Priyanshu

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BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Grammar Number

Number

Noun के दो Number होते हैं

1. Singular Number (सिंगुलर नम्बर) एकवचन
2. Plural Number (प्लुरल नम्बर) बहुवचन

1. Singular Number (सिंगुलर नम्बर) एकवचन-जिससे एक प्राणी या एक वस्तु का बोध हो, उसे Singular Number कहते हैं । Singular denotes one person or thing; जैसे

cat, dog, boy, girl, pen, book.

2. Plural Number (प्लुरल नम्बर) बहुवचन-जिससे एक से अधिक प्राणियों या वस्तुओं का बोध हो, उसे Plural.number कहते हैं । Plural denotes more than one person or thing. जैसेcats, dogs, boys, girls, pens, books.

Singular से Plural बनाने के कुछ नियम :

1. साधारण रूप से Singular शब्द में लगा देने से Plural बन जाता है। जैसे-

1. Cat + s = Cats
2. Book + s = Books
3. Girl+s = Girls
4. King + s = Kings

2. अगर Singular Number के अन्त में या fe रहे, तो Plural बनाने में वह ves में बदल जाता है । जैसे

Singular – Plural.

1. Life – Lives
2. Wife – Wives
3. Knife – Knives
4. Leaf – Leaves

अपवाद – Hoof, Roof, Turf, Dwarf, Chief, Mischief, Gulf, Handkerchiel etc. कुछ ऐसे शब्द हैं, जिनमें केवल s जोड़ देने से से ही Plural बन जाते हैं।

3. आगर Singular Number के अन्त में ch, s, sh, x, ss , उसमें es जोड़कर Plural बनाया जाता है । जैसे

Singular – Plural

1. Bench – Benches
2. Inch – Inches
3. Church – Churches
4. Ash – Ashes
5. Ass – Asses
6. Bus – Buses
7. Glass – Glasses
8. Box – Boxes
9. Tax – Taxes
10. Topaz – Topazes

उपवाद -Singular Number के अन्त में. ch ‘क’ हो तो सिर्फ s जोड़कर ही उसका Plural बनाया जाता है । जैसे

Singular – Plural

1. Stomach – Stomachs
2. Monarch – Monarchs

4. अगर Singular Number के अन्त में. y उसमें vowel sound el, at y रहे और उसके पहले कोई Plural art – Singular Plural Singular Plural

Singular – Plural

1. Babies – Babies
2. Lady – Ladies
3. Fly – Flies
4. City – Cities
5. Country – Countries
6. Variety – Varieties

5. अगर Singular Number के अन्त में y या w रहे और उसके पहले कोई Vowel रहे तथा y एवं w का उच्चारण Consonant हो, तो s जोड़कर Plural बनाया जाता है । जैसे

Singular – Plural

1. Boy Boys
2. Toy – Toys
3. Key – Keys
4. Valley – Valleys
5. Way – Ways
6. Day – Days
7. Cow – Cows
8. Jaw – Jaws
9. Monkey – Monkeys
10. Donkey – Donkeys

6. Singular Number के अन्त में 0 रहे और उसके पहले Consonant रहे, तो es जोड़कर Plural बनाया जाता है । जैसे

Singular – Plural

1. Hero – Heroes
2. Volcano – Volcanoes
3. Mango – Mangoes
4. Potato – Potatoes

अपवाद-Piano, Portico, Canto etc. शब्दों में केवल s जोड़ने से ही Plural बन जाता है ।

7. अगर Singular Number के अन्त में double vowel रहे, तो केवल s जोड़कर ही Plural बनाया जाता है । जैसे

Singular – Plural

1. Bamboo – Bamboos
2. Cuckoo – Cuckoos

8. कुछ शब्दों का Internal vowel-change द्वारा अनियमित रूप से Plural बनाया जाता है । जैसे Singular Plural बनाया जाता है । जैसे

Singular – Plural

1. Man – Men
2. Woman – Women
3. Foot – Feet
4. Tooth – Teeth
5. Goose – Geese
6. Mouse – Mice
7. Child – Children
8. Ox – Oxen

9. कभी-कभी कई शब्दों के मिलने से Compound Noun बनता है । ऐसे Compound Noun का Plural प्रधान शब्द में s जोड़कर बनाया जाता है। जैसे

Singular – Plural

1. Father-in law – Fathers-in law
2. Daughter-in law – Daughters-in law
3. Commander-in-chief – Commanders-in-chief
4. Shoe-maker – Shoe-makers

10. कुछ Nouns के अन्त में Plural

1. Brother – Brothers, Brethren
2. Cloth – Cloths, Cloths

11. कुछ शब्दों का रूप Singular और Plural दोनों में एक ही जैसा होता है। जैसे-Deer, Sheep, Score, Gross, Salmon, Cod etc…

12. कुछ शब्द ऐसे होते हैं जिनका प्रयोग केवल Plural Number में ही होता है । जैसे-People,Gentry,Riches, Alms; Scissors, Trousers, Cattle, Bowels, Bellows, Measles, Tongs, Wages, Spec – tacles, Police etc.

13. कुछ शब्द ऐसे होते हैं जिनका प्रयोग केवल Singular में होता है। जैसे· Information, News, Advice, Furniture, Poetry, Scenery, Stationery, Machinery, Summons, Politics, Innings, Optics, . Mathematics, Athletics,Civics, Economics etc….

14. Pronoun तथा Adjective Singular और Plural तथा Number होते हैं । जैसे

Singular – Plural

1. I – We
2. You – You
3. He – He
4. She – They
5. It – It
6. Me – Us
7. This – These
8. That – Those
9. Myself – Our self
10. Yourself – Your selfs

Singular – Plural

1. Him Them – Himself
2. His – His
3. Her – There
4. Its – its
5. My – Our
6. Themselves – Themselves
7. Herself – Herself
8. Itself – Itself

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Students who wish to prepare the Class 8 English can rely on the Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Chapter 15 The Outsider. Become perfect with the concepts of BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Chapter 15 The Outsider Questions and Answers score better grades in your exams. Detailed Solutions are provided to the concepts by experts keeping in mind the latest edition textbooks and syllabus.

BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Chapter 15 The Outsider

Ace up your preparation by referring to the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 8 English and learn all the topics within. Click on the topic you want to prepare from the Class 8 Chapter 15 The Outsider Questions and Answers prepare it easily. You can understand your strengths and weaknesses by practicing the Questions in Bihar Board Class 8 English Solutions PDF.

Bihar Board Class 8 English The Outsider Text Book Questions and Answers

A. Warmer

Question 1.
The Physically challenged people are misunderstood by the normal people to such an extent that they consider themselves or are considered even by others as outsiders.
How are, the physically or visually challenged persons similar or dissimilar to the normal people ? Discuss the differences and similarities.
Answer:
Raj: The physically or visually persons are similar to us. They are also human beings.
Preeti: Yes, they also live and have right to be in familiar touch to the other people.
Anu: I think they are different to us. Rather dissimilar. to us. They have their own world. They can only think but not execute them.

Question 2.
How are these persons generally viwed/treated by the people ?
Answer:
Generally these persons are ignored by the people as outsiders.

B. Let’s Comprehend

B. 1. Think And Tell

B. 1. 1. Answer The Following Questions Orally

Question 1. Who is the speaker ?
Answer:
The speaker is a handicapped person.

Question 2.
What kind of disability do you think he suffers from ? How do you know ?
Ans. The speaker suffers from paralysis. He can’t move his limbs.

Question 3.
How does the speaker want the others to treat him ?
Answer:
The speaker wants the others to treat him equally.

Question 4.
How do normal people behave with the speaker ?
Answer:
The normal people keep distance with the speaker.

B. 1. 2. State whether the following statements are true or false

Question 1.

1. The speaker is unable to move his limbs.
2. The speaker is mentally challenged.
3. He can perform simple tasks.
4. He desires to be treated equally by others.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True

B. 2. Think and Write

B. 2. 1. Tick the most appropriate answers and give reasons in favour of the options selected

Question 1.
The speaker is expected to
(a) complain
(b) share his grief with others
(c) maintain his silence
Answer:
(c) maintain his silence

Question 2.
The speaker is eager to
(a) have someone to guide him
(b) express his thoughts and feelings
(c) dispel his fear of immobility
Answer:
(b) express his thoughts and feelings

Question 3.
The speaker is grieved on account of
(a) the behaviour of others towards him
(b) his disability
(c) his inferiority complex
Answer:
(a) the behaviour of others towards him

B. 2. 2. Answer the following questions

Question 1.
What kind of a life does the speaker lead ?
Answer:
The speaker leads the life of a handicapped person.

Question 2.
Why does the speaker say: “I have a mind and I’m still there ?
Discuss his state of helplessness.
Answer:
The speaker has ideas and thoughts but he can’t express them normally.

Question 3.
Why does he call the normal people Ignorant ?
Answer:
Normal people don’t bother for him. So he calls them ignorant.

Question 4.
Are different abled people inferior to others ? Give reasons.
Answer:
No, they are by no means inferior to others. They possess the basic instincts of the other people. There have been great persons among them such as Braille, Hellen Keller, Surdas, Sudha, Chandran, etc.

C. Word study

C. 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the box given below:

(free, special, ability, feelings, unable, person, physical, imagination, beloved.)

