता है क्योंकि
(a) pπ – pπ आबन्धन फॉस्फोरस में प्रबल होता है।
(b) pπ – pπ आबन्धन फॉस्फोरस में दुर्बल होता है।
(c) फॉस्फोरस. में त्रिबन्ध उपस्थित होता है।
(d) एकल P – P आबन्ध, N – N आबन्ध से दुर्बल होता है।
Answer:
(b) pπ – pπ आबन्धन फॉस्फोरस में दुर्बल होता है।

Question 5.
निम्न में से कौन-सी स्पीशीज में अत्यधिक द्विध्रुव आघूर्ण होता है ?
(a) SbH₃
(b) PH₃
(c) NH₃
(d) ASH₃
Answer:
(b) PH₃

Question 6.
निम्न में से कौन-सा यौगिक गर्म करने पर अमोनिया नहीं देगा?
(a) (NH₄)₂SO₄
(b) (NH₄)₂CO₃
(c) NH₄NO₂
(d) NH₄ Cl
Answer:
(c) NH₄NO₂

Question 7.
अमोनिया बोरॉन ट्राइफ्लोराइड से क्रिया करके एक उत्पाद बनाती है। NH₃, एवं BF₃ के मध्य आबन्धन है
(a) सहसंयोजी आबन्ध
(b) समन्वयन आबन्ध
(c) हाइड्रोजन आबन्ध
(d) अयनिक आबन्ध
Answer:
(b) समन्वयन आबन्ध

Question 8.
निम्न में से कौन-सा ऑक्साइड नाइट्रस अम्ल का ऐनहाइड्राइड होता है?
(a) N₂O₃ 
(b) NO₂
(c) NO
(d) N₂O₄
Answer:
(a) N₂O₃ 

Question 9.
नाइट्रोजन का कौन-सा ऑक्साइड 250°C पर अमोनियम नाइट्रेट को गर्म करने पर प्राप्त किया जाता है ?
(a) नाइट्रिक ऑक्साइड
(b) नाइट्रस ऑक्साइड
(c) नाइट्रोजन डाइऑक्साइड
(d) डाइनाइट्रोजन टेट्राऑक्साइड
Answer:
(b) नाइट्रस ऑक्साइड

Question 10.
फॉस्फोरस की परमाण्वीयता (Atomicity) होती है
(a) एक
(b) दो
(c) तीन
(d) कर
Answer:
(d) कर

Question 11.
सफेद और लाल फॉस्फोरस के लिए निम्न में से प्रत्येक कथन सत्य है, सिवाय इसके कि
(a) CS₂, में दोनों विलेय हैं।
(b) वायु में गर्म करके ऑक्सीकृत किया जा सकता है।
(c) परमाणुओं के समान प्रकार होते हैं।
(d) एक अन्य में परिवर्तित किया जा सकता है।
Answer:
(a) CS₂, में दोनों विलेय हैं।

Question 12.
सफेद फॉस्फोरस की संरचना है
(a) वर्ग समतलीय
(b) पिरामिडाय
(c) समचतुष्फलकीय
(d) त्रिकोणीय समतल
Answer:
(c) समचतुष्फलकीय

Question 13.
फॉस्फोरस ट्राइक्लोराइड की चित्र में दर्शाई गई पिरामिडीय आकृति होती है:

PCl₃ में फॉस्फोरस का संकरण है
(a) sp²
(b) sp³
(c) sp
(d) sp³d
Answer:
(b) sp³

Question 14.
PCl₃ जल-अपघटन पर देता है
(a) H₂PO₃
(b) HPO₃
(c) H₃PO₄
(d) POCl₃
Answer:
(a) H₂PO₃

Question 15.
चक्रीय मेटाफॉस्फोरिक अम्ल में कितने P-O-P आबन्ध दिखते
(a) चार
(b) तीन
(c) दो
(d) एक
Answer:
(b) तीन

Question 16.
निम्न में से कौन-सा चतुःक्षारीय अम्ल है ?
(a) हाइपोफॉस्फोरस अम्ल
(b) मैटाफॉस्फोरिक अम्ल
(c) पायरोफास्फोरिक अम्ल
(d) ऑर्थोफॉस्फोरिक अम्ल
Answer:
(c) पायरोफास्फोरिक अम्ल

Question 17.
निम्न में से कौन-सा सही रूप में मिलान नहीं है ?
(a) PCl₅ – sp³d संकरण
(b) PCl₃ – sp³ संकरण
(c) PCl₅ (ठोस)- [PtCl₄] [PtCl₆]^–
(d) H₃PO₃ – त्रिक्षारीय
Answer:
(d) H₃PO₃ – त्रिक्षारीय

Question 18.
फॉस्फोरस अम्ल गर्म करने पर निम्न उत्पाद देता है :

उपरोक्त अभिक्रिया किसका उदाहरण है
(a) ऑक्सीकरण
(b) तापीय अपघटन
(c) असमानुपातन
(d) अपचयन
Answer:
(c) असमानुपातन

Question 19.
सल्फर हेक्साफ्लोराइड में सल्फर का संकरण है
(a) sp³d
(b) sp³d²
(c) sp-d³
(d) sp³
Answer:
(b) sp³d²

Question 20.
KCIO₃, को गर्म करने पर, हम पाते हैं
(a) KCIO₂ +O₂
(b) KCI + O₂
(c) KCI + O₃
(d) KCI + O₂ + O₃
Answer:
(b) KCI + O₂

Question 21.
सल्फर अणु है
(a) द्विपरमाण्विक
(b) त्रिपरमाण्विक
(c) चतुःपरमाण्विक
(d) अष्ट-परमाण्विक
Answer:
(d) अष्ट-परमाण्विक

Question 22.
सल्फर के ऑक्सीअम्ल जिसमें सल्फर पर इलेक्ट्रॉनों का एकाकी युग्म होता है, यह है
(a) सल्फ्यूरस अम्ल
(b) सल्फ्यूरिक अम्ल
(c) पेरॉक्सोडाइसल्फ्यूरिक अम्ल
(d) पायरोसल्फ्यूरिक अम्ल
Answer:
(a) सल्फ्यूरस अम्ल

Question 23.
निम्न में से किसमें सल्फर की +5 ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था उपस्थित
(a) डाइथायोनिक अम्ल
(b) सल्फ्यूरस अम्ल
(c) सल्फ्यूरिक अम्ल
(d) डाइसल्फ्यूरिक अम्ल
Answer:
(a) डाइथायोनिक अम्ल

Question 24.
जल में सल्फ्यूरिक अम्ल का अविलयन है
(a) एक ऊष्माशोषी विधि
(b) एक ऊष्माक्षेपी विधि
(c) एक निर्जलीकरण विधि
(d) एक विस्थापन विधि
Answer:
(b) एक ऊष्माक्षेपी विधि

Question 25.
तनु H₂SO के साथ Baby की अभिक्रिया के उत्पाद में विद्युत् नणात्मक तत्त्व की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ हैं
(a) 1 और 2
(b) -1 और +2
(c) -2 और -2
(d) -2 और -1
Answer:
(d) -2 और -1

Question 26.
हैलोजन की बढ़ती हुई इलेक्ट्रॉन बन्धुता का सही क्रम है
(a) I<Br<CI
(b) Br< <CI
(c) Cl<Br<I
(d) I<CI<Br
Answer:
(a) I<Br<CI

Question 27.
तुलनात्मक रूप से हाइड्रोजन फ्लोराइड का उच्च क्वथनांक किसके कारण होता है?
(a) फ्लूओरीन की उच्च क्रियाशीलता
(b) हाइड्रोजन परमाणु का छोटा आकार
(c) हाइड्रोजन आबन्धों का निर्माण
(d) फ्लुओरीन का छोटा आकार
Answer:
(c) हाइड्रोजन आबन्धों का निर्माण

Question 28.
वह हैलोजन जो अधिक आसानी से अपचयित हो जाता है, वह है
(a) F₂
(b) Cl₂
(c) Br₂
(d) I₂
Answer:
(a) F₂

Question 29.
फ्लूओरीन सर्वोत्तम ऑक्सीकारक होता है क्योंकि इसमें होता है-
(a) उच्चतम इलेक्ट्रॉन बन्धुता
(b) उच्चतम अपचयन विभव
(c) उच्चतम ऑक्सीकरण विभव
(d) निम्नतम इलेक्ट्रॉन बन्धुता
Answer:
(b) उच्चतम अपचयन विभव

Question 30.
हैलोजनों का वह गुण जो सही रूप से मिला नहीं है
(a) F>CI> Br>I (आयनन ऊर्जा)
(b) F>CI>Br>I (विद्युत् ऋणात्मकता)
(c) I> Br>CI>F (घनत्व)
(d) F>CI > Br>I (इलेक्ट्रॉन बन्धुता)
Answer:
(d) F>CI > Br>I (इलेक्ट्रॉन बन्धुता)

Question 31.
निम्न में से किसे सान्द्र HCI से कमरे के ताप पर CI, गैस बनाने के लिए प्रयुक्त किया जाता है ?
(a) MnO₂
(b) H₂S
(c) KMnO₄
(d) Cr₂O₃
Answer:
(c) KMnO₄

Question 32.
यदि क्लोरीन को जल में हाइड्रोजन सल्फाइड के विलयन में गुजारा जाता है, तो किसके निर्माण के कारण विलयन टर्बाइड में बदल जाता है?
(a) मुक्त क्लोरीन
(b) मुक्त सल्फर
(c) नवजात ऑक्सीजन
(d) नवजात हाइड्रोजन
Answer:
(b) मुक्त सल्फर

Question 33.
हैलोजनों के ऑक्सोअम्लों की अम्लीयता का सही क्रम है
(a) HCIO < HCIO₂  < HCIO₃  < HCIO4
(b) HCIO₄  < HCIO₃  < HCIO₂ < HCIO
(c) HCIO < HCIO4  < HCIO₃  < HCIO₂
(d) HCIO₄  < HCIO₂  < HCIO₃  < HCIO
Answer:
(a) HCIO < HCIO₂  < HCIO₃  < HCIO4

Question 34.
हीलियम को ऑक्सीजन में मिलाकर गहरे समुद्री गोताखोर द्वारा प्रयुक्त किया जाता है क्योंकि
(a) यह रक्त में उच्च दाब में नाइट्रोजन से कम विलेय है।
(b) यह नाइट्रोजन से हल्की होती है।
(c) यह ऑक्सीजन के साथ तीव्रता से मिल जाती है।
(d) यह नाइट्रोजन से कम विषैली होती है।
Answer:
(a) यह रक्त में उच्च दाब में नाइट्रोजन से कम विलेय है।

Question 35.
जल के साथ जीनॉन के क्लेनेटों में Xe  H₂O अणु में आबन्धन की प्रकृति है
(a) सहसंयोजी
(b) हाइड्रोजन आबन्धन
(c) उपसहसंयोजी
(d) द्विध्रुव-प्रेरित द्विध्रुव
Answer:
(d) द्विध्रुव-प्रेरित द्विध्रुव

Question 36.
ज्यामितीय वर्ग पिरामिडीय एवं sp³d² संकरण के साथ यौगिक है
(a) XeOF₂
(b) XeOF₄
(c) XeO₄
(d) XeO₂F₂
Answer:
(b) XeOF₄

Question 37.
निम्न में से कौन-सा तत्त्व pm-de आबन्धन में शामिल हो सकता
(a) कार्बन
(b) नाइट्रोजन
(c) फॉस्फोरस
(d) बोरॉन
Answer:
(c) फॉस्फोरस

Question 38.
निम्न में कौन-से आयनों के युग्म समइलेक्ट्रॉनिक एवं समसंरचनात्मक होते हैं ?

Answer:
(a)

Question 39.
हाइड्रोजन के लिए बन्धुता समूह में फ्लुओरीन से आयोडीन तक घटती है। कौन-से हैलोजन अम्ल में उच्चतम आबन्ध वियोजन एन्थैल्पी होनी चाहिए?
(a) HF
(b) HCl
(c) HBr
(d) HI
Answer:
(a) HF

Question 40.
निम्न में से कौन-सा अम्ल लवणों की तीन श्रेणियाँ बनाता है ?
(a) H₃PO₂
(b) H₃BO₃
(c) H₃PO₄
(d) H₃PO₃
Answer:
(c) H₃PO₄

Question 41.
लेड नाइट्रेट गर्म करने पर, नाइट्रोजन एवं लेड के ऑक्साइड बनाता है। ऑक्साइडों के रूप हैं
(a) N₂O, PbO
(b) NO₂,PbO
(c) NO, PbO
(d) NO, PbO₂
Answer:
(b) NO₂,PbO

Question 42.
निम्न में से कौन-सा तत्त्व अपरूपता नहीं दर्शाता है ?
(a) नाइट्रोजन
(b) बिसिमथ
(c) ऐन्टिमनी
(d) आर्सेनिक
Answer:
(b) बिसिमथ

Question 43.
नाइट्रोजन की अधिकतम सहसंयोजकता होती है
(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 4
(d) 6
Answer:
(c) 4

Question 44.
भूरी वलय NO^–₃, आयन के लिए वलय परीक्षण में बनती है। यह किसके निर्माण के कारण है ?
(a) [Fe(H₂O)₅(NO)]²⁺
(b) FeSO₄. NO₂
(c) [Fe(H₂O)₄(NO)₂]²⁺
(d) FeSO₄ .HNO₃
Answer:
(a) [Fe(H₂O)₅(NO)]²⁺

Question 45.
ANO₃, को बनाने में, हमें अमोनियम के उत्प्रेरिक ऑक्सीकरण द्वारा NO गैस प्राप्त होती है । NH₃, के दो मोलों के ऑक्सीकरण के द्वारा उत्पन्न NO के मोल होंग
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 6
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 46.
यौगिक NaH₂PO₂ के ऋणायन में केन्द्रीय परमाणु की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था होगी
(a) +3
(b) +5
(c) +1
(d) -3
Answer:
(c) +1

Question 47.
निम्न में से कौन-सी आकृति में चतुष्फलकीय नहीं है ?
(a) NH⁺₄
(b) SiCl₄
(c) SF₄
(d) SO^2-₄
Answer:
(c) SF₄

Question 48.
निम्न में से कौन-से सल्फर के पेरॉक्सोअम्ल हैं ?
(a) H₂SO₅, एवं H₂S₂O₈
(b) H₂SO₅ एवं H₂S₂O₇
(c) H₂S₂O₇, एवं H₂S₂O₈
(d) H₂S₂O₆ एवं H₂S₂O₈
Answer:
(a) H₂SO₅, एवं H₂S₂O₈

Question 49.
Xe के यौगिकों के बनने में, बार्टलेट ने O⁺₂; Pt F^–₆ को एक क्षार यौगिक के रूप में लिया था। ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि
(a) O₂, एवं Xe दोनों समान आकार के होते हैं।
(b) O₂, एवं Xe दोनों की इलेक्ट्रॉन प्राप्त एन्थैल्पी समान होती हैं।
(c) O₂ एवं Xe दोनों में प्रायः समान आयनन एन्थैल्पी होती है।
(d) Xe एवं O₂, दोनों गैसें हैं।
Answer:
(c) O₂ एवं Xe दोनों में प्रायः समान आयनन एन्थैल्पी होती है।

Question 50.
निम्न में से कौन-सा एक समइलेक्ट्रॉनिक युग्म है ?
(a) ICI₂, CIO₂
(b) BrO^–₂ , BrF⁺₂
(c) CIO₂, BrF₃
(d) CN^–,O₃
Answer:
(b) BrO^–₂ , BrF⁺₂

Bihar Board 12th English Model Papers

Bihar Board 12th English 100 Marks Model Question Paper 3

Time 3 Hrs, 15 Minutes
Full Marks: 100

Instructions

1. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as for as practicable.
2. Figures in the right hand margin indicate full marks.
3. While answering the candidate should adhere to the words limit as far as practicable.
4. 15 minutes of extra time has been allotted to the candidates to read the questions and follow the instructions carefully.
5. All questions are compulsory.
6. Use of any electronic device is strictly prohibited.
7. This question paper is divided into two sections Section-A and Section-B.
8. In Section-A, there are 50 objective type questions, each carrying 1 mark. Darken the circle with blue/black ball pen against the correct option on OMR sheet provided to you. Do not use Whitener/Liquid/Blade/Nail on OMR Answer Sheet; otherwise, the result will be treated as invalid.
9. In Section-B there are descriptive type questions.