Question 1.
I am a differently abled _________ I don’t consider myself as I express _________ my _________ deformitly has not affected my mental _________ Although I am _________ to move my body, my sprite remains _________ . I express my _________ through songs. In my I travel wherever I want to go. I’m also God’s _________ child.
Answer:
I am a differently abled person. I don’t consider my-self as special. My physical deformity has not affected my mental ability. Although, I am unable to move my body, my spirit remains free. I express my feelings through songs. In my imagination. I travel wherever I want to go. I’m also God’s beloved child.

D. Rhyme Time

Question 1.
Read the following lines:
Expected to sit and not make a sound I’m handicapped and wheelchair bound.
The word ‘bound’ and ‘sound’ end with a similar sound; therefore they can be called rhyming words. Pick out as many rhyming words from the poem as you can and write them down in the space provided below.
Answer:
Rhyming words from the poem are as such

• Bound – Sound
• By – sign
• Go – Flow
• Others – Brothers
• Ask – Task
• Hand – Understand
• Give – Live

E. Let’s Talk

Discuss in class:

Question 1.
“Should differently abled persons be treated as equals ? Students should also be encouraged t’o share their experiences (if any) of interacting with such person.
Hints : Discussion the class yourselves.

F. Composition

Write a paragraph on the ’Life of a Disabled Person’.

Your paragraph should include the following points :

• nature of disabilities persons suffer from
• what problems they face,
• what support they need.
• how people treat them.
• responsibility of the society towards them.

Answer:
‘Life of a Disabled Person

Life of a disabled person is miserable. They suffer from their parts of body. Someone is handicapped by leg, some by

The Outsider Summary In English

The poem arouse pity in us for a handicapped person. The speaker of this poem is a handicapped person bounded to his wheel chair. Though his limbs not work, his mind and idea and thought exist. And he wants to be touch, in friendly con-tact to other persons of the world. But the other people ignore him totally. This hurts the handicapped person badly and he sight. He sight to the world and he sight himself.

The Outsider Summary In Hindi

‘द आउटसाइडर’ (बाहरी व्यक्ति) एक कारुणिक कविता है। प्रस्तुत कविता हमारे अन्तस (हृदय) में एक अपंग व्यक्ति के प्रति करुणा जगाती है। कविता का वक्ता एक अपंग है जो अपने पहिएदार कुर्सी तक मात्र सीमित है। यद्यपि उसके अंग कार्य नहीं करते, उसका दिमाग, उसके विचार और कल्पनाएँ जीवित हैं और वह दुनिया के अन्य लोगों के सम्पर्क में रहना चाहता है, दूसरों से निम्नवत व्यवहार करना चाहता है। उपेक्षित कर दिया है। यह बात उस अपंग व्यक्ति को पीड़ा पहुँचाती है। बुरी तरह से और वह कराहता है दुनिया पर और अपने स्वयं के लिए।

The Outsider Hindi Translation of The Chapter

Handicapped (adj) [हैन्डीकैप्ड] = अपंग । Wheel chair (n) [व्हीलचेअर] = पहियों वाली कुर्सी जो अमूमन अपंगों अथवा मरीजों के लिए उपयोग में आती है। Bound (adj) [बाउन्ड] = घिरा या घेय हुआ । Saintly (adv)[सेन्टली] = साधु समान । Sigh (v) [साई) = कराहना, दीर्घ श्वांस लेना जैसा दुःख में कोई करता है। Thought (n) [थॉट] = विचार । Idea (n) [आइडिया] = विचार, कल्पना | Strange (adj)[स्टेंज] = विचित्र । Bother (v) [बॉदर] = परवाह करना । Perform (v) [परफार्म] = क्रियान्वित (कार्य) करना। Ignorance (n) [इग्नोरेन्स] = अज्ञानता, अनभिज्ञता । Though (adv) [दो] = यद्यपि । Include (v) [इन्क्लू ड] = शामिल करना। Share (v) [शेयर] = बाँटना ।

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Students who wish to prepare the Class 8 English can rely on the Bihar Board Class 8 English Book SolutionsTranslation. Become perfect with the concepts of BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Grammar Translation Questions and Answers score better grades in your exams. Detailed Solutions are provided to the concepts by experts keeping in mind the latest edition textbooks and syllabus.

BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Translation

Translation

use of is, am and are

Affirmative Sentences:

1. गोलू एक विद्यार्थी है । – Golu is a student.
2. मैं खुश हूँ। – I am happy.
3. राम दयालु है । – Ram is kind.
4. बच्चे तैयार है। – The children are ready.
5. आपलोग खुश है। – You are happy.
6. तुम एक गायक हो । – You are a singer.
7. पिताजी तैयार है। – Father is ready.
8. वे लोग शिक्षक है। – They are teachers.
9. माँ व्यस्त है। – Mothers is busy.
10. आपलोग किसान हैं। – You are farmers.

Negative Sentences

Negative Sentences का अनुवाद करने में am/is/are के बाद not का प्रयोग करें।

1. हमलोग खुश नहीं है। – We are not happy.
2. वह बुरा नहीं है। – He is not bad.
3. मैं डॉक्टर नहीं हूँ। – I am not a doctor.
4. राम विद्यार्थी नहीं हैं। – Ram is not a student.
5. करीम और भोला उपस्थित नहीं है। – Karim and Bhola are not present

Interrogative Sentences 

Interrogative sentences का अनुवाद करने में is, am, are का
प्रयोग कर्ता (Subject) के पहले करें

1. क्या सोहन कवि हैं ? – Is Sohan is poet ?
2. क्या राम चोर हैं ? – Is Rama thief ?
3. क्या मैं किसान हूँ? – Amlafarmer?

Use of ‘was’ and ‘were’

Affirmative Sentences

1. रोहन उदास था । – Rohan was sad.
2. रमा खुश थी। Rama – was happy.
3. वे लोग उपस्थित थे । – They were present
4. वह ईमानदार था । – He was honest.

Negative Sentences

Negative Sentense का वाक्य बनाते समय वाक्य में was/were
के बाद not का प्रयाग करें

1. हमलोग बुरे नहीं थे। – We were not bad.
2. हमलोग लाचार नहीं थे। – We were not helpless.
3. बुधिया शिक्षित नहीं थी। – Budhia was not literate. .
4. रामू नेता नही था । – Ramu was not a leader.
5. श्यामजी खुश नहीं था । – Shyamji was not happy.

Interrogative Sentences

Interrogative Sentences का अनुवाद करने में Was/Were का प्रयोगकर्ता (Subject) के पहले करें

1. क्या मैं गलत था ? – Was I wrong ?
2. क्या वह एक चौर था ? – Was he a thief ?
3. क्या आप गरीब थे ? – Were you poor?
4. क्या राम दु:खी था ? – Were Ramu unhappy?
5. क्या वे उदास थे ? – Were they sad ?

3. use of ‘has’,’Have’ and ‘Had’

1. मेरे पास एक कलम है। – I have a pen.
2. हमलोगों के पास एक गाय है। – We have a cow.
3. राम के पास बैल नहीं था । – Ram had not an ox.
4. मेरे पास एक हाथी था । – Thad an elephant.
5. मेरे पास दूध नहीं है। – I have no milk.
6. मेरी माँ के पास अच्छी साड़ी थी। – My mother had a good saree.
7. सुनीला के पास घड़ी नहीं थी । – Sunila had no watch.

Use of ‘Can’, ‘Could’ , ‘May’, ‘Might”, ‘Should’, ‘Ought To’ and ‘Must’

1. आप मेरी सहायता कर सकती हैं। – You can help me.
2. वह उसकी मदद कर सकता था – He could help him.
3. मैं यह काम कर सकता हूँ| – I can do this work.
4. तुम घर जा सकते हो । – You may go home.
5. आप अन्दर नहीं आ सकते हैं – You may not come in.
6. क्या मैं अन्दर आ सकता हूँ? – May Icome?
7. उसे मन लगाकर पढ़ना चाहिए। – He should read sincerely.
8. आपको देर नहीं करना चाहिए। – You should not be late.
9. तुम्हें अवश्य वहाँ जाना चाहिए। – You must go there.
10. राम का यह काम अवश्य करना चाहिए। – Ram must do this work,
11. बहादुर उसे उठा सकता है। – Bahadur can lift it.
12. हमें माता-पिता की आज्ञा माननी चाहिए। – We ought to obey parents.
13. आज वर्षा हो सकती है। – It may rain today.

Translation Based on Tense

Present Tense

Present Indefinite Tense

1. मैं नाता हूँ। – I go.
2. हमलोग पढ़ते है। We read.
3. तुम सोते हो। You sleep.
4. आपलोग नाचते है। – You dance.
5. वह खेलता है। – He plays.
6. वह गाती है। – She sings.
7. रवि खाता है। – Ravi eats.
8. वे लोग जानते हैं। – They know.
9. लड़के हँसते हैं। – Boys laugh.
10. बीरू और धीरू पढ़ते है। – Biru and Dhiruread.
11. मैं नहीं खाता हूँ। – I do not eat.
12. हमलोग नहीं टहलते हैं। – We do not walk.

Present Imperfect Tense

1. मैं जा रहा हूँ। – I am going
2. हमलोग खा रहे हैं। – We are eating.
3. तुम तैर रहे हो। – You are swimming.
4. वह बोल रहा है। – He is speaking.
5. अमर दौड़ रहा है। – Amar is running
6. वे लोग कूद रहे हैं। – They are jumping.
7. चिड़ियाँ उड़ रही हैं। – Birds are flying.
8. क्या मैं खेल रहा हूँ? – Am I playing?
9. क्या हम कूद रहे हैं? – Are we jumping ?
10. क्या वह खा रहा हैं ? – Is he eating?
11. क्या वे मुस्कुरा रहे हैं ? – Are they smiling?
12. क्या तुम्हारा दोस्त खेल रहा है? – Is your friend playing ?
13. क्या तुम आ रहे हो ? – Are you coming ?
14. क्या वह नहीं पढ़ रहा है ? – Is he not reading ?