Section – A 
Objective Questions

Question No 1 to 50 have four options, out of which only one is correct. You have to mark, your selected option, on the OMR-Sheet. 50 x 1= 50

Question 1.
H.E. Bates was born in
(A) 1905
(B) 1805
(C) 1908
(D) 1810
Answer:
(A) 1905

Question 2.
Indian glory is that it is (Choose the correct option)
(A) movable
(B) immovable
(C) ignorant
(D) uncivilized
Answer:
(B) immovable

Question 3.
Bertrand Russell belonged to
(A) Britain
(B) America
(C) Germany
(D) Italy
Answer:
(A) Britain

Question 4.
Choose the correct sentence :
(A) He asked her wheather she was coming ?
(B) He told her if she is coming.
(C) He asked her if she was coming.
(D) He said her if she was coming.
Answer:
(A) He asked her wheather she was coming ?

Question 5.
My mother cooks food. (Change into passive voice)
(A) Food is cooked by my mother.
(B) Food is cooked by his mother.
(C) Food is cooked by her mother.
(D) Food was cooked by my mother.
Answer:
(A) Food is cooked by my mother.

Question 6.
Ley your diary be written regularly. (Change into active voice)
(A) Written your diary regularly.
(B) Write my diary regularly.
(C) Write your diary regularly.
(D) Wrote your diary regularly.
Answer:
(C) Write your diary regularly.

Question 7.
She said to me. “Please wait till I return.’ (Choose the correct indirect narration)
(A) She ordered me to wait till she returned.
(B) She requirested me to wait till she returned.
(C) She asked me to wait till her return.
(D) She asked me to go after her return.
Answer:
(B) She requirested me to wait till she returned.

Question 8.
Our teacher advised us not to waste time. (Choose the correct direct narration)
(A) Our teacher asked. “Don’t waste your time.
(B) Our teacher shouted, “Don’t waste your time.”
(C) Our teacher told us, Don’t waste your time.”
(D) Our teacher enquired, “Don’t waste your time.”
Answer:
(C) Our teacher told us, Don’t waste your time.”

Question 9.
He worked hard. He felt tired. (Choose the correct option of combination)
(A) He worked hard but felt tired.
(B) He worked hard so he felt tired.
(C) He felt tired so he worked hard.
(D) He felt tired to work hard.
Answer:
(B) He worked hard so he felt tired.

Question 10.
Choose the correct sentence :
(A) He has already left for Mumbai.
(B) He is already left for Mumbai.
(C) he will already left for Mumbai.
(D) He may already left for Mumbai.
Answer:
(A) He has already left for Mumbai.

Question 11.
Choose the correct sentence :
(A) I have a homework to do.
(B) I have homework to do.
(C) I has homework to do.
(D) I will has homework to do.
Answer:
(B) I have homework to do.

Question 12.
Choose the correct sentence :
(A) Dr. Sinha is an University Professor.
(B) Dr. Sinha is University Professor.
(C) Dr. Sinha is a University Professor.
(D) Dr. Sinha is some University Professor.
Answer:
(A) Dr. Sinha is an University Professor.

Question 13.
at a very high speed is dangerour. (Choose the meaningful expression)
(A) Driving cars
(B) Cars driven
(C) Drive cars
(D) Cars driving
Answer:
(A) Driving cars

Question 14.
He would rather die than a lie. (Choose the meaningful expression)
(A) telling
(B) tell
(C) told
(D) will tell
Answer:
(B) tell

Question 15.
I tennis every Sunday morning. (Choose the meaningful expression)
(A) playing
(B) play
(C) am played
(D) am play
Answer:
(B) play

Question 16.
How old was Seibei ?
(A) ten years
(B) twelve years
(C) fifteen years
(D) thirteen years
Answer:
(B) twelve years

Question 17.
I going to Delhi tomorrow. (Choose the correct verb form)
(A) am
(B) will
(C) was
(D) were
Answer:
(A) am

Question 18.
She…………..me long ago. (Choose the correct verb from)
(A) meet
(B) met
(C) meeting
(D) will metting
Answer:
(B) met

Question 19.
The bouquet of flowers M….faded. (Choose the correct option)
(A) has
(B) have
(C)had
(D) will had
Answer:
(A) has

Question 20.
He climbed the ladder. (Choose the suitable preposition)
(A) at
(B) in
(C) of
(D) on
Answer:
(D) on

Question 21.
He felt Delhi this morning. (Choose the suitable preposition)
(A) for
(B) to
(C) in
(D) by
Answer:
(C) in

Question 22.
I speak Hindi and Urdu but Ram (Choose the suitable option)
(A) don’t
(B) doesn’t
(C) speaks
(D) doesn’t speaks
Answer:
(B) doesn’t

Question 23.
We keep our promises. (Choose the suitable auxiliary verb)
(A) should
(B) can
(C) may
(D) are
Answer:
(A) should

Question 24.
Your father. stop smoing. (Choose the suitable auxiliary verb)
(A) is
(B) was
(C) has
(D) do
Answer:
(B) was

Question 25.
How long English ? (Choose the suitable option)
(A) are you learning
(B) have you been learning
(C) do you learn
(D) you learn
Answer:
(A) are you learning

Question 26.
When it rained, she an umbrell. (Choose the suitable option)
(A) will carry
(B) carry
(C) carried
(D) will be carrying
Answer:
(C) carried

Question 27.
When Shyam back, he will finish the work. (Choose the suitable option)
(A) will come
(B) comes
(C) came
(D) has come
Answer:
(A) will come

Question 28.
Would you mind the bill, please ? (Choose the suitable option)
(A) to pay.
(B) have paid
(C) paid
(D) paying
Answer:
(A) to pay.

Question 29.
What. beautiful scenery it is ! (Choose the suitable article)
(A) the
(B) a
(C) an
(D) None
Answer:
(B) a

Question 30.
Will you go to.station today ? (Choose the suitable option)
(A) a
(B) an
(C) the
(D) anyone
Answer:
(C) the

Question 31.
Keats is a poet. (Choose the correct option)
(A) Romantic
(B)War
(C) Metaphysical
(D) Melancholic
Answer:
(A) Romantic

Question 32.
The prams are (Choose the correct option) .
(A) standing
(B) running
(C) rolling
(D) lying
Answer:
(C) rolling

Question 33.
The redness of the fire appears to the poet. (Choose the correct option)
(A) nice
(B) cruet
(C) comfortable
(D) acceptable
Answer:
(B) cruet

Question 34.
Sita fell the rickshaw. (Choose the suitable option)
(A) from
(B) off
(C) of
(D) down
Answer:
(B) off

Question 35.
I like (Choose the suitable option) .
(A) a swim
(B) swimming
(C) the swimming
(D) a swimming
Answer:
(B) swimming

Question 36.
What dress ! (Choose the suitable option)
(A) lovely
(B) the lovely
(C) a lovely
(D) a loving
Answer:
(C) a lovely

Question 37.
Do you think they are coming tomorrow ? (Choose the correct option)
(A) I think it
(B) I think
(C) I think so
(D) I don’t think
Answer:
(C) I think so

Question 38.
The soldier is a poem. (Choose the correct option)
(A) angry
(B) happy
(C) nature
(D) war
Answer:
(D) war

Question 39.
The snake looked at the poet (Choose the correct option)
(A) interestingly
(B) vaguely
(C) happily
(D) angrily
Answer:
(D) angrily

Question 40.
Dorothy died in-
(A) 1967
(B) 1978
(C) 1956
(D) 1495
Answer:
(D) 1495

Question 41.
Kamala Das is an poetess. (Choose the correct option)
(A) American
(B) African
(C) Indian
(D) Nigerian
Answer:
(C) Indian

Question 42.
Macavity is called (Choose the correct option)
(A) The Hidden Paw
(B) The Exposed Paw
(C) The Naughty
(D) The Mysteriour Paw
Answer:
(A) The Hidden Paw

Question 43.
The poet in Song of Myself. for himself. (Choose the correct option)
(A) cries
(B) sings
(C) laughs
(D) shouts
Answer:
(B) sings

Question 44.
Auturmn is a season of mellow. (Choose the correct option)
(A) fruitlessness
(B) no sounds of the birds
(C) no wind
(D) fruifulness
Answer:
(D) fruifulness

Question 45.
The poet is Sweetest Love I do Not Goe is his beloved. (Choose the correct option)
(A) tried of
(B) sad for
(C) angry with
(D) happy for
Answer:
(B) sad for

Question 46.
Manohar Malgaonkar is an………….. writer. (Choose the correct option)
(A) Australian
(B) African
(C) Indian-Anglian
(D) Indonesian
Answer:
(C) Indian-Anglian

47.
A Marriage Proposal is written by. (Choose the correct option)
(A) H.E. Bates
(B) Pearl S. Buck
(C) Germaine Greer
(D) Anton Cheknov
Answer:
(D) Anton Cheknov

Question 48.
A Pinch of Snuff’ is written by. (Choose the correct option)
(A) Martin Luther
(B) Manohar Malganonkar
(C) Mahatma Gandhi
(D) Shiga Naoya
Answer:
(B) Manohar Malganonkar

Question 49.
Bertrand Russell was a philosopher and a (Choose the correct option)
(A) historian
(B) scientist
(C) mathematician
(D) geologist
Answer:
(A) historian

Question 50.
‘I Have a Dream’ is a part of speech delivered by. (Choose the correct option)
(A) Germaine Greer
(B) Shiga Naoya
(C) H. E. Bates
(D) Martin Luther
Answer:
(D) Martin Luther

Section – B
Non-Objective Questions

Question 1.
Write an essay in about 150-200 words on any one : (8)
(A) Yoga-A Way of Life
(B) A Village Fair
(C) A Memorable Day in My Life
(D) Internet
Answer:
(A) Yoga-A Way of Life – ‘Yoga’ has become an important part of a healthy life. A sound mind exists in a sound body. Yoga keeps one both physically and mentally fit. It keeps us free from physical ailments and mental conflicts and various kinds of tensions. Happiness lies in a mind without conflicts. Yoga provides this happiness to us. Yoga is also necessary for our spiritual health. It unites the atman of individual soul with ‘Brahm’ the universal soul. Patanjali has the credit of introducing yoga to the Indians.

Gis ‘Yoga Vashisthya’ is the primal book on the subject. In the present age, its importance has been recognized by every country. On the call of UNO, this year ‘Yoga Diwas’ was cleelbrated through out the world. Baba Ramdeo is the celebrated practitioner and Yoga guru today, yoga is being introduced in the syllabus of school and college students. It is being made mandatory in many sectors. Really, Yoga is the integration of mind, body and soul-very essential to man’s physical and mental health.

(b) A Village Fair – Most of the village are far from town. spacious place outside a village. A central site is chosen so that other neighbouring villages my be very far from it. Stalls which are temporarily erected are arranged in rows. Shopkeepers from towns and villages hire these stalls. They bring various kinds of things for display and sale. Vaste crowds gather to see and buy things. The cinema, circus and magic shows at village fair entertain the crowd. A village fair is a place where villagers meet their friends and relatives. The village fair last for about a week. It provides a lot of fun and amusement to the villagers whose lives are usually dull.

Large crowds of men, women and children in their best clothes may be seen moving to and fro. The children are the happiest creatures in the village fair. They crows round the shopr of sweets and toys. They buy balloons and flutes. They look wistfully at the merry-go-round for their turn. There is a lot of noise in the village fair. The loun beating of drums and the hoarse cries of howkers fill the atmosphere with excitement. But who minds the defeaning noise ? Every one is making merry.

(C) A Memorable Day in My Life – Life is a mixture of sorrows and joys. Sometimes we experience sorrow. Sometimes we experience happiness. A happy occasion occured in my life only last Sunday. It was indeed a memorable day. It was happiest day in my life. On that day, my result was declared. It stood first in the middle standard examination. It was a marvellous achievement. It was rather beyond my expectation.

I was indeed good at studies. But I never expected that honour. A newspaper correspondent approached us and reauested me for a photograph. My teacher, class-fellows and friends came running to me. All of them showered congratulations Upon me. By parents hugged and kissed me again and again. They were proud that I has brought honour to the family. It was a day full of joy. We got anohter happy, news. My elder brother got through the pre-medical test. He was selected for admission on the the government medical college, Amritsar.

It was the most glorious day for all members of our family. My father at once ordered.for a tea party in the afternoon to’ share joy with near and dear ones. Some, of friends gave performance of Break-dance. Some of the participants sang.

Thus, I passed my last Sunday enjoying party, music and dance. We had nothing but happiness and happiness all around.

(d) Internet – Tenement has now become a house-hold word. It is the latest miracle in the world of science. The number of internet usurers in increasing by leaps and bounds. The young and the professionals have got obsessed with it world over. Internet is packed with various web-sites catering to the interests of the various sections of society.

It has emerged as a blessing for the students, businessmen and professionals. All the important television channels, newspapers, government offices, journals, companies, school etc. have their own websites. It has created the age of E-commerce and E-cash. We can buy and sell anything through internet. There are servera companies engaged in providing internet services. This vast world has suk into a small village. However internet is being abused in various ways a lot of garbage has crept in. Internet’ should be used, it should not be misused.

(e) Corruption in India – The cancer of corruption is eating into the vitals of our society. India is counted among the most corrupt countries of the world despite being on the road of becoming a great economic powers of the world. It is ironical that the country which is becoming a developed country is totally in the grip of corruption. Our country is rife with corruption everywhere from the bottom to the top. No work gets done without paying bribes. People have started learning to live with it. It is assuming alarming propertion day-by-day. Numerous scame have come to light. 2G. Spectrum scame.

Adarsh Society scam, Common wealth scam, Wayapam scam are some of them. People think that corrupt officials are protected by corrupt ministers and political leaders. Vote for cash scam is an example, No file moves without greasing the palms of officials. There should be made stringent laws against the corrupt. The loopholes of legal system must be removed. Lop Pal Bill must be passed by Parliament for which Anna Hazara went on fast. The governments action against corruption must be visible, effective and transparent. Hasan Ali and A. Raja musfrbe taught a lesson for their misdeeds.

Question 2.
Explain any two of the following : 4 x 2= 8
(A) But believe that I shall make Speedier journeys, since I take More wings and spurres then hi.
(B) ‘They who one another keeps Alive, ner parted bee.
(C) ‘Hoping to cease not till death’
(D) Falling of leaves suggestes the process of death and human waste on a large scale.
(E) ‘T was here we loved in Summer day and greener.’
(F) There are other cats like, Mungojerric and Griddlebone, but ‘there’ no one like Macavity’
Answer:
(a) A person in love is capable of doing everything in life. Wings are grown on his body which makes his flight easier. He has only one aim and motive in life to impress his beloved and get back soon :

(b) The people in love or other people who keeps the fire of love burning is never separated. They are never parted from each other. Their love keeps them going.

(c) The poet feels that his health is in perfect shape even through he is 37 years of age. He believes that this perfect health will go on inproving and will never detercorate with tune fill his death.

(d) As the leaves completes its given span of life and falls, the same way human beings that are bom one day, in the end goes to the grave. It is a natural phenomena. The things that lives will have to die.

(e) Keats was a poet of nature. He found happiness solace and peace of mind in everything of nature. He loved the wind that blow in summer and helps the fruits to ripe and grow. He calls it a favourable wind. He finds the greenery in autumn very impressive and attractive. It gives him a positive aspect to him.

(f) Macavity is a clever cat. It always does crime but never is there where he comittes crimes. He cheats at cards and his footprints are not found in any file Scotland yard’s. The larder is looted, or the jewel-case is refled, this type of crime he does but is neVer present there so the peot tells that other cats are like Mungojerrie and Griddlebone but there’s no one like Macavity. Its deeds are unique.

Question 3.
Write a letter to your friend describing annual function of your school. (5)
Answer:
Examination Hall
1st Sept. 20

Dear friend,
I was very sorry on the annual function day in my school because you were not there when I received three prizes.
The school was decorated with flowers. The Principal told us that the Chief Minister of Bihar was comming to give away the prizes. When the Chief Minister came, we call stood up and cheered him. A welcome song was sung.

At last, the most interesting part, the annual function cermony, came. The Principal called out the names in a loud voice. The prize-winners marched up and received their prizes from the CM of Bihar. When I received my prizes he shook hands with me. I felt very pround and only wished you could have been there to see it!

With love.
Yours true friend
Rahul

(or)

Write an application to your Principal to grant of a leave during your illness through class teacher.
Answer:
To,
The Principal
St. Xavier’s High School.
Barauni
Through The Class Teacher
Sir,
Most respectfully I want to state that I am suffering from fever since yesterday. The doctor has diagnosed it to be malarial fever. I, therefore, request you to grant me leave for 7 days from 2 Feb, to 8 Feb,. 20 for taking the treatment. I shall be obliged to you for this.