Present Perfect Tense

1. मैं पढ़ चुका हूँ। – I have read.
2. तुम खा चुके हो । – You have eaten.
3. सीता नाची हैं। – Sita has danced.
4. पिताजी ने पत्र लिखा हैं। – Father has written a letter.
5. वह स्कूल गयी हैं। – She has gone to school.
6. वे लोग आ चुके हैं। – The have come.
7. लड़कों ने फूल तोड़ा हैं। – The boys have plucked flowers.
8. हम नहीं सो चुके हैं। – I have not slept.
9. मैंने शेर नहीं देखा हैं। – I have not seen a lion.
10. वह नहीं आई है। – She has not come.
11. राम ने दूध नहीं पिया है। – Ram has not drunk milk.
12. घण्टी नहीं बजी है। – The bell has not rung.
13. तुमने गेंद नहीं फेंका है। – You have not thrown the ball.
14. बच्चे विद्यालय नहीं गये हैं। – The children have not gone to school.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

1. मैं बोलता रहा हूँ। – I have been speaking .
2. हमलोग खाते आ रहे हैं। – We have been eating.
3. तुम काम करते आ रहे हो। – You have been working.
4. वह हँसता रहा है। – He has been laughing.
5. करीम खेलता रहा है। – Karim has been playing.
6. रमेश दो घण्टे से पढ़ता रहा है। – Ramesh has been reading for two hours.
7. वह सुबह से पत्र लिख रही हैं। – She has been writing a letter since morning.
8. मैं 5 मिनट से पत्र लिख रहा हूँ। – I have not been writing the letter for five minutes.

Past Tense

Past Indefinite Tense:

1. मैं सोया था । – I slept.
2. हमलोगों ने काम किया । – We worked.
3. सीता ने पानी पिया था । – Sita drank water.
4. शीला ने एक पत्र लिखा था। – Sheela wrote a letter.
5. मैं उसको जानता था । – I knew him.
6. मोहन ने कुत्ते को मारा था । – Mohan killed the dog.
7. राम.ने आम खाया । – Ram ate a mango.
8. आपने कहा। – You said.
9. मैंने आपको नहीं देखा । – I did not see you.
10. तुमने में सहायता क्यों नहीं की? – Why did you not help me ?
11. उसने तुम्हें कब गाली दी? – When did he abuse you?
12. उसने कहाँ पढ़ा? – Where did he read ?
13. तुमने ऐसा क्यों नहीं किया ? – Why didn’t you do so?

Past Imperfect Continuous Tense

1. मैं खेल रहा था। – I was playing.
2. हमलोग तैर रहे थे। – We were swimming.
3. तुम दौड़ रहे थे। – You are running.
4. वह आलू ला रही थी। – She was bringing potatoes.
5. लड़के अपना काम कर रहे थे। – The boys were doing their work.
6. चिड़िया गा रही थी। – The birds was singing.
7. वह पतंग उड़ा रहा था । – He was flying kites.
8. मैं नहीं खेल रहा था। – I was not playing.
9. कुत्ते नहीं दूंक रहे थे। – The dogs were not barking.
10. सूरज नहीं चमक रहा था । – The sun was not shining.

Past Perfect Tense

1. उमा ने अपना स्वेटर बुन लिया था ।
Uma had knitted her sweater.

2. रोगी मर चुका था ।
The patient had died.

3. मेरे आने से पहले वह सो गया था ।
He had slept before I came.

4. अध्यापक के आने के पूर्व लड़के वर्ग में प्रवेश कर चके थे ।
The boys had entered the class-room before the teacher came.

5. मैंने श्याम को पहले कभी नहीं देखा था ।
I had never seen Shyam before.

6. तुम्हारे आने के पहले मैं नही गया था ।
I had not gone before you came.

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

1. मैं तीन घण्टे से खेल रहा था ।
I had been playing for three hours.

2. शीला दो घण्टे से पढ़ रही थी ।
Sheela had been reading for two hours.

3. मैं गत सोमवार से ज्वर से पीड़ित था
I had been suffering form fever since last Monday.

4. श्री मुण्डा दो सप्ताह से एक कहानी
Sri Munda had been

5. लिखते आ रहे थे।
writing a story for two weeks.

6. वह तीन वर्षों से यहाँ रहता आ रहा था ।
He had been living here for three years.

7. मैं तीन दिन से नहीं पढ़ रहा था।
I had not been reading two days.

8. राधा दो दिन से नहीं खेल रही थी।
Radha had not been playing for two days.

9. वह गत शुक्रवार से विद्यालय नहीं आ रही थी ।
She had not been coming to school since last Friday.

10. क्या अध्यापक तीन घण्टे से पढ़ा रहे थे ?
Had the teacher been teaching for three hours ?

11. क्या मैं दो दिन से तुम्हारी सहायता
Had I not been helping

Future Tense

Future Indefinite Tense:

1. मैं जाऊँगा । – I shall go.
2. हमलोग दौड़ेगें। – We shall run.
3. तुम परीक्षा पास करोगे ।- You will pass the examination.
4. वह कल आयेगी। – She will come tomorrow.
5. आशा एक गाना गायेगी। – Asha will sing a song.
6. वह मेरी मदद करेगा । – He will do this work.
7. वह अवश्य जायेगा । – He shall go.
8. क्या तुम एक नया मकान खरीदोगे? – Won’t you buy a new house?
9. तुम अपना काम कैसे करोगे? – How will you do your work?
10. वे अपनी पुस्तक कहाँ रखेंगे? – Where will they put their books?

Future Continuous/Imperfect Progressive Tense

1. मैं पढ़ता रहूँगा। – I shall be reading
2. तुम हँस रहे होगे। – You will be laughing.
3. वे लिखते रहेंगे। – They will be writing.
4. राधा नाच रही होगी – । Radha will be dancing.
5. तुम खेलते नहीं रहोगे। – You will not be playing.
6. वह नहीं रो रहा होगा । – He will not be weeping.

Future Perfect Tense

1. मैं खेल चूकूँगा।
I shall have played.

2. वह जा चुकेगा।
He will have gone.

3. सीमा आम खा चुकेगी।
Sima will have eaten the mango.

4. अगले रविवार तक मैं इस काम को कर चुका रहूँगा।
I shall finishe d this work by Sunday next.

5. मैं नहीं जा चुकूँगा।
I shall not have gone.

6. क्या मैं जा चुकूँगा।
Shall I have gone ?

7. क्या तुम सात बजे तक खेल चुकोगे?
Will you have played up to 7 o’clock?

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

1. मैं खेल रहा हूँगा ।
I shall have been playing.

2. वह सो रहा होगा ।
He will have been sleeping.

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Students who wish to prepare the Class 8 English can rely on the Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Gender and Person. Become perfect with the concepts of BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Grammar Gender and Person Questions and Answers score better grades in your exams. Detailed Solutions are provided to the concepts by experts keeping in mind the latest edition textbooks and syllabus.

BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Grammar Gender and Person

Gender

English में Gender (जेन्डर) के चार भेद हैं

1. Masculine Gender (मैसकुलिन जेन्डर) पुलिंग
2. Feminine Gender (फेमिनिन जेन्डर) स्त्रीलिंग
3. Common Gender (कॉमन जेन्डर) उभयलिंग
4. Neuter Gender (न्युटर जेन्डर) नपुंसकलिंग

1.Masculine Gender (मैसकुलिन जेन्डर) पुलिंग-मैसकुलिन जेन्डर से पुरूष जाति का बोध होता है । The Masculine Gender denotes a male as boy, man, father, brother, uncle, king, dog, horse, ox, etc.

2. Feminine Gender (फेमिनिन जेन्डर) स्वीलिंग-Feminine Gender से स्त्री जाति का बोध होता है The feminine gender denotes a female as girl, woman, mother, sister, aunt, queen, daughter, bitch, mare, cow etc..

3. Common Gender (कॉमन जेन्डर) उभयलिंग-जिन शब्दों से स्त्री जाति तथा पुरूष-जाति दोनों का बोध हो उन्हें Common Gender कहते हैं।

The word which denotes masculine and feminine both is called common gender,as baby (बच्चा या बच्ची) teacher (शिक्षकया शिक्षिका) student (छात्र या छात्रा), theif (चोर या चोरनी) singer ‘. (गायक या गायिका) guest (अतिथि-स्त्री या पुरुष) Person (औरत या मर्द) Writer (लेखक या लेखिका)

4. Neuter Gender (न्युटर जेन्डर) नपुंसक लिंग-Neuter Gender से यह बोध होता है कि वह noun न तो पुरुष जाति का है न स्त्री जाति का The neuter gender denotes that the given noun is neither a male, nor a female as bench, table, pen, book, gold, iron, wood, ant, chair, tree, milk, water etc.