Thanking you,

Yours truly
Alok Anand
Class-Xth, Roll No – 28
Date-10.04.20

Question 4.
Answer any five of the following : (2 x 5 = 10)
(A) Why does the poet call Macavity, a mystery cat ?
(B) Which event does the expression ‘the burning ghat’ refer to ?
(C) What is the meaning of ‘Sicilian July, with Etna smoking’ ?
(D) Name any two Indian English novelists.
(E) Name any two English dramatists
(F) What, according to the author, is modern civilization ?
(G) What is civilization in the real sense of the term ?
(H) What are the ‘trials and tribulations’ the author talks about ?
Answer:
(a) The poet calls Macavity a Mystery Cat because of it’s myste rious nature. It can defy the law, It does many mysterious acts.
(b) The expression ‘the burning ghat’ refers to that place where people burn their relatives dead bodies.
(c) Sicilian July with etna smoking means extreme heat like the one caused when etna exupted.
(d) (i) R. K. Narayan and (ii) Mulkraj Anand.
(e) (i) Shakespeare and (ii) G. B. Shaw.
(f) According to the author modem civilization is the worship of the material, it is the orship of the trute in us. It is pure materialism. Modem civilization is the trumph of material civilization. ”
(g) Civilization, in the real sence of the term, consists not in the multiplication but in the deliberate and voluntary restricultion of wants. This alone increases and promotes contentment, real happiness and capacity for service.
(h) The author talks about the trials and tribuations the black people faced an America. They were denied their equality. They were suppressed when they raised the voice of protest.

Question 5.
Answer any three of the followings : (5 x 3 = 15)

(A) Write the summary of any one :

1. An Epitaph
2. Snake

Answer:
1. An Epitaph Walter Mare is the poet of the poem ‘An Epitaph’. It is dome of a dead body, where a death body keep. He wants to tell about a beautiful lady which in the Epitaph. She was the most beautiful lady that ever was in the west country but when, she was dead her beauty vanishes beauty passes. Because when a body dead everything is cleared about herself. The poet loved her so much that when she was dead he was weeping bitterly. When the poet listend about her beloved he crumbled will remember. He used to sit her epitaph where she laid down in her bed. So the poet wants to say that if a person loved someone so much never leave alone. Because he is just facing the problems.

2. Snake : David Herbert Lawrence wrote the poem ‘Snake’. He told about Snake in this poem. He said that one night when he felt thirsty come out to drink but as soon as come out he saw a black cobra which also come to drink water, ft was too hot to night. The snake was looking good, silent, and peaceful. It came out from a carobtree to a water through only for drink water. To see it politencess the poet didn’t fear at first but his sense of humour fells him that he should kill the snake at anycost. But the snake was too peaceful to hit. After some time, the poet decided to hit the snake. He went to pick up a stick to hit the snake. He his the snake speedily and the snake was killed by the poet. It was looking posionous. The poet didn’t want to kill him but if he did’t kill him, he was killed by the snake.

(B) Write the summary of any one :

1. The Artist
2. How Free is the Press

Answer:
(i) The Artist Seibei had a hobby for collecting gourds. He got them for a few sen. When he came home, he world first bore a neat hole in the top of the gourd and extract the seeds. There he coered them with tea-leaves to get rid of the bad smell of gourd. Seibei was passionately interested in gourds. He was twelve years old and still at primary school. After class he usually wondered about the town looking for gourds. In the evening, he would sit in the comer of living room working on his newly acquire fruit. When he had finished treating it, he poured in a little sake, inserted a cork stopper, wrapped it in a towel put this in a tin and finally placed the whole thing in the characoal foot warmer. Then he went to bed.

Next morning first of all the he examined the gourd and hang then in the sun. He lived in a harbour town. He almost used to walk in the town. Then he came to every place that sold gourds and to recognise almost every gourd on the market. But his father did not like it.
One day Seibei saw about five inches long gourd. He became curious. He wanted to know everything about that. So he went home and in no time returned at the stall with money. He bought the gourd and took it home.

Seibei’s father wanted to his son became a learned person. He always wanted him that he studied well. His father didnt’ like his son’s work whatever Seibei was doing. Seibei’s father didn’t want to listen any complain of his son. His desires were to give up his son unwanted work and unwanted things. For this view he always guided his son and at last by forecely he makde him to give up that work and that things.
Seibei had no complains. Now he was busy in making pictures.

(ii) How Free is the Press : ‘How free is the Press’ is an essay written by Dorothy Leigh Sayes. She expresses her strong idea against the misuse of press. She wants that the freedom of press should be handled properly with an intention of the welfare of the humanity as a whole. She says freedom of press is necessary for freedom of people but at war times such freedom is restricted. However, after the war it must be removed. Freedom of press means that without any influence of outer source the press should clearly publish the fact related to government, politics, society, etc.

Sometimes this freedom may be harmful. In Great Britain, it is quite free and peaceful. It may become disastrous not by control on it but if left uncontrolled to manufacture public opinion.

The editorial policy depends upon two factors. First the interest of the advertisers, second, the wealth of the ownder of the press. They don’t write against their advertisers. They often come under the influence of the owner’s life and surrounding. The Press believes that the public have no wit of their own to distinguish right and wrong and they want a tituating news, other factors having almost no influence. Some examples as how they create sensations are through sensational; Headlines, Grabling i.e. through interviews, inaccurate reporting of facts and plain reversal of facts, random and intentional invention, intentionally expressing about some achievement and flat suppression. ‘

To get such falsehood is an exhausting experience for public. No books dare to go against press malfunctioning, Speeches may not get proper space. All these are the problems though may look small. Decent journalists do not like this poor state. But all rests on the common people. Are they ready to go against the wrong ? Are they ready to do the needful ? Are thy ready to perform honestly and bravely ? These are the factors which may effect ultimately.

(C) Write a brief note on Modem English.
Answer:
The modem age has emerged as an era of development of science and technology combined with a deepening sense of globalization. It is also true that English is being spoken by a large number of the world population. As such being a common language being spoken in almost all countries it has also emerged as the language of trade and commerce, conequently an individual needs to learn to communicate himself to others in no other language than English which could assure him a livelihood. Hence one cannot do without English in the modem age as it has becomes as essential for survival amidst cutting competition as oxygen in for existence.

(D) Write a brieft note on the Indian English.
Answer:
English is said to be the link language of the world.. The future of English is very bright in India. It played very important role in our freedom movement. Because of English., different people of different casts and religions, speaking different languages as well as living in different states, came on one stage. It gave an energy to our freedom movements.

Indian have partly-or wholy need of English in probably every field. English also works to remove unemployment. Thousands of employees. Who know how to speak English. Work in call-centres and earn a handsome salary.

The future of English is very bright in India also because we can not do anything without English. It is the language of international trade, commerce and science. All recent inventions and discoveries are found in English language. So, we can not take a single step without English.
Hence, the future of English is very bright in India.

(E) Match the poets given in List-A with appropriate tittle

Answer:
(a) – (iii)
(b) – (i)
(c) – (v)
(d) – (ii)
(e) – (iv)

(F) Translate any five of the followings:

1. वह आज दिल्ली से आया है।
   
2. भारत एक कृषि प्रधान देश है।
   
3. हिन्दी हमारी मातृभाषा है।
   
4. गरीब ईमानदार होते हैं।
   
5. हमें अपने शिक्षकों का आदर करना चाहिए ।
   
6. यहाँ की 80 प्रतिशत जनता कृषि पर निर्भर करती है।
   
7. भारत अब गरीबों का देश न रहा ।
   

Answer:

1. He has come from Delhi today.
2. India is an agricultural based country.
3. Hindi is our mother tongue.
4. The poor are honest. .
5. We should respect our teachers.
6. Here of 80% People depend on agriculture.
7. India is now no more the country of poor.

6. Answer any one of the following :
For the majority of people all the world over scene is a doctrine about the nature of the universe. That is, they think of the theories of science. No doubt, theories are a necessary part of science. However, they are only a part, and not the important part, either. Moreover, there are hardly any theories that are constant; they always change. Theories are necessary but they are makeshifts. A pervading theory is given up when a better one turns up. Theoretical activity alone does not constitute science. Science is also a way doing things, a practical activity.
Questions :

1. What is the popular view of science ?
2. What does the writer say about scientific theories ?
3. Why is a scientific theory called a makeshift ?
4. What, according to the writer, is science ?

Answer:

1. The popular view of science is the majority of people on the world. Ever science is a doctrine about the nature of the universe.
2. The writer say about scientific is that theories are a necessary part of science. They are only a part, and not the important part.
3. Scientific theory called a makeshift because this theories that are constant they always change.
4. According to the writer, science is theoretical activity alone does not constitute science. Science is also a way of doing things a practical activity. Or, Freedom of press usually means freedom from government’s Censorship or direction. In this sense the British press in free in ordinary condition. It can attack government policy and political characters, expose scandals, inflame public

Bihar Board Class 12th English Book Solutions Grammar Idioms and Phrases

Bihar Board Class 12 English Grammar Idioms and Phrases

(परीक्षाओं में प्रायः पूछे गए phrases का संकलन)

प्रयोग के अनुसार phrase कई प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. जो phrase noun का काम करते हैं, वे noun phrase कहलाते हैं। इनका प्रयोग subject, object या complement के समान होता है। जैसे –

He has seen many ups and down in life.
Birds of a feather flock together.

2. जो phrase adjective का काम करते हैं वे adjective phrase कहलाते हैं । वे noun या pronoun की विशेषता बताते हैं। जैसे –
I dislike your hole-and-corner policy (secret policy – गुप्त नीति)

3. जो phrase verb का काम करते हैं, वे verbal phrase कहलाते हैं । जैसे –

To be about-To be engaged in (व्यस्त होना, व्यस्त रहना)- What is he about ? (वह किस काम में व्यस्त है ?)
To be after-to desire (प्राप्ति की इच्छा करना)- What is he after ? What does he want to have ?

4. जो phrase adverb का काम करते हैं वे adverbial phrase कहलाते हैं। जैसे-
He left the city bag and baggage.
He threw himself into the work heart and soul.

Note – विद्यार्थी अक्सर भूल से ‘bags and baggage’ के पहले या ‘heart and soul’ के पहले ‘with’ का प्रयोग करते हैं। उन्हें यह ख्याल रखना चाहिए कि ‘bag and baggage’

का अर्थ ही होता है ‘with all belongings’, उसी प्रकार ‘heart and soul’ का अर्थ होता है ‘with all heart’.

5. जो phrase preposition का काम करते हैं वे prepositional phrase कहलाते हैं। Prepositional phrase के बाद सदा noun या pronoun का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –
He is superior to me in point of age.

6. जो phrase conjunction का काम करते हैं वे conjunctional phrase कहलाते हैं।
जैसे – He fled away as soon as he saw the police.

7. जो phrase interjection का काम करते हैं ये interjectional phrase कहलाते हैं।
जैसे – Woe to me ! Well done !

Some Noun Phrase in Common Use

A lame excause – unsatisfactory (असन्तोषजनक बहना) – Headache is a lame excuse for absence.
A man of letters – a scholar (बिद्वान आदमी) – Radhakrishna was man of letter.
A man of spirit – courageous (उत्साही आदमी) – Shivaji was a man of spirit.
All in all (सर्वसर्वा)- The headmaster is all in all in the school.
Bed of roses – comfortable place (सुखद स्थान) – A thorn is not a bed of roses.
Hue and cry – noise (हल्ला – गुल्ला) – The villagers raised a hue and cry at the sight of the robbers.
Ins and outs – details (सभी बातें) – I know the ins and outs of the matter.
Jack of all trades – One who knows something of eveything (हरफन मोला) – A Jack of all trades is generally the master of none.
Pros and cons – Everything in favour of or against (पक्ष एवं विपक्ष की सभी बातें) – I thought over the pros and cons of the matter.
Ups and downs – rise and fall (उस्थान और पतन) – He has seen may ups and downs in his life.
Up and doing – busy, active (व्यस्त,फुर्तीला) – One should be always up and doing.

Some Adjective Phrases in Common Use

At sixes and sevens – in a disorderly manner (अवयव स्थित दशा में) – He keeps his books at sixes and sevens.
High and low – everywhere (हर जगह) – He searched for his cycle high and low.
In black and white – in writing (लिखित रूप) – Give your statement (en) in black and white.
In vogue – in force (प्रचलित) – Purda system is still vogue among the Muslims.
Null and void – Invalid (बेकार,नाजायज) – The old rules becomes mull and void when are replaced by new ones.
Right or wrong – whether the action is right or wrong (उचित हो या अनुचित) – I must do it, right or wrong.

Slow and steady (धीमा और अविचल व्यक्त) Slow and steady wins the race.
Through thick and thin – through difficult and easy obstacles (कठिनाईयों में) – My friend has helped me through thick and thin.

Some Adverbial Phrases in Common Use

Above all – before any other consideration (सर्वपरि) -Above all, be careful about your studies.
After all-in spite of every fact to the contrary (सब कुछ विपरीत होते हुए भी) – After all, he is a good man. (यद्यपि उसमें कुछ दोष है, फिर भी वह अच्छा आदमी है)
Again and again इन तीनों phrases का एक ही अर्थ है
Over and over again These three phrases mean ‘very often’ ‘बार – बार’
Time and again – Boys should pronounce difficult words time and again.
As a matter of fact – really (वात्सव में) – He lives in a fine style, but as a matter of fact, he is mean fellow.
As far as (जहाँ तक) – As far as I know, he is an honest man.
As it were – मानो (यह adverbial clause है) – A teacher is, as it were, the father of a child.
Asif – मानो – यह conjunctional phrase है । As if के बाद subject और verb से बना हुआ clause लिखना आवश्यक है ।
Sometimes she weeps and sometimes she laughts, as if she were mad.
At all-in the least (जरा भी)- Negative sentence को जोरदार बनाने के लिए बहुधा इसका प्रयोग होता है He does not read at all.
At once- immediately (शीग्र) – He came at once.
At present – (वर्तमान समय में) – At present he is living in Bihar.
At random – without any aim (बिना लक्ष्य के) – He fired at random.
By and by – after an interval; after a time (कुछ समय के बाद) – You will feel better by and by.
By far- decidedly (निशचित रूप से) – He is by far the best in the class.
By all means – in every possible wasy (हर तरीकेसे) – Do it by all means.
By no means in no way (किसी भी तरह से नहीं) – You can, by no means. take away my cycle.
By the by incidentally (किसी भी बात के सिलसिले में अचानक) – by the by our English teacher told us something about planets and stars.
Hither and thither – to and fro (इधर – उधर) – A mad man was moving hither and thither on the road.
Far and away beyound all comparison; decidedly (निर्व्वाद रूप से) – He is far and away the best speaker in the province
Far and wide/Far and near – इन दोनों phrases का एक ही अर्थ है – everywhere (सर्वत्र)
His fame spread far and wide.
He searched for his lost son far and near.
For good and all – for ever (सदा के लिए) – The Englishman left India for good and all.
Heart and soul – whole – heartedly (दिल और जान से) – He threw himself into the work heart and soul.
In fact – really (वास्तव में) – He weres a fine look, but in fact he is a rogue.
In the long run – eventually (अंततोगत्वा) – You will succeed in the long run.
In time, at proper time, not late (ठीक समय पर) – We should go to school in time.
In vain – with no tangible result (निष्फल) – He laboured hard to pass the examination but in vain.
Little by little gradually (धीरे – धीरे) – He is progressing little by little.
Now and then- occasionally (बहुध) – He comes to my house now & then.
Of course, naturally (जैसा स्वाभाविक है) – He failed at the examination and, of course, he was sorry for it.
Off and on – irregularly (अनियमित रूप से कभी – कभी) – He read English off and on.
On and on- continuously, regularly (नियमित रूप से लगातार) – He worked on and on for many years.
Once for all (सदा के लिए) – I tell you once for all that you should never smoke again.
On the contrare rather (प्रत्युक इसके विपरीत) – I do not admire him; on the contrary I hate him. इसका प्रयोग Conjunction की तरह भी होता है।
On the whole – (taking everything into consideration (वस्तुत सब प्रकार से) – on the whole, he appears to be a good man (considering all his merits and demerits he appears to be a good man)
One and all – apeveryone (सभी) – One and all did not accept this leadership.
Over and above – in addition to; besides (अतिरिक्त) – He lost his book and was beaten over and above for his carelessness. इसका प्रयोग Prepositional Phrase की तरह भी होता है Over and above what he lost, he was beaten for his carelessness.
Over and over again – same as ‘again and again’.
So far as (जहाँ तक) – So far as I know, he is poor,
Sooner or later-eventually (कालक्रम से) – A thief will be caught sooner or later.
The other day – not long ago – इसका प्रयोग भूतकाल में होता है इसका अर्थ है ‘कुछ दिन पहले, हाल ही में किसी दिन अभी – अभी उसी दिन’ – He came to my house the other day.
Time and again-Same as ‘again and again’.
Through and through – fully (पूर्णतया) – He read the book through and through. He was drenched through and through.
To and frombackward and forward (आगे पीछे) – He was moving to & fro.

Some Adverbial Phrases (Idioms with Adverbs)

As usual (पहले जैसा) – The train was late today as usual.
At any rate (किसी भी हालत में) – It is bad; at Any rate, not good.
At times (कभी – कभी)- Even a sinner feels ashamed of himself at time.
At most (अधिक – से – अधिक) – I can give you at most ten rupees.
Far and near (Far and wide) (सर्वत्र) – This news has spread far and near (far and wide).
For long (बहुत दिनों तक) – A good man is remembered for long.
Once again or, over again or, once more (एक बार और) – Can you do it once again (over again, once more).

Prepositional Phrases (Idioms with Preposition)

By way of (रूप में) – I told you by way of advice.
In keeping with (मेल से) Your action should be in keeping with your speech.
In accord with (अनुसार,समान) – Your news is not in accord (accordance) with us.
In harmony with (मेल से, सौहार्दपूर्ण)- Your attitude is not in harmony with us.
In agreement with (अनुकूल, एकमत)- What can I do if he does not act in agreement with me.
In search of (खोज में)- I am in search of knowledge.
In proportion to (अनुपात में) – He is not paid in proportion to his labour.
On the eve of (कुछ पहले)We had a dinner on the eve of the Pujas.
On the ground of (आधार पर) – You are excused on the gound of ignorance
Owing to (कारण से), He is absent owing to his illness.
With an eye to (ध्यान में रखकर), Let us work with an eye to future.

Some Verbal Phrases in Common Use

To be after – tobe in pursuit of (किसी वस्तु की प्राप्ति के फेर में रखना) – What is he after ? (वह किसी चीज़ की प्राप्ति केलिए परेशान है ?)
To be at home in to be expert in (निपुण होना) – He is quite at home in English.
To be at home to be at ease (घर की तरह आराम से रहना – I am quite at home in his house.
To be at large – to be free from restraint (बंदनामुख्त होना) – His dog is chained in the daytime, but it is at large in the night.
To be in fault – to be guilty (दोषी होना) The accused was in fault.
To be at fault – to be puzzled (घबड़ा जाना) – My memory was in fault, so I could not recite the poem correctly.
To bring out – to publish (प्रकाशित करना) – The Anjana Prakashan of Patna will bring out its new edition next year.
To cut short (काम होना) – His life was cut short due to cholera.
To come across – happen to meet or find by chance (अचानक मुलाक़ात होना, अचानक पा जाना) – I came across an old friend of mine in the park.
To fall short of – to become less (काम होना) – His income falls short of his expenditure. (उसकी आमदनी खर्च से काम है)
To fall flat on – to have to effect (प्रभाव नहीं डालना) – His speech fell flat on the audience.
To get rid of –to be free from (छुटकारा पाना) – A man can get rid of temptations (प्रलोभन) by practising virtue (सद्गुण).
To get by heart – to memorize (याद करना) – You must get you lesson by heart.
To hold good to be applicable to (लागू होना) – This rule holds good in this case.
To look down upon – to look with contempt (घृणा की दृष्टी से देखना) – We should not look down upon the poor.
To make room – to accommodate (स्थान देना) – The gentleman moved a little and made room for me in the compartment.
To pur up with (सहना) – I cannot put up with such an insult.
To run short-to be exhausted (घाट जाना) – Food ran short in my house.
To take care of -to be careful (सावधान होना) – Take care of your money, otherwise you will repent.
To take hold of – to catch (पकड़ना) -The police took hold of the robbers in the den.
To take place to happen (होना) – His marriage will take place tommorrow.
Attend to (ध्यान देना)-You must attend to your work.
Blow out (फुंक कर बुजाना) – Blow out the candle.
Break away (भाग जाना) – I saw the thief but he broke away.
Breaks in (ट्रैनिंग देना) – He breaks in his horse.
Break into (अचानक) – A thief broke into my house.
Bring forth (जन्म देना)-Trees bring forth new leaves in spring.
Bring up (पालन पोषण होना या किया जाना) – I was brought up by my mother.
Call in (बुला भेजना) – Call in a doctor at once.
Call up (याद करना) – I cannot call up that old incident.
Carry on (आगे बढ़ना) – It is useless to carry on this business.
Deals in (व्यापार करना) – The merchant deals in rice.
Dwells in (रहना निवास करना) – He dwells in a dirty house.
To fall in (एक ख़तार में खड़ा होना) Boys were asked to.
Fall out (झगड़ा करना)Sometimes even fast friends fall out.
Fall flat (असर ना होना) – All my appeals fell flat on the mob.
Get over (विजय पाना) – I got over the difficulty at last.
Give up (पूर्ण रूप से छोड़ना) – One must give up bad habits.
Give way (गिर जाना) – The house gave way during rain.
Go through (सभी संकटों का सामान करना) – I am prepared to go through fire and water to help my friend.

Hanker after (for) (तीव्र इच्छा , आकांक्ष होना) – He always hankers after (for) money.
Held in (रोख कर रखा जाना) – The spirited horse was held in.
Keep off (अलग करना) – Keep off bad company.
Look into (जांच करना) – He is looking into the case.
Look after (देखभाल करना) – A mother looks after her children.
Make up (i) (पूरा करना) – The enemy was asked to make up.
(ii) (तय करना) – You should make up your mind soon.
Put off (i) (स्थागित करना) – Don’t put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
(b) The meeting was put off.
(ii) (छोड़ देना) – You should put off these dirty clothes.
Run after (पीछा करना) – Do not run after money.
Run short (ख़त्म हो जाना) – My money has run short.
Set free (मुख्त करना छोड़ देना)-All Ithe prisoners were set free.
Take after (सदृश होना) – Children take after their parents.
Take up (आरम्भ करना) – You should take up the work now.
Turn out (i) (एकचित्र होना) – The whole village turned out to welcome her.
(ii) (बन्ध करना) – Please turned out the tap.
(iii) (निकाल दिया जाना) – He was turned out of the examination hall.

Some Prepositional Phrases in Common Use

As to – regarding (विषय में)As to whether he will consent, it is too early to say.
At home in-expert (निपुण) in – I am at home in mathematics.
At the bottom of (के मूल में) – The eldest son was at the bottom of all the quarrels in the house.
According to (के अनुसार) – The police acted according to the orders of the officer.
Because of owing to (के कारण) – He did not go to school because of his illness.
By dint of – with the help of (आधार पर) – He got success over the river by means of a boat.
By force of की सहायत से) – He regained his health by force of regular exercise.
By means of – by the use of (के प्रयोग द्वारा) – He crossed the river by means of a boat.
By virtue of – on the ground of (आधार पर) – He deserves free-studentship by virtue of his merit.
By the side of – beside (के बगल में) The child was sitting the side of his mother.
For the sake of – to earn (उपार्जन करना) – He labours hard for the sake of money.
For want of – due to the shortage to (की कमी के कारण) – Crops failed for want of rain.
In accordance with according to (के अनुरूप) – Your actions are not in accordance with your words.
In case of – in the state (event) of (की हालत में) – Do not lose heart in case of failure.
In common with along with (साथ – साथ) -The monitor was fined in common with other boys.
In connection with (के सम्बन्ध में) – I went to my friend’s house in connection with my brother’s marriage.
In course of – while progressing (के सिल सिले में) – The leader said many things in course of his speech.
In defence of – in projection of (के बचाव में) – The pleader argues in defence of his client.
In defiance of – in violation of (के विरुद्ध) – The sepoys rebelled in defiance of law.
In face of – against, in the presence of (बावजूद सामना करते हुए) – He kept on making progress in face of difficulties.
In favour of – on the side of (के पक्ष में) – Our leaders are in favour of compulsory primary education.
In front of-opposite (के सामने) – There is a tank in front of my house.
In honour of – as a mark of respect (के विचार से) – The school was closed for two days in honour of the Governmer’s visit to the schvol.
In honour of as a substitute for (के बदले में) – He gave me a watch in liew of the money lent out to him.
In point of – in resepect of (के विचार से) He is superior to me in point of age or in respect of age.
In quest of (की खोज में) – He is in quest of a good job.
In spite of – notwithstanding (बावजूद होते हुए भी)-In spite of hard labour he failed at the examination.
In stead of – in place of (के विजय) – He wasted his time instead of working hard.
In view of – considering (के विचार से) – He deserves help in view of his poverty.
In sight of (दृष्टिगोचर होना) – He came in sight of ariver, i.e., he saw a river.
In the event of -in case of (की हालत में) – Try again in the event of failure.
In the guise of – In false dress (के बनावटी वेश में) -The robbers entered the house in the guise of policemen.
In the teeth of – again (विषम स्थति के बावजूद) – He moved the resolution in the teeth of opposition.
In order to – to (के लिए) – Labour hard in order to get through the examination.
In regard to – in connection with (के सम्बन्ध में)-I have nothing to say in regard to this matter
On account – due to (के कारण) – He did not go to schol on account of his illness.
With a view to – with the aim of (के उद्देश्य से) – He joined college witha view to getting higher education.
(स्मरण रहे कि with a view to के बाद verb में ing का व्यवहार होता है)
With an eye to keeping in view (को ध्यान में रहते हुए) – He lays by something with an eye to the future.
With reference इन तीनों phrase का अर्थ है “In connection with’
With regard to (के सम्बन्ध में) Have you got any thing to say with
With respect to reference to his conduct, or with regard to his conduct ?

Some Conjunctional Phrases in Common Use

As soon as (ज्यों ही) – The bell rang as soon as I reached the school.
As well as -and (और) – He as well as Hari is in fault.
In as much as – because (क्योंकि)-He must be punished inasmuch as he has neglected his task. [Inasmuch को तोड़-तोड़कर in much नहीं लिखें]
In case-if (यदि)-Try again, in case you fail.
In order that – so that (जिससे की) – it denos purpose-He work in order that he may pass the examination.
No less than (कम नहीं) – He is no less quality than you are.
No sooner than (ज्यों ही) – No sooner had I reached the school than the bell rang.
So long as या as long as (जब तक) – It never denotes ‘time before’ -You will get money as long as you work. So long as the world lasts, the sun will shine over us.

Miscellaneous Idioms and Phases in Common Use

As usual -as in the ordinary practice (सदा की भांति) – I went there in the morning, as usual.
At best (अधिक-से-अधिक) – At best he is only a moderate speaker.
All in all – vested with all power (सरसावा सभी अधिकारों से युक्त) – The headmaster is all in all in his school.
At the eleventh hour – at the last moment (अन्तिंम क्षण में)-A doctor was called in at the eleventh hour when the patient was dying.
All the same – (i) of equal importance (एक ही बात) – It is all the same whether it is done by you us by me.
In all – total (सब मिलाकर) – There are, in all, 620 students in my school.
Let loose -to free (बंधनमुक्त करना)- He lets his dog loose at night.
Make good to compensate (क्षतिपूर्ति करना) – You will have to make good the loss I have incurred owing to your negligence.
Nick of time at the opportune moment (ठीक समय पर) -A doctor came in the nick of time.
Out of temper -angry (क्रुद्ध) – This man seems to be out of temper.
Of no avail – usless (निरर्थक)-Your excuses are of no avail.
Over head and ears (पूर्णतया) – He is over head and ears in debt.
On no account – in no case (किसी भी हालत में नहीं) – School fees, once deposited, can on no account be refunded or cannot be refunded on any account.
On all hands-by all (सभी के द्वारा)-It is admitted on all hands that honesty is the best policy.
On an average – taken as an average (औसत रूप से) – On an average, he earns Rs. 40/- a month.
On one’s account – for one (कि की खातिर) – I am ready to undergo difficulties on your account.
On the strength of – on the ground of (के बल पर) He was awarded a scholarship on the strength of my recommendation.
Part and parcel portion (भाग)-Kashmir has long been a part and parcel of India.
Rhyme or reason valid cause (ठोस कारण)-He turned out his servant without rhyme or reason.
Red-hunded while committing crime (अपराध करते समय) – The thief was caught red-hunded (चोरी करते समय).
Somehow or other – anyhow (किसी तरह)-He managed somehow or other to purchase a motor car for himself.
To learn by heart -to get by heart (याद कर लेना) – He learnt all the lessons by heart.
To rain cats and dogs -to rain heavily (मूसलधार पार बरसाना)-It was raining cats and dogs when he came.
To build castles in the air. – to imagine (हवाई महल बनाना) – It is no use building castles in the air.
To end in smoke – to have no effect (निष्फल होना)-All their attempts to reform the society ended in smoke.
To fall flat-have no effect (बेअसर) – His speech fell falt on the audience,
To go a long way – to do much (बहुत कुछ करना) -The reconmmendation of the headmaster went a long way in securing him a good service.
To hold water to be valid (जायज होना) – Your arguments do not hold water (are not sound or valid).
To lay stress-to emphasize (जोर देना) – The congress leaders laid streass on the need of basic education.
To nip in the bud -to destroy in the beginning (आरम्भ में ही नष्ट कर देना)-All his plans were nipped in the bud owing to his sudden illness.
To poison the ears of-to give false reports (कान भरना, झूठी शिकायत करना) – They were poisoning the ears of the Secretary against that man.
To call to order-(अनुशासित करना) – The teacher called the boys to order when they were making a noise.
To be at one-to agree (सहमत होना) – am at one with him on this point.
Upon one’s sweet will – on one’s own desire (अपनी इच्छा पर) -It depends upon my sweet will whether I do it today or tomorrow.

Micellaneous Phrases

Bed of roses (आनन्दप्रद वस्तु)-Life is not a bed of roses.
A bird’s eye view (सरसरी नजर) – I took a bird’s eye view of the whole place.
Cast Iron will (दृढ़ जो मुड़ना सके)-Sardar Patel was a man of cast iron will.
Chicken hearted (कायर)-A Soldier must not be chicken hearted.
A fair hand (साफ लिखावट)-A candidate gets credit for a fair hand.
A fool’s paradise (झूटी आशा में) -If you hope to pass, you are in a fool’s paradise.
French leave (बिना आज्ञा सा सूचना की अनुपस्थिति)-The student was fined for taking french leave.
With an iron hand (कढ़ाई से)-The riot was supressed with an iron hand.
Jack of all trades (किसी काम में निपुण नहीं, किन्तु सभी कार्यों में हाट डालना)-If · you are a jack of all trades you are master of none.
Maiden speech (जीवन में प्रथम सार्वजनिक भाषण) – The M.P.’s maiden speech was not impressive.
Nick of time (एन मौके पर)-He reached in the meeting at the nick of time.
An open secret (जो गुप्त बात सबको मालूम हो)-It is an open secret that casteism is a key to success in Bihar.
Pandora’s box (वरदान के रूप में अभिशाप)-Several inventions have proved to be a pandora’s box for mankind.
Rank and file (साधारण जनता) – Necessary steps should be taken by the government for the welfare of the rank and life.
Tall talk (घमण्ड भरी लम्बी चौड़ी बातें करना)-One must work, for more tall talk won’t do.
Up to mark (उचित योग्यता के अनरूप) – Most of the students were quite up to the mark.
White elephant (लाभ के स्थान पर हानि की वस्तु)-A motor car is a white elephant for teacher.
Yellow journalism (समाचार पत्रों में सस्ती तथा सनसनी पत्रकारिता, पीत पत्रकारिता) Yellow journalism cannot be appreciated.

Important Questions Solved

Question 1.
Use three of the following idioms and phrases in sentences as to bring out their meaning. [Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
Take after, Make out, Apple of discord, Broken reed, Bring up.
Answer:
Take after – The son takes after his father.
Make out – The police could not make out anything from the available information.
Apple of discord – The house is an apple of discord between the two brother.
Broken reed – Don’t realy on him, he is a broken reed between the two brothers.
Bring up-After his father’s death he was brought up by his uncle.

Question 2.
Use the following idioms and phrases in sentences of your own so as to bring out their meaning clearly. (Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
Answer:
Ups and downs, Rainy day: Vook and corner.
Answer:
Ups and downs – He has seen many ups and donws in his life.
Rainy day – One must lay be something against rainy day lest one should suffer.
Nook and corner – I looked into every nook and corner of my room but I could not find my pen.

Question 3.
Identify idioms and phrases in the composition given below. [Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) Old habits die hard.
(b) Seeing the police, the thief took to his heels.
(c) There is an old lady at the door asking for you.
Answer:
(a) die hard
(b) took to his heels
(c) asking for.