Note:

1. कीड़े मकोड़े और छोटे-छोटे जानवरों को Neuter Gender में ही रखा गया है।
2. Collective Noun, Material Noun और Abstract Noun को भी Neuter Gender के अन्तर्गत रखा गया है।
3. हिन्दी में निर्जीव पदार्थ या छोटे-छोटे जीव-जन्तु (कीड़े मकोड़े सहित) को भी या तो पुलिंग या स्त्रीलिंग में जाना जाता है जैसे कलम- इसे हिन्दी में स्त्रीलिंग और उर्दू में पुंलिंग माना गया है । लेकिन अंग्रेजी में इसे Neuter gender अर्थात नपुंसक लिंग की श्रेणी में रखा गया है। Masculine से Feminine बनाने के नियम –

1. शब्द को बदलकर Masculine से Feminine बनाया जाता है ।

2. कुछ शब्दों के अन्त में ess जोड़कर Masculine से Feminine बनाया जाता है।

3. कुछ शब्द ऐसे हैं जिनके अन्तिम Vowel को हटाकर और ess जोड़कर Masculine से Feminine बनाया जाता है।

4. कुछ शब्दों का Feminine अनियमित ढंग से बनाया जाता है।

5. कुछ शब्दों के प्रारम्भ में या अन्त में स्त्रीसूचक शब्द जोड़कर Feminine
बनाया जाता है।

Person

अंग्रेजी में Person के तीन प्रकार हैं

1. First Person फर्स्ट पर्सन उत्तम पुरुष
2. Second Person सेकेण्ड पर्सन मध्यम पुरुष
3. Third Person थर्ड पर्सन अन्य पुरुष

1. First Person-बोलने वाले को first person कहते हैं The first person is the person speaking. जैसे-I, we और इसके विभिन्न रूप – me, my, mine, myself, we, our, ours it ourselves.

2. Second Person-सुनने वाला या जिससे बात की जाय Second Person कहलाता है। The second person is the person spoken to. जैसे- you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves.

3. Third Person (अन्य पुरुष)-जिसके विषय में बातें की जाय, Third Person कहलाता है।

Third person is the person spoken about. -he, him, his, himself, she, her, hers, it, its, itself, they them, their, them selves, this, there, that, those somebody, anybody, each, either, all, none many, both.

Note: सभी noun Third Person की श्रेणी में आते हैं जैसं Ram. Sita, boy, girl, cat, dog, cow, teacher, student, book, pen, chair, etc.

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Students who wish to prepare the Class 8 English can rely on the Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Asim Bihari: A Hidden Star of Freedom Movement. Become perfect with the concepts of BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Asim Bihari: A Hidden Star of Freedom Movement Questions and Answers score better grades in your exams. Detailed Solutions are provided to the concepts by experts keeping in mind the latest edition textbooks and syllabus.

BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Asim Bihari: A Hidden Star of Freedom Movement

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Asim Bihari: A Hidden Star of Freedom Movement Summary in English

Asim Bihari was born on 15 April, 1889 at Mohalla Khasganj, Bihar Sharif, Nalanda. He belonged to a poor family. His family was civilized and religious minded. Asim Bihari was a great patriot of Bihar. He was a hidden star of the Freedom Movement. In 1911, he started a newspaper and highlighted the sad plight of the weavers and the down-trodden. He organized ‘Momin Ansar Party’ and turned the national movement into a mass movement. He established many schools and madras. He motivated the Muslim to join the mainstrean by studying Hindi along with Urdu and Persian. He added suffix ‘Bihari’ to his name becaused he loved Bihar, his motherland. He was a great soul. He will always be remembered for his great deed.

Asim Bihari: A Hidden Star of Freedom Movement Summary in Hindi

असीम बिहारी का जन्म बिहार के बिहारशरीफ, नालन्दा में खासगंज लिये । उनका परिवार सभ्य और धार्मिक विचारों वाला था। असीम बिहारी, बिहार के एक देशभक्त सपूत थे। वह देश की आजादी की लड़ाई के महान योद्धा थे। 1911 में उन्होंने एक अखबार शुरू कर जलाहों और अन्य दबे-कुचले लोगों की दयनीय दशा को प्रकाशित किया। उन्होंने ‘मोमीन अन्सार पार्टी’ की स्थापना कर देश की आजादी की लड़ाई को जनता से जोड़ दिया। उन्होंने कई स्कूल और मदरसों की स्थापना की। उन्होंने मस्लिमों की उर्दू और फारसी के साथ हिन्दी पढ़कर देश को मुख्य धारा से जोड़ने के लिए प्रेरित किया। उन्होंने अपने नाम के साथ ‘बिहारी’ जोड़ा । वह बिहार से बेहद प्यार करते थे। हम उन्हें सदा याद रखेंगे।

Asim Bihari: A Hidden Star of Freedom Movement Hindi Translation of The Chapter

Freedom fighter (n) (फ्रीडम फाइटर) = आजादी के योद्धा । Unfortunately (adv) [अनफॉरचूनेटली] = दुर्भाग्य से । Sacrifice (n) (सैक्रिफाइस) = बलिदान । Movement (n) [मूवमेन्ट] = आंदोलन । Selfless (adj) [सेल्फलेस = स्वार्थहीन । Unforgettable (adj) [अनफॉरगेटेबल] = न भूलने योग्य । Section (n) [सेक्शन] = वर्ग

Civilised (adj) [सिविलाइज्ड] = सभ्य । Religious (adj) |रीलिजिअस] = धार्मिक | Revolt (n) (रिवोल्ट] = विद्रोह । British (adj) [ब्रिटिश) = ब्रिटेनवासी । Elementary (adj) [एलिमेन्टरी] = प्राथमिक, शुरू का | Fond of (phr) [फॉन्ड ऑफ] = शौकीन । Independent (adj) [इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट] = स्वतंत्र । Socially adv) [सोशिअली] = सामाजिक रूप से | Backward (adj) [बैकवर्ड] = पिछड़ा। Highlighted (v) [हाइलाइटेड] = प्रकाशित किया। Plight (n)[प्लाइट) = दशा, स्थिति । Downtrodden (adj)[डाउनट्रॉडन] = दबे-कुचले लोग । Activities (n) [एक्टिविटीज] = क्रियाकलाप । Nationalism (n) [नैशनलिज्म] = राष्ट्रीयता | Patriotism (n) [पैट्रिअरिज्म]

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Students who wish to prepare the Class 8 English can rely on the Bihar Board Class 8 English Book SolutionsParts of Speech. Become perfect with the concepts of BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Grammar Parts of Speech Questions and Answers score better grades in your exams. Detailed Solutions are provided to the concepts by experts keeping in mind the latest edition textbooks and syllabus.

BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Grammar Parts of Speech

अंग्रेजी भाषा में जितने भी शब्द हैं, उन्हें आठ भागों में बाँटा गया है जिसे Parts of Speech कहते हैं।

All the English words are divided into eight groups. Each group is called part of speech.

Parts of Speech

1. Noun (नाउन) संज्ञा-किसी व्यक्ति, जानवर (पशु-पक्षी) स्थान और वस्तु के नाम को Noun कहते हैं ।
A noun is the name of a person, animal, place or thing; as,
Mohan, Sohan, Kamla, Bimla, dog, cat, Ranchi, Bhagalpur, pen, book, chair, pot etc.

2. Pronoun (प्रोनाउन ) सर्वनाम-जो शब्द किसी Noun के बदले में आये, उसे Pronoun कहते हैं ।
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun, as, I, We, You, he, she, this, that, here, there, etc.

3. Adjective (एडजेक्टिव) विशेषण-वह शब्द जो किसी Noun और Pronoun की निशेषता बताता हो, Adjective कहलाता है ।
A word that qualifies a noun or pronoun is Adjective, as, big, fat, red, good etc.

4. Verb (वर्ब) क्रिया-वह शब्द जिससे किसी काम के करने या होने का बोध हो, Verb कहलाता है ।
A verb is a word which shows an action, as eat, drink, go, come, read, write, can, could, should, will, shall, etc.

5. Adverb (एडवर्ब) क्रिया विशेषण-Adverb वह शब्द है जो किसी Verb, Adjective और दूसरे adverb की विशेषता बताता है, Adverb कहलाता है।
A word that qualifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb is called Adverb; as, slowly, fast, carefully, soon, very, etc.

6. Preposition (प्रीपोजीशन) सम्बन्धबोधक-वह शब्द जो किसी noun या Pronoun के पहले आकर उसका सम्बन्ध वाक्य में प्रयुक्त किसी अन्य शब्द से बताता है।
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation with other word in the sentence, as, in, on, at, from, to, with, by, of, etc.

7. Conjunction (कंजक्शन) संयोजक-वह शब्द जो शब्दों या वाक्यों को जोड़े, Conjunction कहलाता है ।
A conjunction is a word which joins words or sentences – together; as, and, but, for, either… or, neither …nor, etc

8. Interjection (इन्टरजेक्शन) विस्मयादिबोधक-जिस शब्द से आकस्मिक खुशी, दुख, आश्चर्य और घृणा का भाव प्रकट हो, Interjection कहलाता है।
An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion; as Alah, Ah.Oh, Hello, Hurrah Fie!O! Aha ! Tut! Hush !

Noun

दुनिया में लाखों-करोड़ों लोग हैं । सबके अलग-अलग नाम हैं । इसी तरह प्रत्यक स्थान, पशु-पक्षी जानवर तथा वस्तु के भी कुछ न कुछ नाम अवश्य हैं । इन नामों को ही Nouns संज्ञा कहते हैं ।
अतः नाम को ही संज्ञा कहते हैं ।

Noun is a naming word.