Question 4.
Identify idioms and phrases in the composition given below: (Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) She is intelligent, labourous and above all honest.
(b) By and by every one left the place.
(c) He is a Jack of all trades but master of none.
Answer:
(a) above all
(b) by and by
(c) Jack of all trades.

Question 5.
Use any three of the following idioms and phrases in sentence : (Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
At hand, At any cost, Apples of one’s eye, Look for, Part and Parcel.
Answer:
At hand-My examination is at hand.
At any cost-I have to do it at any cost.
Apples of one’s eye-She is apple of her mother’s eye.
Looks for–He is looking for good job.

Question 6.
Use three of the following idioms and Phrases in sentences of your own : [Board Exam. 2009 (Art)]
ups and downs, tum over, without fail, off and on, above all.
Answer:
Ups and downs-Mohan has seen many ups and down in his life
Turn over – Vikas turned over everything of his room.
Without fail – We must do our duties without fail.
Off and on – He goes to the market off and on.
Above all-Above all we should be kind to poor.

Question 7.
Use the following idioms and phrases in sentences of your own so as to bring out their meaning clearly : [Board Exam. 2009 (Sc. & Com.)]
Ups and downs, Rainy day, Nook and courner.
Answer:
Ups and downs – We should not be disheartened by ups and downs in our life.
Rainy day – We should make necessary arrangement for rainy day in order to avoid inconvenience.
Nook and corner – Every nook and corner of my house is neat and clean.

Question 8.
Use the following Idioms and Phrases in sentences of your own as to bring out their meaning clearly : (Sample Paper 2010 (A)]
(a) call off
(b) come accross
(c) look after.
Answer:
(a) The strike was called off after almost all theiremands were coneded.
(b) While going to the market came across an astrologer who to me lost of things about my past.
(c) Ram looks after the business of his father after his death.

Bihar Board Class 12th English Book Solutions Grammar Combination of Sentences

Bihar Board Class 12 English Grammar Combination of Sentences

(Conversion of Sentences)

एक Sentence (वाक्य) या Clause को तथा दूसरे sentence या clause को दूसरे वाक्य में बदलने की क्रिया को conversion of sentence कहते हैं।

Sentence और Clause में अन्तर

Sentence : A sentence is a group of words put together according to the rules of Grammar. A sentence has a subject and a finite verb.

शब्दों के किसी ऐसे समूह को वाक्य कहा जाता है जो अर्थ को पूर्ण रूप से स्पष्ट करता हो। वाक्य में एक कर्ता और एक क्रिया अवश्य रहती है।

जैसे – He went home yesterday.

Clause : A Clause is part of a sentence. एस शब्द समूह को clause (उपवाक्य __ या पद्) कहा जाता है जो किसी पूर्ण वाक्य का अंश हो तथा जिसका अपना अलग subject और predicate हो । जैसे – He is the man who is honest.

इसमें वाक्य (Sentence) में He is the man. एक clause हुआ और who is honest भी एक clause हुआ। दोनों clause मिलने पर एक वाक्य बना।

Kinds of Sentence –

Sentence के मुख्यतः चार भाग होते हैं –
(1) Simple Sentence
(2) Compound Sentence
(3) Complex Sentence
(4) Mixed Sentence

(1) Simple Sentence: जिस वाक्य का केवल एक ही Clause हो उसे Simple Sentence कहा जाता है, जैसे –
1. The boy broke his leg.
2. She washed her clothes.

(2) Compound Sentence: जिस वाक्य में दो या दो से अंधिक अनाश्रित उपवाक्य (Clauses) हों, उसे Compound Sentence कहा जाता है, उदाहरण के रूप में –
1. Sita saw Ram and she became happy.
2. You must work hard or you will fail.
3. Many were called, but few were chosen.
Compound Sentence के प्रत्येक Clause को Co-ordinate clause कहा जाता है।

(3) Complex Sentence (मिश्रित वाक्य): जिस वाक्य में एक मुख्य-वाक्य (Principal Clause) हो तथा एक या एक से अधिक आश्रित वाक्य (Subordinate Clauses) हों,

उसे Complex Sentence कहा जाता है। Principal Clause को Mair Clause भी कहा जाता है।

Sub-ordinate Clause को Dependent Clause भी कहा जाता है।

जैसे-The company that supplied goods has failed. यह complex sentence है ।

(4) Mixed Sentence: Mixed Sentence में कम-से-कम दो Principal Clause रहते हैं और कम-से-कम एक Subordinate Clause. इन नियमों का सदा ध्यान रखें –

1. Simple Sentence – One Principal Clause.
2. Compound Sentence – At least two Principal Clause.
3. Complex Sentence – Principal Clause + Subordinate Clauses.
4. Mixec Sentence – Compound + Subordinate Clause.

तो, इससे यह स्पष्ट है कि Simple Sentence को एक Mixed Sentence बनाने के लिए __ आपको उन्हीं नियमों की सहायता लेनी पड़ेगी जो Compound और Complex Sentence के सम्बन्धों में बताये गये हैं। आप Co-ordinating और Subordinating Conjunctions के द्वारा यह काम आसानी से कर सकते हैं, जिसकी चर्चा पहले ही हो गयी है।

Exercise

Combine each set of Simple Sentence into a Compound Sentence :

1. He is rich. He leads an unhappy life.
2. The train is about to leave. We should get into the train.
3. He works in a college. He manages his farm.
4. My marriage will take place in April. If it does not, it will take place in October.
5. You must help him in his studies. If you don’t, he will fail.
6. Kapil Dev is a good bowler. Kapil Dev is a good batsman.
7. I will not go to Srinagar. I will not go to Bangalore.
8. The day dawned. The birds began to chirp.
9. Keep quiet. I shall turn you out of the room.
10. We do not borrow money. We do not lend money.

Answers:

1. He is rich but he leads an unhappy life.
2. The train is about to leave, therefore, we should get into it.
3. He both works in a college and manages his farm.
   Or,
   He not only works in a college but also manages his farm.
4. My marriage will take place either in April or in October.
5. You must help him in his studies, or otherwise) he will fail.
6. Kapil Dev is both a good bowler and a good batsman.
   Or,
   Kapil Dev is not only a good bowler but also a good batsman.
7. I will go neither too Srinagar nor to Bangalore.
8. The day dawned and the birds began to chirp.
9. Keep quiet, (or, otherwise) I shall turn you out of the room.
10. We neither borrow nor lend money.

Simple Sentences into a Complex Senence

आप जानते हैं कि Complex Sentence में केवल एक ही Principal Clause होता है __ और उसमें कम-से-कम एक Subordinate Clause भी रहता है। इसलिए Simple Sentence को जोड़कर उन्हें एक Complex Sentence बनाते समय उसमें एक ही Principal Clause रखें और अन्य वाक्यों को Subordinate Clause का रूप दे दें।

Subordinate Clause तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause
3. Adverb Clause

ये तीनों प्रकार के Subordinate Clauses Relative Pronouns/Relative Adverbs/Subordinating Conjunctions से आरम्भ होते हैं जिनमें से मुख्य हैं –

that, who, which, what, because, since, so that, in order, that, as, as if, as soon as, though, before, after, if, when, where, till, until.

किस Subordinating Conjunction का प्रयोग कहाँ और कब होता है या (दूसरे शब्दों में) कब और कहाँ Noun Clause या Adjective Clause या AdverbClause का प्रयोग करके वाक्यों को Complex Sentence बनाया जाता है, यह वाक्यों के अर्थ पर ही निर्भर करता है। यह काम इन नियमों की सहायता से आसानी से कर ले सकते हैं –

How to Use Adverb Clause

Rule I. यदि वाक्यों से मालूम हो कि उनके बीच cause (कारण), condition (शर्त), – constrast (विरोध), compariso (तुलना), time (समय) या place (स्थान) का सम्बन्ध है, तो Adverb Clause के द्वारा वाक्यों को जोड़ना चाहिए इन्हें देखे –

1. He succeeded. He laboured hard.
Combined : He succeeded because he laboured hard.

2. He has been very unfortunate. He is always cheerful.
Combined : Though he has been very unfortunate, he is always cheerful.

3. He is a clever boy. No other boy in the class is more clever.
Combined : No other boy in the class is cleverer than he is.

4. You must sign your name. He will then agree to your terms.
Combined : He will agree to your terms, if you sign your name.

5. Men may sow much or little. They will reap accordingly.
Combined : Men will reap according as they sow much or little.

इन वाक्यों को Adverb Clauses के द्वारा जोड़कर Complex Sentence बनाये गये हैं। पहले दो वाक्यों में cause का सम्बन्ध है। इसलिए इन्हें because के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है। दूसरे दो वाक्यों के बीच contrast का सम्बन्ध है और तीसरे दो वाक्यों के बीच comparision का । अतः दूसरं दो वाक्यों को though के द्वारा और तीसरे दो वाक्यों को than के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है। चौथं दो वाक्यों से condition का बांध होता है। इसलिए इन्हें if के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है। . पाँचवें वाक्य सं manner बतलाया गया है। इसलिए इस according as के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है ।

Rule II. समय (time) का बोध करानेवाले वाक्यों को इनकी सहायता से जोड़ा जाता है-after, before, until.

इन वाक्यों को लें

1. He finished the work. Than he went out.
Answer:
He went out after he had finished the work

2. I wrote a letter. Then I read the newspaper.
Answer:
I read the newspaper after I had written a letter. Or, I had written a letter before I read the newspaper.

3. I finished the book. Then I went to bed.
Answer:
I went to bed after I had finished the book. Or, I had finished the book before I went to bed.

4. The bus stopped. Then I got off.
Answer:
I did not get off the bus until it stopped.

5. She finished the work. Then she went out.
Answer:
She did not go out until she finished the work.

इन नियमों का ध्यान रखें –

1. पहले समाप्त होनेवाले कार्य के साथ before का प्रयोग होता है, पर बाद में समाप्त होनेवाले कार्य के साथ after आता है।
2. Until से आरम्भ होनेवाले clause में not नहीं आता, पर Principal Clause में not का प्रयोग होता है।

How to Use Adjective Clause

1. Adjective Clause के द्वारा भी Simple Sentences को जोड़कर एक Complex Sentence बना जाता है। यदि वाक्य में किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु की चर्चा हो जाए और अन्य वाक्यों में उसी के गुणों पर प्रकाश डाला जाय, तो Adjective Clause बनाने के लिए who, which, that, when या where का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे –

I suffered anxiety. The anxiety was extreme.
Combind : The anxiety that I suffered was extreme.

यहाँ पहले वाक्य में anxiety के विषय में बताया गया है और दूसरे में उसी पर और प्रकाश डाला गया है। इसलिए उन्हें Adjective Clause के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है। एक और उदाहरण लें –

A small house stood at the foot of the hill. We stayed there for the night.

Combined : We stayed for the night at a small house which stood at the foot of the hill.

यहाँ पहले वाक्य में house की चर्चा हुई है और दूसरे में उसी पर प्रकाश डाला गया है। (We stayed there for the night.)। इसलिए इन्हें भी Adjective Clause के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है।

इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें –

1. He had received a good education. This raised him above many men.
Combined : The good education that he had received raised him above many men.

2. That is the house. He was born there.
Combined : That is the house where he was born.

3. This is the book. I wanted to buy it
This is the book that I wanted to buy.

4. Daniel came alive out of the den. In that den lion were kept.
Combined : Daniel came alive out of the den in which lions were kept.

Note : Who/Which/That के द्वारा जब Adjective Clause बनाया जाता है, तब इनका अर्थ हिन्दी में कोई भी ऐसे शब्द से होता है जो ‘ज’ से आरम्भ होता है; जैसे-‘जो’ ‘जिस’ आदि । विशेष जानकारी के लिए Analysis के अध्याय को देखें।

How to Use Noun Clause

Rule I. जब तक Simple Sentence के कथन (fact, opinion, belief, hope आदि) को दूसरे में स्वीकार (affirm) या अस्वीकार (deny) किया जाता है, तब ये that के द्वारा जोड़े जाते हैं। ऐसा that + clause होता है; Noun Clause और यह वाक्य हो जाता है Complex; जैसे –

(1) Better luck may be in store for us. We hope so.
Combined : We hope that better luck may be in store for us.

(2) He is honest. I know this.
Combined : I know that he is honest.

इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें –

(1) He is honest. I do not doubt it.
Combined: I do not doubt that he is honest.

(2) He will come today. I am sure of it.
Combined: I am sure that he will come today.

(3) You have acted wrongly. I believe so.
Combined : I believe that you have acted wrongly.

(4) A lazy man injures no one but himself. This is not ture.
Combined : It is not true that a lazy man injures no one but himself.

(5) Someone has been making a great noise. I should like to know the person.

Combined : I should like to know who has been making a great noise.

Note :- ऐसे वाक्यों को जोड़ने पर it/this/that/so का लोप हो जाता है।

Rull II. Simple Sentence को इन शब्दों की सहायता से जोड़ा जाता है –

who, which, whom, whose, what, when, where, why, how, if, whether,

इन्हें जोड़ने पर who + clause/which +clause आदि Noun clasue होते हैं और पूरा वाक्य complex बन जाता है।

Assertive + Interrogative = Assertive + Assertive; जैसे –
1. I don’t know. Who is she? = I don’t know who she is.
2. I can’t say. Is he ill ? = I can’t say if/whether he is ill.

Imperative + Interrogative = Imperative + Assertive; जैसे –
1. Tell me, Where is he? = Tell me where he is.
2. Inform me. When will he come ? = Inform me when he will come.

Interorogative + Interrogative = Interrogative + Assertive;

1. Do you know? Why is she sad ?
= Do you know why she is sad ?

2. Can you tell me ? How have you come ?
= Can you tell me how you have come ?

Assertive + Exclamatory = Assertive + Assertive; जैसे –
1. How well he plays ! Nobody can believe.
= Nobody can believe how well he plays.

2. No one can imagine. What a great man he is!
= No one can imagine what a great man he is.

Assertive + Assertive = Assertive + Assertive; जैसे –

1. Somebody called me. I don’t know who.
= I don’t know who called me.

2. He will come. I can’t say when.
= I can’t say when he will come.

Rull III. जब एक Simple Sentence से प्रबल इच्छा का बोध होता है और दूसरे से इच्छापूर्ति का अभाव व्यक्त किया जाता है, तब इन्हें इस प्रकार जोड़ा जाता है –

Simple Sentence + [‘that’ understood] + Subject + Were + Other Words
Simple Sentence + [‘that’ understood) + Subject + Verb (Past Tense) + Other Words

Example

1. I wish to be a king. I am not a king.
Combined: I wish I were a king.

2. I wish to know him. I don’t know him.
Combined: I wish I knew him.

3. I wished to know him. I didn’t know him.
Combined : I wished I had known him.

Simple Sentence into Mixed Sentence

Mixed sentence में कम से कम दो Principle clause एवं एक या एक से अधिक sub-ordinate clauses होता है । जैसे –

We heard the sad news. We immediately started for the afficted house. There we found the mourners.

Combined : We heard the sad news and we immediately started for the afflicted house, where we found the mourners.- Mixed sentence.

Miscellaneous Exercised Solved

Question.
Combine the following sentences into a complex or Mixed Sentence :

1. He behaved prudently under the circumstances. Few men would have acted so prudently.
Combined : Few persons would have acted so prudently as he did under the circumstances.

2. His difficulties become greater and greater. He shows more and more energy
Combined : The greater his difficulties, the more energy he shows.

3. I will visit your house in June next. You have frequently asked me to do so. I will not disappoint you any longer.
Combined : I will visit your house in June next, as you have frequently asked me to do; and I will not disappoint you any longer.

4. The supply of pasture often runs short. The nomads of Tartary then shift their abode. They search for new pasture elsewhere.
Combined : When the supply of pasture runs short, the nomads of Tartary shift their abode in search of new pasture elsewhere.

5. We heard the sad news. We immediately started for the afficted house. There we found the moumers.
Combined : On hearning the sad news, we immediately started for the afficted house, where we found the mourners.

6. They spoke in defence of their absent friend. They could not have spoken better.
Combined : They could not have spoken better than they did in defence of their absent friend.

7. Combine the following sentences :- (Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) I am going to Kolkata. I am going by the evening train. The train leaves at 7:30 P.M.
Answer:
I am goin to Kolkata by the evening train leaving at 7:30 P.M.

8. Combine the following sentences : (Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) I went home. I talked to my parents.
(b) I missed the bus. I was late.
(c) You can take tea. You can take coffee.
Answer:
(a) I went home and talked to my parents.
(b) I missed the bus as I was late.
(c) You can take either tea or coffee.

9. Combine the following sentences into one : (Board Exam. 2009 (Arts))
He finished his work. He went to catch the train. He had to go to Mumbai.
Answer:
He finished his work and went to catch the train to go to Mumbai.

10. Identify the following sentences whether they are simple, compound or compler. [ Board Exam. 2009 ]
(a) You must work hard or you will fail.
(b) The company that supplied goods has failed.
(c) She washed her cloth.
Answer:
(a) Compound sentence
(b) Complex sentence
(c) Simple sentence.

11. Combin the following simple sentences into one complex sentence each : [ Model Paper 2009 (A) ]
(a) Where is the museum ? Can you tell me ?
(b) Dhoni will play to his potential. I know this.
(c) How to deal with the situation ? Can you tell me ?
Answer:
(a) Can you tell me where the museum is ?
(b) I know that Dhoni will play to his potential.
(c) Can you tell me how to deal with the situation ?

Bihar Board Class 12th English Book Solutions Grammar Analysis

Bihar Board Class 12 English Grammar Analysis

Analysis का अर्थ होता है वाक्य के अंगों या अंशों को अलग-अलग कर उनकी जाँच करना। सविधा की दृष्टि से इस कार्य को हम तीन भागों में बाँट सकते हैं –

(A) वाक्य के Clauses को अलग-अलग करना ।
(B) उन Clauses का नामकरण करना ।
(C) वाक्य का नामकरण करना।

[A] How to Find Out Clauses

सबसे पहले हमें यह देखना है कि clause किसे कहते हैं, क्योंकि इसके बिना clauses को अलग-अलग किया ही नहीं जा सकता । कुछ लोग दिये हुए वाक्य को अन्दाज से कई टुकड़ों में बाँट देते हैं। यह तरीका ठीक नहीं। यह तो सच है कि clause किसी sentence का एक भाग होता है, पर sentence का हर भाग clause नहीं भी हो सकता है।

Sentence के उस भाग (part) को clause कहते हैं जिसमें Subject और Finite Verb हों। यदि Subject और उसके Finite Verb का पता लग जाए, तो clauses आप-से-आप अलग हो जाएँगे, पर कुछ लोगों को इनका (Subject और Verb का) पता ही नहीं चलता ? इसलिए यहाँ इन दोनों पर विस्तारपूर्वक विचार करना आवश्यक है।

How to Find Out the Subject

आप जानते हैं कि केवल Noun या उसके equivalents (जो शब्द Noun का काम करें ही Subject हो सकते हैं, जैसे –

1. Noun – This book is good.
2. Pronoun – He is a good man.
3. Infinitive – To walk is healthy.
4. Gerund – Walking is good.
5. Phrase – What to do is difficult to decide.
6. Clause – What he says is quite right.

इस तालीका (chart) की मदद से आप subject को आसानी से पहचान सकते हैं।

[A] How to Find Out the Finite Verb

Finite Verb उस Verb को कहते हैं जिसका Number और Person Subject के अनुसार होता है। जैसे –
1. We go home
2. He goes home.

पहले वाक्य का Subject (We) Plural है इसलिए यहाँ Verb (go) plural है अतः ‘go’ Finite Verbहै इसी प्रकार दुसरे वाक्य में Verb (goes) singular है क्यों की subject (He) singular है इसलिए goes भी finite verb है ।

Note (a): जिस Verb का Number और Person Subject के अनुसार नहीं होता अधात् जो Subject की परवाह नहीं करके सदा स्वतन्त्र रूप में रहता है। उसी Absolute Verbहते हैं। ये Absolute Verbs तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. Infinitive – I like to walk.
2. Gerund – I am fond of walking.
3. Participle – (i) Present Participle – Going there he saw a tiger.
(ii) Past Participle – Having gone there they saw a tiger.

तो, इस प्रकार Finite Verb और Absolute Verb में बहुत अन्तर है । Finite Verb सदा Subject के अनुसार होता है पर Absolute Verb कभी भी Subject के अनुसार नहीं होता, जैसे –
1. Having gone there he saw a tiger.
2. Having gone there they saw a tige

पहले वाक्य में Subject (he) Singular है और दूसरे में (they) Plural; पर Verb का रूप एक ही है। यही लक्षण Infinitive और Gerund का भी है।

इसलिए Absolute Verb को कभी भी Finite Verb नहीं समझना चाहिए, नहीं तो clauses ठीक-ठीक अलग हो ही नहीं सकते ।

Note (b) : कभी-कभी Infinitive (to + verb) का to चिह्न छिपा रहता है और केवल verb का प्रयोग होता है। इन वाक्यों को लें –

1. He can speak.
2. He should speak.
3. he must speak.
4. He had better speak.
5. I made him speak.
6. He did nothing but speak.

यहाँ speak Infinitive है । यह Finite Verb नहीं है। इसे Infinitive without to कहा जा सकता है। इसलिए ऐसे Infinitive को Finite Verb का एक भाग मान लेना चाहिए, इसे Finite Verb नहीं समझना चाहिए । इन सभी वाक्यों में केवल एक-एक Finite Verb है –

can speak, should speak, must speak, had better speak.

(ii) Elliptical (Contracted) Sentences.

Kinds of Sub-ordinate clauses

Subordinate Clauses तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause.
3. Adverb Clause.

1.Noun Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद एक संज्ञा (Noun) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Noun Clause कहा जाता है।

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Noun Clause बनाते हैं –

1. That John is a theif was not known to me.
2. He was told that he must not be late again.
3. Listen to what the teacher says.
4. The fact is that he knows nothing.

2. Adjective Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी विशेषण (Adjective) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adjective Clause कहा जाता है।

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Adjective Clause बनाते हैं –

1. The Company that supplied goods has failed.
2. The house where my brother lives has been sold.

3. Adverb Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी क्रिया-विशेषण (Adverb) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adverb Clause कहा जाता है।

1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. Where there is a will, there is a way.
3. You should act as the doctor advises you.
4. He talks as if he were mad.

Noun Clause

Noun Clauses निम्न शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं –

Who, which, what, when, where, whether, why,if, how, that क

Kinds of Noun Clauses

(i) Noun Clause,Object to verbor preposition

Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, Transitive Verb या Preposition के Object (कर्म) के रूप में आता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती हैं.:

I think that he is poor

It depends on what your plan is.

ध्यान दें कि –

Rul I. Who/Which आदि से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause N.C. तब होता जब यह P.c. में ओय हुए Transitive Verb या Preposition का Object होता है।
Rule II. Who/Which/That आदि का अर्थ हिन्दी में ऐसा शब्द होता है, जो ‘क’ से आरम्भ होता है; जैसा-कि, कौन, क्या, कब, कहाँ ।

Example :
1. I don’t know/who has stolen my pen. who = कौन।
2. I don’t know/whether she is poor. whether = कि।
3. Tell me/how you have come. how = कैसे।
4. I find/that he is not honest. that = कि। .
5. I will judge you by/what you do. what = क्या।

(ii) Noun clause (Subject to a verb)

Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, Subject का कार्य करता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
Noun Clause – P.C.
What he says – is right
That he is honest – Is known to all.
Why he killed her – Is a mystery.

(iii) Noun Clause complement to a Verb

P.C.+ N. CI[As Complement]

Noun Clause, Noun 19, (complement) at foref I DÀ वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

जैसे – My opinion is that he is a driver.

(i) My opinion is – Principal Clause
(ii) That he is a driver – Noun Clause Complement to a verb ‘is’.

(iv) Noun clause in apposition to Noun

Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, apposition का कार्य करता है, अर्थात् Noun की व्याख्या करके उसे स्पष्ट करता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –
P.C. [With A Noun] – + N.C. (In Apposition)
I haven’t heard the news – that he has resigned.
I hold the view – that she is guilty.

(a) I have heard the news. – P.C.
(b) That he has resigned – Sub. Noun clause in apposition to the noun new’s.

(v) Noun Clause in apposition to ‘it’

P.C. + N. C. (In Apposition to it.)

ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

P.C. [It + is + noun/adj.] – + N.C. (In Apposition to it)
It is sure – that he will pass.
It is evident – that he a criminal.
(a) It is sure.- P.C.
(b) That he will pass, – Noun Clause in apposition to”It”.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Clause इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं –

that, who, which, why, when, where, how

(i) Kinds of Adjective clause

(1)P.C. [With Noun] + Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause, एक Adjective के समान, किसी noun की विशेषता बताता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
P.C. [With Noun] + Adjective Clause
I know the girl – who is dancing
I have read the book – that is lying here.
ध्यान दें कि –

Rule I. Who/Which/That if # 37114 Ettalin clause Adjective Clause तब होता है जब यह P.C. में आये हुए Noun की विशेषता बताता है।

Rule II. ऐसे Noun और Adjective Clause के बीच कॉमा नहीं रहता।

इन वाक्यों को लें –

1. I don’t know the man/who is standing there. who = जो
2. He desn’t know the place/where he was born. where = जहाँ
3. He doesn’t know the time/when he will reach. when = जब

(ii) Noun + Adjective Clause + P.C.

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट ऐसी होती है –
Noun + Adjective Clause + P.C. [Verb + Other Words]
The reason why she was absent is not known.

The boy/who is here/is intelligent.

(a) The boy is intelligent – P.C.
(b) Who is here – Adj. Clause.

(iii) Noun + Adjective Cl. [Without Conj.] + P.C.

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

(a) The boy is my brother.- P.C.
(b) You help – Adjective clause qualifying Noun ‘boy’
(c) The food/you eat/is not pure.
(d) The boy is my brother. – P.C.
(e) You eat – Adj. clause qualifying the noun-‘food’.

(iv) Noun + Adj. Cl. [Without Conj.] +Prep. + P.C.

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट ऐसी होती है –

(v) P.C. + Adj. Clause [With As/But]

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

ध्यान दें कि-Rule 1. As/But से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause Adjective Clause तब होता है जब यह P.C. में प्रयुक्त Noun के बाद आता है और उस Noun की विशेषता बताता है ।

Adverb Clauses

Kinds of Adverb Clause

Sub-ordinate Adverb clause के निम्न प्रमुख भेद हैं –

(i) Adverb clause of Time : Principal Clause + Adverb Clause of Time कुछ Adverb clauses से समय (time) का भाव व्यक्त होता है और इनकी बनावट होती है –

Adverb Clause of Time इन Subordinating conjunctions से आरम्भ होते हैं –

as, after, as soon as, as long as, as quickly as, before, when, whenever, while, since, till, than, until, the moment/ the minute.

Note (a):-No sooner से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause होता है Principal और than से आरम्भ होनेवाला होता है Adverb Clause : जैसे –

No sooner had the thief entered than I woke up.
(a) No sooner had the thief entered than I woke up.
(b) Than I woke up-Adv. Cl.

(ii) Adverb clause of place

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Place:

कुछ Adverb Clauses से स्थान (Place) का बोध होता है और उनकी बनावट होती है –

कुछ और वाक्य लें –
1. I live where he lives.
2. He feels happy wherever he lives.
3. Where there is a will there is a way.

ध्यान दें कि Adverb Clause of Place इन Subordinating conjunctions से aid – where, wherever.

(iii) Adverb Clause of Condition

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Condition

कुछ Adverb Clauses से शर्त (condition) का बोध होता है और इनकी बनावट होती है –

P.C. + Adverb Clause (Showing Condition]
Or, Adverb Clause (Showing Condition) + P.C.

1. Unless you work hard, you can’t get success.
2. Write to me in case you need money.
3. If you work hard, you will get success.
4. He has to do the work, whether he likes it or not.
5. Hand he gone to Delhi, he would have seen the Red Fort.
6. Were I the Chief Minister, I would abolish examinations.
7. You may stay here so long as you behave well.
8. You may take this book provided you return it to me in a week.

ध्यान दें कि ऐसे Adverb Clauses इन Subordinating conjunctions से आरम्भ होते हैं –

if, unless, in case, supposing, provided.

(iv) P.C. + Adverb Clause of Comparison

कुछ Adverb Clauses से तुलना (comparison) का बोध होता है जैसे –

1. Mohan is as rich as Sohan.
2. Radha is richer than Mohan.
3. The more you have, the more you want.

ध्यान देखो ऐसे Adverb Clauses इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –

as, than, the + comparative degree

(v) Adverb clause of concession ·

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Concession
कुछ Adverb Clauses से यद्यपि-तथापि (concession) का बोध होता है। इसलिए Adverb Clause में जो कुछ कहा जाता है उसके विपरीत (Contrast Principal Clause में कहा जाता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

P.C. + Adverb Clause [Showing Concession]
Or, Adverb Clause (Showing Concession) + P.C.

1. Though he is poor, he is happy.
2. Although he started late, he caught the bus.
3. Even if though she deceives me, I won’t harm her.
4. However rich he may be, he is not happy.
5. However hard he may work, he can’t get success.
6. Wherever he may go, he can’t be happy.
7. Considering/admitting that he is very old, he is in good health.

‘Adverbs of Concession इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं, क्योंकि इनका अर्थ होता है -“यद्यपि”

though, although, even if, even though, for all, no matter, it doesn’t matter, come what may, say what you will, however + adjective/adverb, adjectivel adverb + as, much + as, whatever (चाहे कुछ भी), wherever (चाहे कहीं भी), considering that, admitting that, not withstanding that.

(vi) Adverb clause of Cause

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Casue

कुछ Adverb Clauses से कारण (cause) का बोध होता है और उनकी बनावट होती है –
P.C. + Adverb Clause (Showing Cause)
Or
Adverb Clause (Showing Cause] + P.C.

1. He missed the train because he started late.
2. As he was ill, he was absent yesterday.
3. Since he is poor, he should be helped.
4. Now that he is dead, we shouldn’t criticise him.
5. I am glad that he has passed.
6. I am sorry that she has failed.
7. I am glad that you agree with me now.
8. He needn’t be punished in as much as he offers an apology.

ध्यान दो की ऐसे Adverb Clauses of Causes इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –

as, because, since, now that, considering that, in that, in as much as, seeing that, noun + that, adjective + that.

(vii) Adverb clause of Purpose

कुछ Adverb Clauses से उद्देश्य (purpose) का बोध होता है और इनकी बनावट होते है –

1. We work that/so that/in order that we may be happy.
2. He died that/so that/in order that man might learn a lesson.
3. Note down the point, lest you should forget it.

ध्यान दो की ऐसे Adverb Clauses of Causes इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –
that, so that, in order that, lest.

(viii) Adverb clause of Result

P.C. + Adverb Clauses of Result/Consequence

कुछ Adverb Clauses से कार्य होने के परिणाम/फल (result/consequence) का बोध होता है और Principal Clauses के कारण (cause) का भाव व्यक्त होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

कुछ और वाक्य लें –

1. He is so great that he forgives even his enemies.
2. The door is so high that the baby can’t reach it.
3. She ran so fast that she won the race.

ध्यान दें कि ऐसे Adverb Clauses आरम्भ होते हैं that से और Principal Clause में _so या such आता है। इस प्रकार, वाक्य में so…..that/such….. that का प्रयोग होता है।

(ix) Adverb Clause of Manner

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Manner

कुछ Adverb Clauses से कार्य करने की रीति/ढंग (manner) का बोध होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

[C] How to Name a Sentence

इस प्रकार, clause को पहचान लेने के बाद, अन्त में हमें यह देखना चाहिए कि अमुक वाक्य किस तरह का है। कुछ लोग वाक्य को पहले ही पहचानकर clauses को अलग करते हैं और तब नामकरण करते हैं। मेरी समझ में यह तरीका तो घोड़े के आगे गाड़ी रखने के समान है। हम वाक्य का नामकरण कर ही कैसे सकते, जब तक यह पता ही न चले कि अमुक वाक्य में कितने clauses है और वे किस प्रकार के हैं ? इसलिए sentence का नामकरण अन्त में होना चाहिए । पर, यह किया कैसे जाय? इसके लिए वह जानना आवश्यक है कि वाक्य कितने प्रकार के होते हैं।

बनावट की दृष्टि से Sentence चार प्रकार का होता है –
(i) Simple
(ii) Compound
(iii) Complex
(iv) Mixed.

(i) Simple Sentence =1 Principal Clause.
(ii) Compound Sentence = at least 2 Principal Clause.
(iii) Complex Sentence = Simple Sentence + Subordinate Clause.
(iv) Mixed Sentence = Compound Sentence + Subordinae Clause.

इस प्रकार हम देखते हैं कि Simple और Compound Sentences में Subordinate Clause नहीं रहता, पर इन दोनों में अन्तर यह है कि Simple में एक ही Principal Clause रहता है ओर Compound में एक से अधिक अर्थात् कम-से-कम दो) Principal Clauses.