Examples

व्यक्तियों के खास नाम

1. Ram
2. Sita
3. Ali
4. Yadu
5. Azhar
6. Abdul
7. Kalim
8. Karim
9. Abbas
10. Shahid
11. Mokhtar
12. John
13. Mohan
14. Gita
15. Smith
16. Sohan
17. Lila
18. Hudson
19. Hari
20. Rani
21. Dolly
22. Kamla
23. Jolly
24. Dinesh
25. Bimla
26. Paul
27. Suman
28. Namita
29. Joseph
30. Mukesh
31. Babita
32. Mary

व्यक्ति या सम्बन्धों के नाम

1. boy
2. son
3. man
4. girl
5. daughter
6. woman
7. brother
8. sister
9. uncle
10. father
11. mother
12. farmer
13. friend.
14. worker
15. doctor
16. servant
17. artist

स्थान के नाम

1. Bhagalpur
2. India
3. Simro
4. Ranchi
5. Pakistan
6. Babhangama
7. Patna
8. Nepal
9. Baijnathpur
10. Delhi
11. England
12. Sultanganj
13. Kolkata
14. Burma.
15. Sabour
16. Mumbai
17. China
18. America

पशु-पक्षी आदि के नाम

1. cow
2. ass
3. crow
4. OX
5. fox
6. parrot
7. cat
8. snake
9. dog
10. tiger
11. bee
12. horse
13. deer
14. fish
15. elephant
16. jackal
17. camel
18. nephew
19. teacher
20. child

फल, फूल, खाद्य सामग्री, वस्तु आदि के नाम

1. apple
2. rice
3. bench
4. box
5. school
6. mango
7. wheat
8. chair
9. bat
10. college
11. orange
12. milk
13. pot
14. ball
15. house
16. rose
17. sugar
18. basket
19. radio
20. ring
21. lotus
22. meat
23. key
24. plat
25. toy

Note : इस तरह हम जो कुछ देखते या सुनते हैं, महसूस करते हैं – सभी noun है।

Pronoun

Pronoun वह शब्द है जो Noun के बदले में आता है. A pronoun is a wood used in place of a noun. नीचे के वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें – Mohan is a boy. He is tall. Radha is a girl. She is beautiful. I have a car.

It is black. ऊपर के वाक्यों में He. She. और | के प्रयोग पर ध्यान दें । He का प्रयोग Mohan के लिए, she का प्रयोग Radha के लिए और It का प्रयोग car के लिए हुआ है।

इस तरह He, she, it के अलावे कुछ और भी Pronoun हैं जो निम्नलिखित हैं

I, me, mine, we, us, ours, you, yours, he, him, she, her, hers, they, them, theirs, it, this, these. that, those, here, there

ध्यान दें कि I (में) We (हमलाग) You (आप/आपलोग, तुम/तुमलोग) He (वह) पुरुष के लिए, she (वह) स्त्री के लिए और 11 (यह) नपुंसक लिंग के लिए आता है।

Adjective

Adjective वह शब्द है जो किसी Noun या Pronoun की विशेषता बताता है।

An adjective is a word that qualifies a noun or pronoun.

जैसे-red, black, good, bad, small, kind, rich, sad, tall, angry, happy, new, old, tall.

नीचे लिखे वाक्यों को देखें

Ram is good.
Mohan is bad.
Bimla is tall.
Sita is short.

इन वाक्यों में good, bad, tall और short क्रमश: Ram, Mohan, Bimla और Sita की विशेषता बताते हैं।
विशेषता का अर्थ है- कैसा,
कैसी इसी तरह नीचे के वायों को देखें

The pen is red. The cow is black. red शब्द बताता है कि pen कैसी हैं अर्थात red लाल है । इसी तरह black शब्द cow की विशेषता बतलाता है कि वह अर्थात गाय black काली है।

नीचे कुछ Adjective दिये जा रहे हैं । इन्हें याद कर लें।

1. Big – बड़ा
2. Small – छोटा
3. Good – अच्छा
4. bad – बुरा
5. Fat – मोट
6. Tall – पतला लम्बा
7. Short – छोटा
8. Happy – खुश
9. Sad – उदास, दुखी ।
10. Rich – धनी
11. Poor – गरीब
12. New – नया
13. Old – पुराना
14. Red – लाल
15. Black – काला
16. Hot – गर्म
17. Cold – ठंढा
18. Beautiful – सुन्दर
19. Sweet – मीठा
20. Bitter – तीखा
21. Dirty – गन्दा

Verb

जिस शब्द से किसी काम के करने, होने दशा या स्वामित्व का बोध हो Verb कहलाता है।
A Verb is a word that shows an action, state or possession. नीचे लिखे वाक्यों को देखें :

1. I play.
2. Suresh is ill.
3. You read.
4. They have a car.

ऊपर के वाक्यों में play और read क्रमशः खेलने और पढ़ने की क्रिया (काम) का बोध कराते हैं । तीसरे वाक्य में दिए is शब्द से किसी की स्थिति या दशा का बोध होता है । चौथे वाक्य में have. शब्द car पर किसी का स्वामित्व अधिकार दिखलाता है ।

अत: play, read, is और have verb (क्रिया) हैं।
प्रयोग के आधार पर Verb के दो भद है

1. Principal Verh (प्रीसिपल वर्व) मुख्य क्रिया
2. Auxiliary Verb (एम्ल री वर्ष) सहायक क्रिया

Note: Principal Verb को Main Verb और Auxiliary Verb को. Helping Verb भी कहते हैं।

1. Principal Verb-जो क्रिया वाम्य में मुख्य काम करती है वह Principal Verb या Main Verb कहलाती है ।

The verb which is of main importance in the sentence is called the main verb.

नीचे लिखे वाक्यों को देखें-

1. I eat
2. Hari went.
3. Ram is reading.
4. She will go.
5. You are good.
6. They were bad.

इन वाक्यों में eat, went, reading. go are और were Principal Verb या Main Verb हैं।

2. Helping Verb – जो क्रिया मुख्य क्रिया की सहायता करती है, वह Helping Verb कहलाती है।

A helping verb is one which helps the main verb in a sentence.

1. I am eating
2. You may go.
3. He is reading
4. We should play.

ऊपर के वाक्यों में am, may, is और should Helping Verbs हैं।
Helping Verbs

am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had, can, could, may-might, will, would, ought, shall, should, must, need, dare, used, to

एक ही verb किसी वाक्य में Main verb तो दूसरे वाक्य में Helping verb

अत: नीचे दिये गये वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें

Note: ऊपर के वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखने पर स्पष्ट होता है कि वाक्य में अगर एक ही Verb है तो वह Main Verb ही कहलायेगा ।

Transitive Verb & Intransitive Verb

Object (कर्म) के आधार पर Verb को दो भागों में बाँट सकते हैं :

1. Transitive (ट्रांजीटिव) सकर्मक-जिस Verb के साथ object (कर्म) का प्रयोग हो, उसे Transitive Verb कहते हैं ।

The verb used with an object is called a Transitive Verb. इन वाक्यों को देखें

1. I read a book.
2. We eat mangoes.
3. Ram loves sita.
4. He calls me.
5. He sings a song.
6. I want a pen.

ऊपर के वाक्यों में a book, mangoes, Sita, me, a song और pen object (कर्म) हैं अतः इनके पहले आये verbs क्रमश: read, eat, loves, calls, sings it want transitive verbs

2. Intransitive Verb-जिस Verb के साथ object (कर्म) का प्रयोग नहीं हुआ हो, उस verb को Intransitive Verb कहते हैं ।

The verb used without an object is called an Intransitive verb.

नीचे लिखे वाक्यों को देखें

1. I eat.
2. We drink.
3. You read.
4. He writes.
5. He laughs.
6. They run
7. She weeps.
8. They see.

ऊपर के वाक्यों में eat, drink, read, writes, laughs, run, weeps और see के साथ object (कर्म) का प्रयोग नहीं हुआ है।अतः ये Intransitive Verb हैं।।

Adverb

Adverb वह शब्द है जो किसी Verb, adjective या दूसरे adverb की विशेषता बताता है। An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
नीचे लिखे वाक्यों को देखें:

1. She comes slowly. (वह धीरे-धीरे आती है)
2. He runs fast. (वह बहुत तेजी से दौड़ता है)
3. You are very good. (आप बहुत अच्छे हैं ।

ध्यान दें कि Adverb यह बलाता है कि verb कैसे होता है । प्रथम वाक्य में ‘slowly’ शब्द यह बताता है कि verb अर्थात आने की क्रिया कैसे होती है । अत: slowly adverb है । दूसरे. वाक्य में ‘very’ का प्रयोग adverb fast (तेजी से) की विशेषता बताता है । अत: इसमें ‘very’ adverb है। तीसरे वाक्य में ‘good’ adjective है । इसमें ‘very goodness अच्छाई को बढ़ाता है अर्थात विशेषता बताता है । अतः यह adverb है ।

कुछ Adverb को याद रखें

1. slowly – धीरे-धीरे
2. fast – तेजी से
3. very – बहुत
4. kindly – दयापूर्वक
5. happily – प्रसन्नतापूर्वक
6. carefully – सावधानीपूर्वक
7. badly – खराब ढंग से
8. soon – शीघ्रतापूर्वक
9. late – देर करके

Preposition

वह शब्द जो Noun या Pronoun के पहले आकर उसका सम्बन्ध वाक्य में दूसरे शब्द के साथ बताता है, Preposition कहलाता है।

A preposition is a word placed usually before noun or a pronoun to show its relation with some other word in the sentence.

नीचे लिखे वाक्यों को देखें

The book is on the table.
He is in the room.

पहले वाक्य में on शब्द table के पहले आकर book से उसका सम्बन्ध बताता है। इसी तरह दूसरे वाक्य में ‘in’ शब्द ‘room’ के पहले आकर उसका सम्बन्ध he (pronoun) से बताता है । अत: on और in Preposition है

कुछ नीचे लिखे Prepositions को याद रखें:

1. in, into में
2. on, at पर
3. of, का, की, के,
4. by से, द्वारा
5. from से,
6. for के लिए, से,
7. under नीचे,
8. up, ऊपर
9. to, को, तक, की ओर,
10. with साथ, से,
11. between, among में, के बीच,
12. about के विषय में,
13. after बाद,
14. without के बिना ।

Conjunction

Conjunction वह शब्द है जो शब्दों या वाक्यों को जोड़ता है।

A conjunction is a word that joins words or sentences together.

नीचे लिखे वाक्यों को देखें
Ram and Shyam are brothers.
Ram is reading but shyam is playing.

पहले वाक्य में and, Ram और Shyam दोनों शब्दों को जोड़ता है । उसी तरह दूसरे उदाहरण में but दो वाक्यों Ram is reading और Shyam is playing को जोड़ता है । अत: and और but conjunction हैं ।

कुछ मुख्य Conjunctions निम्नलिखित हैं and और, but लेकिन, or अथवा, या, after बाद, because क्योंकि, for चूंकि, since चूंकि, if अगर, while जबकि, Although यद्यपि, that जो, however तो भी, neither…nor नाइदर…नौर, न……. either…or या … otherwise अन्यथा until तक, unless जबतक

Interjection

Interjection (इन्टरजेक्सन) विस्मयादिबोधक-जो शब्द दुःख, खशी या कोई तीव्र भावना व्यक्त करते हैं, वे Interjections कहलाते हैं ।

निम्नलिखित शब्द Interjections हैं-Ah ! Oh! Alas! Hurrah ! Fie ! Adieu ! O! Aha! Tut! Hush ! Bravo ! etc.

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Bhutan Summary in English

Bhutan is a beautiful country. The kingdom of Bhutan has rich natural scenary. Many rivers and their tributaries flow through Bhutan. The main rivers are the Manas, Sankosh, Wangchu and Torsa. The country is divided into three climatic zones. As a result of the diverse climate, different varieties of crops are grown here. Besides farming, the Bhutanese keep different animals for their livelihood. Approximately 95 percent of the population live in rural areas. Bhutan is rich in flora and fauna.

Bhutan Summary in Hindi

भूटान एक सुन्दर देश है। भूटान देश प्राकृतिक दृश्यों का धनी है। कई नदियाँ और उनकी सहायक नदियाँ भूटान में बहती हैं। यहाँ की मुख्य नदियां हैं मानस, संकोश, दांग और रोरसा । यह देश तीन जलवायु क्षेत्रों में बंटा हुआ है। फलस्वरूप यहाँ कई फसलें उपजती हैं। खेती के अलावे भूटानी लोग पशुपालन भी कर अपनी आजीविका चलाते हैं। प्रायः 95 प्रतिशत जनता गाँवों में रहती है । भूटान वनस्पतियों, पेड़-पौधों और जानवरों के मामले में भी धनी देश है।’

Bhutan Hindi Translation of The Chapter

Kingdom (n) [किंडगम] = राज, राज्य । Province (n) [प्रोविन्स] = प्रांत, सूबा । Approximately (adv) [एप्रोक्सिमेटली] = प्रायः शुद्ध रूप से | Entirely (adv) [एन्टायरली] = पूर्ण रूप से । Montainous (adj) [माउन्टेनस] = पहाड़ों से पूर्ण/भरा हुआ। Relatively (adv) [रिलेटिवली] = सम्बन्ध में । Valley (n) [वैली] = घाटी । Tributaries (adj) [ट्रिब्यूटरीज] = सहायक | Climate (n) (क्लाइमेट] = जलवायु, ऋतु । Zone (n) [जोन] * = परिधि, भूकटिबन्ध । Belt (n) [बेल्ट] = पेटी । Humid (adj) [ह्यूमिड] = आर्द्र; गीला, तट । Temperature (n) [टेम्परेचर] = तापमान । Rainfall (n) [रेनफॉल] = वर्षा ।

Range (v) [रेन्ज] = क्रम में रखा जाना । Temperature (adj)[टेम्परेट] = समशीतोष्ण । Precipitation (n) [प्रेसिपिटेशन] = वर्षा | As a result (phr) (एज अ रिजल्ट] = परिणामस्वरूप | Diverse (adj) [डाइवर्स) = विविध, भिन्न | Altitude (n) [ऑलटीट्यूड] = ऊँचाई। Staple (adj) [स्टेपल) = प्रधान मुख्य । Farming (n) [फार्मिंग] = खेती ! Including (adv) [इनक्लूडिंग] = सहित | Yak (n) [याक] = तिब्बती साँड़। Live-stock (n) [लाइव-स्टॉक] = पशुओं का समुदाय । Pasture (n) (पास्चर) = चरागाह | Avoid (v) [अवोएड] = बचना | Population (n) – [पॉप्यूलेशन] = आबादी । Roughly (adv) [रफली] = प्रायः, मोटे तौर पर । . Ethnic (adj) [एथनिक] = जाति संबंधी । Origin (n) [ओरिजिन] = मूल,

पैदाशी स्थान । Rural (adj)[रूरल) = ग्रामीण | Dialects (n) [डायलेक्टस] = प्रान्तीय भाषा | Well-preserved (adj)/वेल-प्रिजर्ल्ड = भली प्रकार से रक्षित किया गया । Endowed (adj) [एन्डोड] = युक्त। Varied (adj) वेिरीड) = विविध । Flora (n) [फ्लोरा] = किसी प्रदेश की वनस्पतियां । Fauna (n) [फॉना] = किसी प्रदेश के पशुवर्ग | Clouded (adj) [क्लाउडेड) = काले धब्बों वाला, चित्तीदार रंग का। Golden (adj) [गोल्डन] = सनहरा । Common (adj) [कॉमन] = आम । Sight (n) [साइट] = दृश्य ।

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Students who wish to prepare the Class 8 English can rely on the Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions The Teen Horrors. Become perfect with the concepts of BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions The Teen Horrors Questions and Answers score better grades in your exams. Detailed Solutions are provided to the concepts by experts keeping in mind the latest edition textbooks and syllabus.

BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Ending the Evil

Ace up your preparation by referring to the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 8 English and learn all the topics within. Click on the topic you want to prepare from the Class 8 The Teen Horrors Questions and Answers prepare it easily. You can understand your strengths and weaknesses by practicing the Questions in Bihar Board Class 8 English Solutions PDF.

Question 1.
Which age group is labelled as teen or teenage ? Are there any changes in the body during this period ? If yes, name some of the changes in body, moods, temperament etc.) you may have noticed in yourself and your friends during teenage. List them. Are the changes pleasant or horrible ?
Answer:
Age group of thirteen years to nineteen years is labelled as teenage. Yes, there are some changes occurring in the body during this period. Some changes are-the body develops as well as the mind, their mood changes very frequently There are different changes in their temperament. They become irritable, reckless, feel agression and depression. They even feel lazy and more sleepy during this age-group.

Let’s Do

Question 1.
Make a list of Teenage problems.
Answer:
Many problems worry the teenagers. Among them, some are

1. Unwanted hairs.
2. Tension of gaining height more and more.
3. Irritability grows in them.
4. Mood swings are also faced by them.
5. They become reckless in this period.
6. They also become aggressive.
7. They feel depression during this phase.
8. They try hard to look like adult.
9. They feel rebelling towards their parents.
10. They always try to impress others.

Question 2.
Make a list of games that teenagers love to play.
Answer:
The teenagers love to play these games:

1. Badminton
2. Chess
3. Carrom
4. Cycling.
5. bike-racing
6. cricket
7. football
8. basket ball

The Teen Horrors Summary in Hindi

The body and mind grows rapidly during the teenage. There are many changes of hormones in this age-phase. Due to which the teenagers feel and face many problems. Body changes are mostly ocurred during this age-phase. For his they have to face irritability and changes in mood and recklessness, aggression and depression, laziness and also rebel feelings towards their parents.

A teenager also faces the tension of gaining height. They become more responsible, mature and adult like during this age. They come close to some persons in this phase that teaches -them to know about their identity. So, teenage is very important phase of a person.