Complex Sentence में सिर्फ एक ही Principal.Clause रहता है जैसे कि Simple में, पर Complex में कम-से-कम एक Subordinate Clause का रहना आवश्यक है।

Mixed Sentence में कम-से-कम दो Principal Clauses और कम-से-कम एक Subordinae Clause का रहना आवश्यक है।

Some Important Solved Questions

Question 1.
Pick out the principal clauses in the following sentences :

1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. We love them, that love us.
3. As far as I know, Ram Lal is not to blame.

Answer:

1. The mice will play.
2. We love them.
3. Ram Lal is not to blame.

Question 2.
Pick out the principal clauses in the following sentences.

1. The place where I reside is far off from here.
2. He that is down needs fear no fall.
3. The man whom I met at the railways station is my friend.

Answer:

1. The place is far off from here.
2. He needs fear no fall.
3. The man is my friend.

Question 3.
Pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences. [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. As he entered the room, he saw a snake.
2. I know who he is.
3. Walk carefully lest you should fall.

Answer:

1. As he entered the room – Sub-ordinate clause.
2. Who he is sub – ordinate clause.
3. Lest you should fall – Sub-ordinate clause.

Question 4.
Analyse the following sentences : [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. If I were a bird, I would fly.
2. I believe in the principle that fortune favours the brave.

Answer:

1. (i) I would fly-Principal clause.
   (ii) If I were a bird — Subordinate, Adverb clause of condition.
2. (i) I believe in the principal – Principal clause.
   (ii) That fortune favours the brave – Sub-ordinate Noun clause.

Question 5.
Analyse the following sentences: [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. The principal liked your idea; so did I.
2. When bell rang students came out of the class.

Answer:

1. (i) The principal liked your idea – Principal clause.
   (ii) So did I – Co-ordinate clause to (i).
2. (i) Students came out of the class – Principal clause.
   (ii) When the bell rang – Sub-ordinate Adverb clause.

Question 6.
Identify the following sentences whether they are compound or complex. [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. The sun rose and the fog dispersed.
2. He returned home when the evening came.
3. I know Rani who is a clever girl.

Answer:

1. Compound sentence
2. Complex sentence
3. Complex sentence.

Question 7.
Pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences : (Board Exam. 2009 (Art)]

1. He said that he was going to the school.
2. I have read the book that is lying there.
3. As he is ill, he is absent.

Answer:

1. That he was going to the school- Sub-ordinate clause
2. That is lying there – Sub-ordinate clause
3. As he is ill-Sub-ordinate clause.

Question 8.
Pick out the Principal clauses in the following sentences : [Boare Exam. 2009 (Sc. & Com.)]

1. That he will come today is certain.
2. I know who he is.
3. Walk carefully lest you should fall.

Answer:

1. It is certain
2. I know
3. Walk carefully.

Question 9.
Identify sub-ordinate clause in the following sentences : (Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. That he will come today is certain
2. He that is down needs fear no fall.
3. As he came into the room all rose to their feet.

Answer:

1. That he will come.
2. That is down.
3. As he came into the room.

Question 10.
Pick-out the sub-ordinate clauses and name them : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. He said not to go to school became he was ill.
2. Ram said that he was present.
3. The boy who is coming is my friend.

Answer:

1. He was ill
2. He was present.
3. Who is coming.

Question 11.
pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. That he is honest is beyond any doubt.
2. I do not know when he came from.
3. The book that you took is mine.

Answer:

1. He is honest.
2. He came from.
3. You took is mine.

Question 12.
pick out the subordinate clauses in the following sentences : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. I know the girl who is dancing.
2. Sing while you play.
3. I don’t follow what you say.

Answer:

1. Who is dancing.
2. You play.
3. What you say.

Bihar Board Class 12th English Book Solutions Grammar Active and Passive Voice

Bihar Board Class 12 English Grammar Active and Passive Voice

(Use of Passive Voice)

Active & Passive Voice & Quasi Passive

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए और इसपर विचार कीजिए कि list A और list B के वाक्यों में क्या अन्तर है, विशेषकर उनके verbs के अर्थ और रूप में –

‘A’
I teach English Grammar.
He reads a book.
We hear songs.

‘B’
English Grammar is taught by me.
A book is read by him.
Songs are heard by us.

List A के वाक्यों में transitive verbs-teach, reads, hear से बोध होता है कि उनके कर्ता कुछ करते हैं। I teach; He reads; We hear-इनमें कर्ता की प्रधानता है। क्रिया के person और number भी subject के अनुसार है। लेकिन list B के verbs: is taught, is read, are heard से पता चलता है कि उनके कर्ता कुछ करते नहीं हैं, कर्ता को ही कुछ होता है। इन वाक्यों में वस्तु की प्रधानता है। यहाँ तक कि verb के number और person भी list A के वाक्यों के objects के अनुसार हैं।

इस तरह, इन वाक्यों के विवेचन से पता चलता है कि एक ही transitive verb का दो प्रकार से इस तरह व्यवहार किया जाता है कि एक में subject की प्रधानता झलकती है और ‘दूसरे से object की। Transitive verb के इसी रूप-परिवर्तन को अंगरेजी में Voice द्वारा व्यक्त करते हैं।

वास्तव में, Voice क्रिया का एक प्रकार का रूप है, जिससे हमें यह मालूम होता है कि वाक्य में subject कुछ कर रहा है या subject पर ही किसी के द्वारा कुछ किया जा रहा है।

जिस वाक्य में subject की प्रधानता हो और जिसका finite verb subject के number और person के अनुसार हो, उसे Sentence in Active Voice कहते हैं। और जिस वाक्य में object को प्रधानता देकर finite verb को object के number और person के अनुसार ही रखना पड़ता है, उसे Sentence in Passive Voice कहते हैं।

Note-वस्तुतः, voice तो verbs का ही होता है और वह भी transitive verbs का; लेकिन verbs के voice परिवर्तन के कारण समूचे वाक्य का भी ऐसा रूपान्तर हो जाता है कि, हम कह सकते हैं कि वाक्य active voice में है या passive voice में ।

Some special verbs – Active in form but Passive in sense

बहुत-से verbs ऐसे हैं जिनका रूप active की तरह मालूम होता है, लेकिन अर्थ passive की तरह होता है। इन्हें Quasi-Passive Verbs कहते हैं । जैसे-

1. The table feels hard (=is hard when it is felt)-टेबुल कड़ा मालूम पड़ता है (जब उसका स्पर्श किया जाता है)।
2. Sugar tastes sweet (= is sweet when tasted) चीनी मीठी लगती है (जब किसी के द्वारा चखी जाती है)।
3. Rose smells good (= is good when smelt)-गुलाब अच्छा महकता है (जब सूंघा जाता है)।
4. Your poem reads well (= sounds well when it is read)-आपकी कविता अच्छी लगती है (जब पढ़ी जाती है)।
5. This book sells well (is purchased by many) यह किताब अच्छी तरह बिकती है (जब बेची जाती है तब अधिकांश लोग खरीदते हैं)।

ऊपर के सभी वाक्यों वाक्यों में transitive verbs अपने complement के साथ हैं। अब कुछ ऐसे transitive verbs का अध्ययन कीजिए जिनका न कोई complement है ओर न कोई object ही स्पष्ट रहता है, फिर भी ऐसे verbs रूप में active लेकिन अर्थ में passive होते हैं ; जैसे –

1. A palace is building (एक महल बनाया जा रहा है)
2. The drum is beating (ढोल बजाया जा रहा है)
3. The guns are firing (बन्दूकें चलाई जा रही हैं)
4. This book is printing (यह किताब छप रही है, या छापी जा रहा है)
5. The cow is milking (गाय दूही जा रही है)

How to change Active Voice into Passive Voice

Verb को active voice से passive voice में बदलते समय पूरे वाक्य का रूपान्तर करना पड़ता है। Active voice में जो noun या pronoun nominative case में रहता है, उसको objective case में बदलकर उसके पहले by’ जोड़कर उसे object की जगह पर ले आते हैं। और, जो noun या pronoun active voice में objectie case में रहता है, उसे nominative case में ला subject की जगह पर रख देते हैं और तब इस नए subject के number और person तथा tense के अनुकूल verb to be’ का उपयुक्त रूप जोड़कर verb के past participle का प्रयोग करते हैं।

Verb to be’ के उपयुक्त रूप ये हैं –
Present Tense में is या am या are.
Past tense में was या were.
Past Participle में been.
निम्नांकित तालिका का अध्ययन करें-

How to change Active Voice with two objects into Passive Voice

साधारण नियम तो यह है कि अगर active voice में किसी verb के दो object रहें, तो एक को subject बना दिया जाए और दूसरे को retained object [देखें Chapter 4 के अन्तर्गत Five kinds of object] बनाकर object ही रखा जाए। जैसे –

He gave me a pen.
(i) I was given a pen by him.
(ii) A pen was given to me by him.

Active, voice के verb ‘gave’ के यहाँ दो objects हैं-me (indirect object), pen (directobject). वाक्य (i) में ‘me’ को I में बदलकर pen को ज्यों-का-त्यों retained object बनाकर रखा गया। वाक्य (ii) में pen को ही subject बनाकर ‘me’ को retained object बनाकर रख गया । व्याकरण की दृष्टि से ये दोनों वाक्य शुद्ध हैं और विद्यार्थी दोनों का व्यवहार कर सकते हैं। लेकिन आधुनिक usage के अनुसार वाक्य (i) ही अधिक उपयुक्त है। Allen का कहना है । ‘Active voice में यदि transitive verb के दो objects हैं, तो passive voice में personal object को ही subject बनाना चाहिए।

Verbs which cannot be used in Passive Voice

पहले कहा जा चुका है कि verb को active voice से passive voice में बदलने के लिए subject को object और object को subject बनाना पड़ता है। इससे वह स्पष्ट है कि

(a) जिस verb का object नहीं होता, उसको passive voice में नहीं बदला जा सकता है। चूंकि intransitive verb (अकर्मक क्रिया) का कोई object नहीं होता, इसलिए intransitive verb का passive voice नहीं हो सकता । यह साधारण नियम है, लेकिन कुछ अवस्थाओं में intransitive verb का भी passive voice होता है। जैसे-

(i) अगर intransitive verb के बाद preposition आने से वह transitive verb बन जाए और उसका कोई object रहे, तो उस verb का passive voice हो सकता है। जैसे –
He laughed at the dwarf.
The dwarf was laughted at by him.
They spoke to the man.
The man was spoken to by them.

इन वाक्यों में preposition को verb का ही अंश माना जाएगा औरpassive voice में भी वह verb के बाद अवश्य आएगा ।

(ii) अगर किसी intransitive verb का cognate object रहे, तो उसका passive voice हो सकता है जैसे –

We ran a race.
A race was run by us.
He dreamt a sweet dream.
A sweet dream was dreamt by him.

(iii) अगर किसी intransitive verb का causative verb की तरह व्यवहार हुआ हो, तो उसका passive voice हो सकता है जैसे –

They grow rice.
Rice is grown by them.
We feed the poor.
The poor are fed by us.
The labourers felled a tree.
A tree was felled by the labourers.

(b) Perfect continuous tense–present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, future perfect continuous verbs का passive voice नहीं होता ।

(c) Quasi-passive verbs का साधारणतः passive voice नहीं होता, क्योंकि उनका अर्थ तो होता ही है इसलिए इन वाक्यों के verbs का passive नहीं होगा ।

The poem reads well.
The honey tastes sweet.

Passive Voice में object के पूर्व ‘by’ के स्थान पर अन्य शब्द

ऊपर कहा जा चुका है कि passive voice में बदले जाने पर active voice का subject objective case में बदलकर object की जगह पर आता है और उसके पहले subject objective case में बदलकर object की जगह पर आता है और उसके पहले preposition by का प्रयोग होता है। लेकिन इसके कुछ अपवाद भी हैं :

(i) कुछ passive verbs के बाद by के बदले किसी दूसरे preposition का (जो उस verb के उपयुक्त हो) व्यवहार किया जाता है। जैसे –

इसी तरह, astonished, pleased, disgusted इत्यादि verbs के बाद by नहीं प्रयुक्त होता । किसी दूसरे उपयुक्त Preposition का व्यवहार किया जाता है।

(ii) बहुत-से वाक्यों में जहाँ active voice का subject अनिर्दिष्ट है, जैसे-they, nobody, no one इत्यादि, वहाँ passive voice बनाने में विद्यार्थियों को कठिनाई होती है। उनकी सुविधा के लिए यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण दिए जा रहे हैं –

More about Voice

Interchange of Active Voice and Passive Voice

Voice के प्रसंग में आपको Active voice से Passive voice में बदलने के कुछ प्रमुख नियमों से अवगत कराया गया है। यहाँ हम interrogative, imperative, complex, compound sentences इत्यादि को active में Passive voice में बदलने के तरीके पर विचार करें।

Infinitive वाले वाक्य का Passive Voice

अगर वाक्य में finite verb, intransitive रहे और उसके बाद infinitive का प्रयोग हो तो infinitive को उसके past participle रूप में कर देने से वाक्य passive voice में हो जाएगा। जैसे –

Imperative Verb got Passive Voice

Imperative के transitive verbs के passive voice बनाने में इस वाक्य को let से प्रारम्भ करते हैं (भले ही वाक्य में पहले से let नहीं रहे) और तब verb के बदले उसके passive infinitive, without to का प्रयोग करते हैं। जैसे –

Note-विद्यार्थियों को उचित है कि बायीं ओर के वाक्य में subject you जो लुप्त है, उसे लिखकर, voice का परिवर्तन करें। जैसे –

Read this book = (you) read this book.
और यह passive voice में हो जाएगा –
Let this book be read by you.

Interrogative sentence a transitive verb का Passive voice में परिवर्तन

(1) अगर interrogative sentence, auxiliary verb से शुरू हो –

विद्यार्थी अगर अलती से बचना चाहते हों तो उन्हें चाहिए कि voice परिवर्तन के पहले ऐसे वाक्य को assertive sentence में बदल लें। फिर, ऊपर दिए गए साधारण नियमों के अनुसार वाक्य का voice बदल दें। और, voice परिवर्तन के बाद sentence को पुनः interrogative sentence के रूप में लिख लें; जैसे –

Did you read this book? इस वाक्य में verb ‘read’ active voice में है। हम इसको – passive voice में बदलने के पहले –

1. इसको assertive sentence के रूप में लिखें-You read this book.
2. यह passive voice में हो जाएगा-This book was read by you.
3. अब इसको interrogative sentence के रूप में लिखें-Was this book read by you?

कुछ अन्य उदाहरणों का अध्ययन करें –

(2) अगर transitive verb वाला interrogative sentence ‘who’ से प्रारम्भ हो तो passive voice में बदलने के लिए ‘who’ को active voice का subject मानकर साधारण नियमों के अनुसार वाक्य को passive में बदल देंगे, जैसे-

Active:
1. Who did this?
2. Who killed the dog
3. who reads this book

Passive:
1. By whom was this done?
2. By whom was the dog killed?
3.By whom is this book read?

Note-Who का objective case ‘whom’ होता है।

(3) अगर transitive verb वाला interrogative sentence why, when, where, how इत्यादि question word से शुरू हो –

तो इस question word को पहले वाक्य से निकालकर ऊपर (1) में दिए गए तरीके से passive voice बना लें और तब question word को पुनः passive voice के वाक्य के शुरू में जोड़ दें; जैसे

1. Why did you read this book ?
2. When did he kill the dog ?
3. How did they admit all students ?
4. How did you like the dinner ?

इन वाक्यों से ‘अगर why, when how को हटा लें तो इनका सही रूप रहता है जो (1) में दिए गए वाक्यों का है, तो हम (1) में बताए गए नियम के अनुसार इनका passive में रूपान्तर कर लेंगे और तब क्रमश: why, when, how को वाक्य के आरम्भ में जोड़कर लिखेंगे –

1. Why was this book read by you ?
2. When was the dog killed by him ?
3. How were all students admitted by them ?
4. How was the dinner liked by you ?

Change of transitive verb in complex and compound sentences from the active voice to the passive voice –

अगर किसी वाक्य में एक से अधिक finile verb रहें और वे सभी transitive हों तो एक को Passive voice में बदलने पर दूसरे को भी passive voice में बदलना पड़ेगा । जैसे, हम इन वाक्यों को लें –

Active

1. He told me that he had read the book.
2. He wrote this book and gave it to Anjana P&D for publication.
3. She wrote the letter but lore it to pieces.

Passive

1. I was told by him that the book been read by him.
2. This book was written by him and (it was) given (by him) to Anjana (P&D) for publicatipn.
3. The letter was written by her but (it was) torn (by her) to pieces.

ऊपर दिए गए वाक्यों में हम देकते है की प्रत्येक में दो – दो Clauses हैं ।

(i) He told me +that he had read the book..
(ii) He wrote this book + and + (he) have it to Anjana (P & D) for publication.
(iii) She wrote the letter + and + (she) tore it to pieces.