The Teen Horrors Summary in Hindi

किशोरावस्था में शरीर और दिमाग में तीव्र परिवर्तन सामने आते हैं। इस दौर में किशोरों के शरीर में हार्मोन संबंधी भी कई परिवर्तन होते हैं। इस कारण से किशोर कई प्रकार की समस्याओं को महसूस करते हैं और उन समस्याओं का सामना भी करना होता है उन्हें । शरीर में परिवर्तन भी सबसे ज्यादा इसी समय होते हैं। इस कारण से उनमें चिडचिडापन, मठ में परिवर्तन, असावधानी, उग्र स्वभाव और दबाव भी आ जाता है। साथ ही उनमें आलसपन और माता-पिता का विरोध करने का अवगुण भी आ जाता है।

किशोरों में अपनी लम्बाई बढ़ाने की चिन्ता भी खूब होती है। इस दौर में वे समझदार, जिम्मेवार और परिपक्व होते हैं और वयस्कों की तरह होने लगते हैं। वे कुछ लोगों के ज्यादा करीब आते हैं जिससे उनमें अपनी पहचान के बारे में समझ बनती है। अत: किसी व्यक्ति में यह उम्र का दौर सबसे ज्यादा महत्वपूर्ण होता है।

The Teen Horrors Hindi Translation of The Chapter

Age group (n) [एक ग्रूप] = उम्र-समूह | Labelled (v) [लेबल्ड] . = भेद करना, वर्ग-समूह में बांटना | Period (n) [पीरिअड] = अवस्था, दौर । Mood (n) [मूड] = मन । Temperament (n) [टेम्परामेन्ट] = स्वभाव । Pleasant (adj)[प्लेजेन्ट] = खुश करने वाला । Horrible (adj) हॉरिबल] = डराने वाला । Transit (v) [ट्रान्जिट] = गमन या प्रवेश करना । Smoothly (adv) [स्मूदली] = सहजता-सरलता से । Adulthood (m) [अडल्टहूड] = वयस्क होने की अवस्था । Worse (adj) [वर्स) = बेहद बुरा या खराब । Unwanted (adj) [अनवान्टेड] = न चाहा गया, नापसंद किया जाने वाला। Curves (n) [कस] = घुमाव, गोलाइयाँ । Awkward (adj) [ऑकवर्ड] = भद्दा | Spurts (n)[स्पर्ट्स = कठिन मेहनत/श्रम । Basic (adj)[बेसिक] = मूलतः, प्रारम्भिक । Facts (n) [फैक्ट्स ] = तथ्य । Normally (adv) [नार्मलि) = सामान्य रूप से | Growth (n) [ग्रोथ] = विकास ।

Puberty (n) [पूबर्टि] = यौवन, तरुण अवस्था। Inwards (adv) [इनवर्ड्स] = अंदर की ओर । Onset (n) [ऑनसेट] = आक्रमण, चढ़ाई। Estimate (v) [एस्टिमेट] = अनुमान करना । Spine (n) [स्पाइन] = पीठ की रीढ़ । Expansion (n) (एक्सपेन्सन] = विस्तार | Pelvis (n) [पेल्विस] = कमर का हिस्सा, वस्तिप्रदेश | Hips (n) [हिप्स] = नितंब, पृष्ठभाग | Sudden (adj) (सडन] = आकस्मिक, अचानक । Spurt (n) [स्पर्ट्स = प्रयत्न, कोशिश । Clumsy (adj) [क्लमजी] = पेचीदा | Centre (n) [सेन्टर] = केन्द्र । Gravity (m) [विटी) = भारीपन । Irritability (n) [इरिटिबिलिटी] = चिड़चिड़ापन । Swing (v) [स्विंग = परिवर्तन करना । Concern (n) [कनसन] = संबंध । Requirement (n) [रिक्वायरमेन्ट] = जरूरत, आवश्यकता | Recipe (n) [रिसाइप] = नुस्खा | Row (n) [रो] = कलह, झगड़ा । Scientific (adj) |साइंटिफिक] = वैज्ञानिक । Varying (adj) [वैरिइंग] = परिवर्तन करने वाला ।

Hormones (n) [हारमोन्स) = शरीर का पुष्टिकर रासायनिक तत्व । Recklessness (n)[रेकनेसनेस] = असावधानी । Depression (n) [डिप्रेशन] = दबाव । Despite (adv)[डिस्पाइट] = बावजूद I Upheavel (n) |अपहीवल] = बढ़ना | Adolescent (adj) [एडॉलेसेन्ट) = यौवनप्राप्त । Loathe (v) [लोद] = घृणा करना, नफरत करना । Behaviour (m) [बिहेविअर) = व्यवहार । Impressing (v) [इम्प्रेसिंग) = प्रभावित करना । Goofing up (phr) [गफिंग अप] = मूर्खतापूर्ण गलतियाँ करना । Disapproval (n) [डिस्एप्रूवल) = अस्वीकृति । Rebelling (v) [रिबेलिंग] = विरोध करना | Risk (n) |रिस्क] = खतरा | Experiment (n) [एक्सपेरिमेन्ट] = प्रयोग । Responsibility (n) [रेस्पॉन्सिबिलिटी] = दायित्व । Action (n) [एक्शन] = कार्य । Mature (adj) [मैच्योर] = परिपक्व | Adult-like (adj) [एडल्ट-लाइक] = वयस्क की तरह | Advanced (adj) [एडवान्स्ड] = उन्नत ।

Emerge (v) [इमर्ज] = प्रकट होना । Emotional (adj) (इमोशनल) = भावनात्मक । Region (n) [रीजन] = क्षेत्र | Acquire (v) [एक्वायर] = प्राप्त करना । Ability (n) |एबिलिटी) = योग्यता । Sense (n) |सेन्ड] = समझ। Extraordinary (adj) (एक्स्ट्राऑर्डिनरी] = असाधारण । Intense (adj) [इन्टेन्स] = तीव्र, गहरा | Researcher (n)[रिसर्चर] = शोधकर्ता | Identified (v) [आइडेन्टिफाइड] = पहचाने । Pathways (n) [पाथवेज] = रास्ते । Intimacy (n) [इन्टिमेसी] = घनिष्ठता | Identity (n) [आइडेन्टिटी] = पहचान । Involve (v) [इनवॉल्व] = शामिल करना । Openness (n) [ओपननेस] = खुलापन । Trust (n) [ट्रस्ट] = विश्वास | Maturity (n) (मैच्योरिटी] = परिपक्वता । Right ahead (phr) [राइट अहेड] = सीधे आगे।

Hope the data shared has shed some light on you regarding the Bihar Board Solutions of Class 8 English The Teen Horrors Questions and Answers . Do leave us your queries via the comment section and we will guide you at the earliest with help seeked. Stay connected with our website and avail the latest information in a matter of seconds.

Students who wish to prepare the Class 8 English can rely on the Bihar Board Class 8 English Book SolutionsVoice. Become perfect with the concepts of BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Grammar Voice Questions and Answers score better grades in your exams. Detailed Solutions are provided to the concepts by experts keeping in mind the latest edition textbooks and syllabus.

BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Grammar Voice

Verb का वह रूप जो यह बतलाता है कि वाक्य में verb का प्रयोग _subject के अनुसार है या object के अनुसार, Voice कहलाता है ।

Voice के दो भेद हैं :

1. Active Voice एक्टिव वॉयस कर्तृवाक्य
2. Passive Voice पैसिव वॉयस कर्मवाच्य

1. Active Voice (कर्तृवाच्य)-Verb के जिस रूप से subject (कर्ता) की प्रधानता मालूम पड़े, Active Voice कहलाता है । जैसे Hari eats a mango.

2.Passive Voice (कर्मवाच्य) Verb के जिस रूप से object की प्रध नता मालूम पड़े, उसे Passive Voice कहते हैं। जैसे Amango is eaten by Hari.

Active Voice से Passive Voice में बदलने के नियम निम्नलिखित हैं

1. Passive Voice में Active Voice का Obect subject के स्थान पर subject Object के स्थान पर आ जाता है ।
2. Object के साथ by का प्रयोग होता है
3. Verb का तीसरा रूप अर्थात Past Participle हो जाता है ।

नीचे दिये गये उदाहरण से छात्र इसे समझने का प्रयास करें ।

1. Active – Hari eats a mango.
2. Passive. – A mango is eaten by Hari.

ऊपर के उदाहरण में Active Voice में Hari को subject के स्थान पर रखा गया है । जबकि दूसरे वाक्य में इसे वाक्य के अन्त में अर्थात object के स्थान पर रखा गया है।

इसी तरह प्रथम वाक्य में प्रयुक्त object mango दूसरे वाक्य में subject के स्थान पर रखा गया है | object के साथ by का प्रयोग हुआ

है और मुख्य क्रिया ‘eat’ अपने तीसरे रूप (eaten) में प्रयुक्त है।

Note : Active Voice वाक्य subject Auxaliary Verb (is/am/are/was/were)
के प्रयाग नहीं Passive Voice में Subject के अनुसार Auxiliary Verb का प्रयोग जरूरी है। ऊपर के उदाहरण में इसे ध्यान से देखें। नीचे का उदाहरण भी देखें ।

1. Active – Mohan reads a book.
2. Passive – A book is read by Mohan.

Active Voice से Passive Voice में बदलने के नियम Tense के अनुसार निम्नलिखित हैं

Present Indefinite (सिंपल प्रेजेंट)
Example:
Mohan loves Suresh
Suresh is loved by Mohan.

अगर Pronoun का प्रयोग subject की तरह हो तो Pronoun निम्नलिखित रूप में बदलते हैं

I – me, we – us, you – you, he-him, they – them, sleher etc.

1. I kill a tiger – A tiger is killed by me.
2. We read the Ramayan – The Ramayan is read by us.

Present Imperfect

1. I am reading a book – A book is being read by me.
2. You are doing this work. – This work is being done by you.

इस Tense के Passive Voice में being का प्रयोग होता है ।

Present Perfect I have done this work. This work has been done by me. He has killed a tiger. A tiger has been killed by us. इस Tense art Passive been

Note : Present Perfect Continuous वाक्य Passive Voice a नहाता बटना

Past Indefinite

1. Active – Ram ate a bread.
2. Passive – A bread was eaten by Ram.
3. Active – He saw me.
4. Passive I was seen by him.

Past Imperfect

1. Active – He was singing a song.
2. Passive – A song was being sung by him.
3. Active – Ram was reading a book.
4. Passive – A book was being read by Ram.

Note: इस Tense के Passive Voice में being का प्रयोग होता है।

Past Perfect

1. Active – I had killed a tiger.
2. Passive – A tiger had been killed by me.
3. Active – Radha had read the lesson.
4. Passive – The lesson had been read by Radha.