इन वाक्यों को passive रूप में लाने केलिए हम दोनों lauses को अलग अलग passive रूप में ले आते हैं, और तब उनको जोड़ देते हैं।

Note – अगर एक ही clause में एक finite verb रहे और उसके साथ infinitive __verb रहे तो हम दोनों का passive voice में नहीं बदल सकते, क्योंकि double passive का व्यवहार नहीं हो सकता ।

Passive Voice से Active Voice बनाने का नियम

(i) अगर दिए हुए वाक्यों में कुछ शब्द लुप्त हों तो उनको कोष्ठ (brackets) में लिखकर वाक्यों को पूरा कर लीजिए । प्रायः passive voice में by+ object लुप्त रहता है । ऐसी हालत में अपनी ओर से by + उपयुक्त object जोड़कर वाक्य को पूरा का लीजिए । जैसे –

The thief was arrested. = The thief was arrested (by the police).
My watch was stolen. = My watch was stolen (by someone).
It is said that he is poor.=It is said (by them or by people) that he is poor.

The letter was written by her and torn to bits. = The letter was written by her and it was) torn to bits (by her).

(ii) इसके बाद passive voice के वाक्य में से object को निकालकर nominative case में ले आइए और active voice के वाक्य का उसे subject बना लीजिए।

(iii) Passive voice & subject objective case # 3TEC site 3 active voice के वाक्य में object की जगह पर लिखिए।

(iv) Verb to be’ को हटाकर, verb के past participle रूप को नए subject के अनुसार बदल दीजिए।

(v) Passive voice के object के पहले ‘by’, ‘to’ अथवा अन्य कोई preposition रहे तो उसे हटा दीजिए; जैसे –

Important Questions Solved

Change the following sentences from Active to Passive :
Note : उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (italics) में दिया गया है।

Active – Passive

1. He knows me. – I am known to him
2. My father has taught me. – I have been taught by my father
3. Help the poor. – Let the poor be helped
4. He gave me a book. – I was given a book by him.
5. The Headmaster gave him a prize. – He was given a prize by the headmaster
6. Raju has built this house. – This house has been built by Raju.
7. The soldiers took her to the camp. – She was taken to the camp by the soldiers.
8. Who killed the bird? – By whom was the bird killed?
9. Do it at once. – Let it be done at once.
10. The mother looks after the child. – The child is looked after by mother.
11. Motilal Nehru admired Gandhiji. – Gandhiji was admired by Motilai Nehru.
12. Who taught you English? – By whom were you taught English?
13. Who wrote this poem? – By whom was this poem written?
14. They made him captain. – He was made captain by them.
15. Who has stolen my purse? – By whom has my purse been stolen?
16. The teacher guides me. – I am guided by the teacher.
17. Give me your pen. – Let your pen be given to me.
18. Who has killed the tiger? – By whom has the tiger been killed?
19. Gandhiji respected all living creatures. – All living creatures were respected by Gandhiji.
20. We have polluted even wells. – Even wells have been polluted by us.

Question 21.
Change the following sentences into the passive voice : – (Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. She bought a book.
2. I must write a letter.
3. You have taught me.

Answer:

1. A book was bought by her.
2. A letter must be writtern by me.
3. I have been taught by you.

Question 22.
Change the voice of the following sentences : (Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. She will have bought a book.
2. He was sent the letter of appointment by the Government.
3. He was to help me.

Answer:

1. A book will have been bought by her.
2. The Government sent him the letter of appointment.
3. I was to be helped by him.

Question 23.
Change the following sentences into the passive voice : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. She hurt her leg in an accident.
2. One must write answers on both sides of the sheet.
3. Nobody has answered my questions properly.

Answer:

1. Her leg was hurt in an accident.
2. Answers must be written on both sides of the sheet.
3. My question has not been answered properly.

Question 24.
Change the following sentences into the passive voice : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. His behaviour shocked me.
2. All of you can win the race.
3. The recitation pleased the inspector.

Answer:

1. I was shocked by his behaviour.
2. The race can be won by any of yowall of you.
3. The inspector was pleased with the recitation.

Question 25.
Change the following sentences into the passive voice : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. Who taught you the English?
2. We made him captain.
3. He is to write a letter.

Answer:

1. By Whom were you taught English?
2. He was made captain by us.
3. A letter is to be written by him.

Question 26.
Change the following sentences into the passive voice : [Board Exam 2009 (Arts)]

1. Lata will sing a song.
2. The cow eats grass.
3. We crossed the river easily.

Answer:

1. A song will be sung by Lata.
2. The grass is eaten by the cow.
3. The river was easily crossed by us.

Question 27.
Change the following sentences into the passive voice : (Board Exam 2009 (I.Sc. & Com.)]

1. They never helped me.
2. They will punish you for your misdeed.
3. I have always helped Hari.

Answer:

1. I was never helped by them.
2. You will be punished by them for your misdeeds.
3. They never helped me.

Question 28.
Change the following sentences into Passive voice :[Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. Dr. Prasad teaches me English.
2. The committee has repealed the amendment.
3. They have always cheated me.

Answer:

1. I am taught English by Dr. prasad.
2. The amendment has been repealed by the committee.
3. I have always been chated by them.

Question 29.
Change the following sentences into Passive voice :

1. Columbs discovered America.
2. The teacher has taught us grammar.
3. Who wrote Shakuntala?

Answer:

1. America was discovered by Columbus.
2. We have been taught grammar by the teacher.
3. Shakuntala was written by Whom?

Question 30.
Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. I can teach you.
2. Hari has bought a beautiful pen.
3. Mohan was dismissed by the employer.

Answer:

1. You can be taught by me.
2. A beautiful pen has been bought by Hari.
3. The employer dismissed Mohan.

Bihar Board Class 12th English Book Solutions Grammar Modal Auxiliaries

Bihar Board Class 12 English Grammar Modal Auxiliaries

Auxiliary Verb (सहायक क्रिया)-जिस Verb में अपना कोई महत्त्व न हो, किन्तु वह मुख्य Verb के साथ मिलकर Tense के बनने में सहायता करे, उसे Auxiliary Verb अथवा Helping Verb कहा जाता है। जैसे –

1. She is going to school.
2. I have finished my work.
3. You will win a prize.
4. I can solve this question.

List of Auxiliary Verbs:

1. Be:am, is, are, was, were
2. Have, has, bad
3. Do, does, did
4. Shall, should
5. Will, would
6. Can, could
7. May, might
8. Must, have to, am to, etc.
9. Ought to
10. Used to
11. Need
12. Dare

Types of Auxiliaries

सहायक क्रियाएँ दो प्रकार की हो सकती हैं –

(1) Primary Auxiliaries
Be :am, is, are, was, were; do, does, did; have, has, had.

(2) Modal Auxiliaries
Will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must (am to, is to, are 10. have to, etc.) ought to, used to, need, dare.

The use of Some Modals

Will and Shall का प्रयोग Will और Shall सम्बन्धी प्रयोग के लिए निम्नलिखित नियम ध्यान में रखिए –

In assertive Sentences

(1) यदि किसी भविष्य की घटना का केवल साधारण रूप में ही वर्णन करना हो, तो- First Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Second और Third Persons के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

I shall finish my work quickly.

(2) यदि वाक्य में किसी भविष्य सम्बन्धी आदेश (command), प्रण (promise), निश्चय (determination), धमकी (threat) आदि का वर्णन हो तो. First Person के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Second और Third Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

I will return your money without fail.

(3) यदि वक्ता अपने किसी भविष्य-सम्बन्धी उद्देश्य (intention) को प्रकट करना चाहता हो, तो वह अपने लिए will का प्रयोग करेगा। अर्थात् ऐसे वाक्यों में First Person के साथ will का प्रयोग किया जाता है। .

I will appear in the Senior Secondary Examination next year.

Would तथा Should का प्रयोग

(1) Would का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है

Will का Past – I told him that I would come.
2. प्रार्थना वाचक – Would you close the window ?
3. शर्त वाचक – He would pass if he worked hard.

(2) Should का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –
1. उपदेश वाचक – You should give up smoking.
2. सम्भावना वाचक – They should be here by now.
3. नैतिक फर्ज – You should do your duty.
4. Shall का Past – He told me that I should/would pass.

Can तथा Could का प्रयोग

(1) Can का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. योग्यता सूचक – She can dance very well.
2. इजाजत सूचक – You can go home now.
3.सम्भावना सूचक – It can happen to anyone.
4.Pt.Cont. की जगह – I can hear people talking.

(2) Could का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1.शर्त वाचक
1. I could lift this box (if I tried.)

2. प्रार्थना वाचक
1. Could (would) you tell me the time?
2. Could (would) you bring me a glass of water.

3. संभावना सूचक
1. One of the prisoners escaped yesterday.
He could be anywhere now.

4.Can का Past
1. He said that I could go.
2. He could come to me any time he liked.

May तथा Might का प्रयोग

(1) May का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. अनुमति/इजाजत सूचक
1. You may go now.
2. May I come in, sir ?

2. सम्भावना सूचक
1. His statement may (can/could) be true.
2. His plan may (can/could) succeed.

3. इच्छा/प्रार्थना/सूचक
1. May you live long !
May our country prosper !

(2) Might का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1.May का Past
1. He said that I might go.
2. I thought that he might help her.

2. भावी सम्भावना
1. He might (may) pass this year.
2. He might (may) reach here by evening.

3. इजाजत होना
1.Might I have your pen?
2. You might do me a favour.

(May की अपेक्षा Might में अधिक झिझक और विनम्रता का संकेत होता है ।)

Must का प्रयोग

Must का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. उपदेश सूचक
1. you must consult some good doctor.
2. you must work hard this year.

2. आवश्यकता सूचक
1.You must be back by evening.
2. The students must bring their books daily.

3. सम्भावना सूचक
1. The child must be hungry.
2. He must have made some big mistake.

4. बनधन/मजबूरी सूचक
1. You must do as you are told.
2. He must his accounts before leaving.

Ought to तथा Used to का प्रयोग

(1) Ought के साथ सदा to का प्रयोग किया जाता है । (Ought to = Should) ought to का प्रयोग (should की तरह) निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है- .

1. नैतिक फर्ज
1. You ought to respect your elders.
2. You ought to have helped the poor.

2. इच्छा-योग्य सम्भावना
1. You ought to win the race this time.

3. इच्छा-योग्य जरूरत
1. He ought to build a new house now.

(इस तालिका में दिए गए सभी वाक्यों में ought to के स्थान पर should का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।)

(2) Ought की भान्ति used भी एक ऐसा modal है जिसके साथ to का प्रयोग करना जरूरी होतो है –

1. He used to live here.
2. He never used to live here.

Need का प्रयोग

(1) Auxiliary के रूप में Need का प्रयोग केवल Negative और Interrogative वाक्यों में किया जाना चाहिए । इसका प्रयोग किसी सन्देह doubt) अथवा मनाही (prohibition) को जोरदार ढंग से व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।

1. Need you go yet ? No, you needn’t.
2. Need she come tomorrow ? No, she needin’t.

(2) Need का Third Person Singular सदा need ही होता है, न कि needs:
1. Need Mohan go there now ?
2. He need not worry any more.

(3) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में need का प्रयोग तभी किया जाता है जब negative उत्तर वांछित हो।
Need you go there ?
No, I needn’t.

(4) Interrogative और negative वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।

Need he do any work?
No, he needn’t do any work.

(5) किन्तु निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग किया जाता है –

1. He need to go mow. (Affirmative)
2. He does not need to go now. (Negative)
3. Does he need to go now? (Interrogative)

यदि ध्यान से देखा जाए तो पता चलेगा कि इन सभी वाक्यों में need को मुख्य क्रिया ..(Principal Verb) के रूप में प्रयोग किया गया है, न कि Auxiliary के रूप में।

(6) Need not की जगह haven’t got to, don’t have to, don’t need to का प्रयोग किया । जा सकता है।

He need not go.

(7) जब needs का प्रयोग must के साथ किया गया हो, तो यह एक adverb का कार्य कर रहा होता है। वास्तव में needs एक Possessive Case है जिसमें apostrophe (‘) का लोप किया जाता है। इस प्रकार

needs = need’s = of need = of necessity = necessarily (adv.)

इस प्रकार हमने देखा कि needs को एक adverb क्यों माना जाता है।

He must needs finish his work by evening.

Dare का प्रयोग

(1) Auxiliary के रूप में dare का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. Negative वाक्यों में ।
2. Interrogative वाक्यों में ।
3. सन्देह में (doubt) व्यक्त करने वाले वाक्यों में ।
4. ऐसे वाक्यों में जिनमें hardly, never, no one, nobody का प्रयोग किया गया हो।

(2) जब dare का प्रयोग auxiliary के रूप में किया गया हो, तो इसके साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
(3) Dare का Third Person Singular सदा dare ही होता है, न कि dares. उदाहरण:

(Negative)
1. He dare not fight with me.
2. He will hardly dare go there again.
अब क्या आप बता सकते हैं कि Need और Dare के प्रयोग के सम्बन्ध में कौन-कौन सी बातें एक जैसी हैं?

Important Questions Solved

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences with suitable modals given in brackets. (May, must, could will)

1. …..I ask a question ?
2. He ….go to call me tomorrow.
3. Who…..win the race ?

Answer:

1. May
2. must
3. will

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must)

1. You….pay the examination fee at the nick of time.
2. Labour hard so that you……pass.
3. He….submit the report next week.

Answer:

1. must
2. may
3. must
4. should.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (should, might, may)

1. He said that …..do the work.
2. …..God protect you !
3. We….help the poor.

Answer:

1. might
2. may
3. should.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (Should, would, ought, needn’t)

1. We ….. to improve the lot of the poor in our country.
2. You ….. have taken all that trouble.
3. He said he …… be moving into his new house next month.

Answer:

1. ought
2. necdn’t
3. would

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets : (Would, can ‘t, may, could)

1. My uncle ….. speak five languages.
2. Can I smoke here ? Yes, you …..
3. Can I smoke here ? No, you ..

Answer:

1. could
2. may
3. can’t.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets : (have, needn’t; ought, used to)

1. The driver ……. to have been more careful.
2. I will do it myself. You ……… come.
3. The candidates …….. to appear for an interview

Answer:

1. ought
2. needn’t
3. have

Question 7.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (might, can’t, would, could)

1. I said I ….. do it.
2. …. I ask you a question.
3. He ….. hear. He is deaf.

Answer:

1. could
2. Would
3. can’t

Question 8.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (ought, shouldn’t can, could)

1. He………. read and write English.
2. He asked if he ………. borrow my bicycle.
3. He ………. worry so much about his matter.

Answer:

1. can
2. coulod
3. shouldn’t

Question 9.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (can, used to, must not, could)

1. I don’t want to see your face. You ……..come here again.
2. He ………. come and see me again in a day or two.
3. He wanted to know if he ……… attend the show.

Answer:

1. must not
2. used
3. could

Question 10.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (Would, should, would, would)

1. …….. you like to have a cup of tea ?
2. He said that he ……… not come the next day.
3. ………. you please stop talking ?

Answer:

1. Would
2. would
3. Would

Question 11.
Fill in the blanks with suitable auriliary verbs. (Board Exam 2009 (Arts)]

1. You …….. not go in this old car.
2. He………. obey the teacher.
3. We ……….. die sooner or later.

Answer:

1. should
2. must
3. have to

Question 12.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliary verbs. (Board Exam 2009 (Sc. & Com.)]

1. We….. love our country.
2. ……….. hire a taxi.
3. He……….. come to day.

Answer:

1. should
2. must
3. should

Question 13.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliary verbs. [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. This letter ……. be posted by today’s mail.
2. Work hard lest you ……….. fail.
3. We………. always obey our parents.

Answer:

1. must
2. would
3. must or should.

Question 14.
Complete the sentences using appropriate forms of modal auxiliary verbs given in brackets : (Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. I come here so that I ………. get a job. (may/can)
2. She ………. come today morning. (will/must)
3. We being the citizens of India……..serve the country. (must/ought to)

Answer:

1. can
2. will
3. ought to.

Question 15.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals.

1. We…………. help the poor.
2. They ……… do this work.
3. Children ………. obey their parents.

Answer:

1. should
2. must
3. should

Question 16.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliary verbs. [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. …………. you teach me.
2. We ………….. respect our teachers.
3. He …………. work hard for success.

Answer:

1. would
2. should
3. must.

Question 17.
Fill in the blanks with suitable model verbs : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. We ………. have a stormy night.
2. He …………speak English fluently.
3. We eat that we ………….. live.

Answer:

1. should
2. can
3. may