Past Perfect Continuous का Passive form नहीं होता है ।

Future Indefinite

1. Active – I shall do this work.
2. Passive – This work will be done by me.
3. Active – She will sing a song.
4. Passive – A song will be sung by her.

इस Tense में प्रयाग होता

Future Perfect

1. Active – I shall have done this work.
2. Passive – This work will have been done by me.
3. Active – Shyam will have sing a song.
4. Passive – A song will have been sung by Shyam.

इस Tense में Passive Voice में been का प्रयोग होता है Future Imperfect site Future Perfect Continuous Tense के Passive Voice नहीं होता है।

Hope the data shared has shed some light on you regarding the Bihar Board Solutions of Class 8 English Grammar Voice Questions and Answers . Do leave us your queries via the comment section and we will guide you at the earliest with help seeked. Stay connected with our website and avail the latest information in a matter of seconds.

Students who wish to prepare the Class 8 English can rely on the Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Chapter 14 She Lived her Dream. Become perfect with the concepts of BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Chapter 14 She Lived her Dream Questions and Answers score better grades in your exams. Detailed Solutions are provided to the concepts by experts keeping in mind the latest edition textbooks and syllabus.

BSEB Bihar Board Class 8 English Book Solutions Chapter 14 She Lived her Dream

Ace up your preparation by referring to the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 8 English and learn all the topics within. Click on the topic you want to prepare from the Class 8 Chapter 14 She Lived her Dream Questions and Answers prepare it easily. You can understand your strengths and weaknesses by practicing the Questions in Bihar Board Class 8 English Solutions PDF.

Bihar Board Class 8 English She Lived her Dream Text Book Questions and Answers

A. Warmer

Women are surely progressing in India. They are not only becoming independent but also trying to bring about a positive change in society. Such women are everywhere in our country from north to south and from east to west.

Question 1.
Have you heard or read about any such woman ?
Answer:
Yes, there are many such women bringing a positive change in society. I have read and heard about such women. Many women are now making their tribute in journalism, in the field of business in Cinema and T.V. serial programmed and in many jobs their strong presence is felt.

Question 2.
Do you know who is the first woman president of India?
Answer:
The first woman president of India is Smt. Pratibha Devi Singh Patil.

B. Let’s Comprehend

B. 1. Think and Tell

Question 1.
Why did Kalpana Chawla never return from the space ?
Answer:
Her space ship ‘Columbia Shuttle’ broke apart and she died in the mishap.

Question 2.
What did Kalpana like to do as a child ?
Answer:
She like to choose flying as a career and draw pictures of air ships.

Question 3.
Who was Jean Pierre Harrison ?
Answer:
He was her flying instructor and her husband.

Question 4.
When did Kalpana make her first flight in the space ?
Answer:
On 19 November, 1997 she made her first flight in the space.

Question 5.
What did Kalpana and her husband like to do ?
Answer:
They loved aerial aerobatics, tiking, back packing and reading.

Question 6.
What made Kalpana an unusual child ?
Answer:
Her love for the skies and space made her an unusual child.

B. 2. Think and Write

B. 2. 1. Answer the following questions

Question 1.
“Many hoped for a miracle” (para 1). What miracle could have happened ?
Answer:
The miracle could have happened of Kalpana being somehow safe in the accident. People expected that anywhere they could find her alive.

Question 2.
How was Kalpana different from the other children of her age group ?
Answer:
The other children used to play different games. At that time, Kalpana used to draw pictures of sky, space and different kind of airships.

Question 3.
Which fact of Kalpana’s career shows that she had the qualities of an astronaut ? Pick out the line that conveys this.
Answer:
The lines from the chapter that conveys the statement are “On 19 November, 1997, she made her first flight in an American space shuttle for fifteen days. It took her only 90 minutes to circle the earth ! Kalpana and her husband loved aerial aerobatics, hiking, back packing and reading.”

Question 4.
What was Kalpana’s greatest achievement before she died ?
Answer:
Kalpana became the source of inspiration of mil-lions of people that if they tried and did hard labour they could also live their dream. Becoming an astronaut for NASA, Kalpana had inspired millions of people in this regard. This was Kalpana’s greatest achievement before she died.

Question 5.
List the activities that show that she loved her country.
Answer:
Kalpana’s activities that shows that she loved her country are as such

1. Though she accepted American citizen ship, she did not forget her country.
2. She paid through her own account for the trip of two talented children from her native town to visit NASA. This she used to do every year.
3. Kalpana used to pay for the education of many girls of her country.

Question 6.
List two instances from the lesson when Kalpana managed to win over her parents. What do they show about Kalpana’s character ?
Answer:
First instance from the lesson for this regard is – Her businessman father wanted her to marry and settle down. But she managed to choose Hying as a career. She became the just aeronautical engineer in 1982 from Punjab Engineering College, against the wish of her father.

Second instanee – her father wanted her to settle down in her own country. But she opposed to his wish and went to U.S. for her post-graduate studies.
The above two instances are enough to prove that Kalpana was of a strong character. She was determined to live her dream. She was of a firm character.

C. Word Study

C. 1. Pick out words/expressions from the text that mean the; following and use them in your own sentences to make the meaning clear

Question 1.
Start living in one place (para 3),
fell into pieces (para 1),
convinced (para 2) journey by air (para 5),
every year (para 6)
Answer:
Words/Expressions – Meaning words from the text

1. Start living in one place – settle down
2. fell into pieces – broke apart
3. convinced – managed
4. journey by air – flight
5. every year – annually

Use of the words in own sentences to make the meaning

1. Settle down – I want to settle down
2. Broke apart – The aeroplane broke apart in the explosion.
3. Managed – He managed to convince his teacher.
4. Elight – The bird made her first flight.
5. Annually – The prizes are rendered annually.

C. 2. In this word puzzle there are live hidden words ail connected with space. The words are horizontal or vertical. Encircle the words and write them, in the space provided.

Question 1.

Answer:
(Aviation, Airplane, Plane, Aeronautic, Astronat, Orbit.)

D. Grammar

Use of ‘have to’ as a modal verb.
There are many verbs which are used as modal verbs may, can, will, etc. You may have already learnt how to use some of the modal verbs. In this lesson, we will learn the use of ‘have to’ in English.

‘have to’ is used to mean that something is necessary. It can be’ used in all tenses. It is used in the following way in affirmative sentences :

subjct + modal (have to/has to) + verb
I have to wash my clothes today.
He has to write a report.
She had to go to the bank yesterday.

In affirnative statements, ‘have to’ and ‘must’ have a similar meaning. In negative statements, ‘must not’ and ‘not have to’ are very different, ‘must not’ expresses prohbition or strong obligation and ‘not have to’ gives the sense of ‘not necessary’, ‘not required’, or ‘not expected’.

You must not cheat on a test.
I must not eat chocolate. It’s bad for my teeth.
You don’t have to buy a guide book.
We don’t have to spend any money to enter the museum. You don’t have to come if you don’t want to.
In negative statements, we follow this rule :
Subject + don’t/doesn’t have to + Verb
Example : We don’t have to work tomorrow. He doesn’t have to wear a uniform to school.

D. 1. Use the correct of ‘have to’ with the verbs given hi brackets to complete the sentences.

Question 1.

1. Do you ______ late tonight ? (work)
2. Anwesha ______ a letter to Ananya. (write)
3. Where do you ______ your work ? (do)
4. Anshu ______ hard to pass to exam, (work)
5. Did you ______ long forAshu? (wait)
6. He ______ this chapter before test, (read)
7. I ______ early yesterday, (get up)
8. Aslam may ______ Delhi next week, (visit)

Answer:

1. Do you have to work late tonight ?
2. Anwesha has to write a letter to Ananya.
3. Wehre do you have to do your work ?
4. Anshu has to work hard to pass the exam.
5. Did you have to wait long for Ashu ?
6. He has to read this chapter before test.
7. I had to get up early yesterday.
8. Aslam may have to visit Delhi next week.

D. 2. Choose the correct alternative.

Question 1.

1. Ayesha says she willmust/will have to finish her home work by tomorrow.
2. Anshu’s phone line is engaged, he has to/must be talking to his mother.
3. My mother told me I will not have to/must not for-get to buy some bread.
4. Ashu is in a hurry with his work; he must/has to gi ve the report by tomorrow morning.
5. You must/will have to buy something to get a free gift.
6. I can’t hear Abhinav any more, he has to be/must be alseep.
7. Anita’s watch is not working; she must/will have to b uy a new one.
8. The T.V. has been repaired, we must not/don’t have to buy a new one.
9. You will have to/must stop when the traffic light is red.
10. You will have to/must work hard if he wants to pass his exam.

Answer:

1. will have to
2. must be
3. not have to
4. must
5. will have to
6. must be
7. will have to
8. don’t have to
9. must
10. will have to

Look at these sentences : People were planning to celebrate her return It was to land in Florida.

The underlined words are called infinitives. Find out some more sentences having infinitives. Now have more examples and
explanations of infinitives in the table below :

Examples	Explanation
I want to leave.	An infinitive is used after certain verbs.
I want him to leave.	An object can be added before an infinitive.
I’m happy to see you.	An infinitive can follow certain adjectives.
It’s important to learn English	An infinitive follows certain expressions with it.
I’m saving my money in	An infinitive is used to show purpose.
order to buy a bicycle. He’s old enough to	An infinitive is used after expressions with
vote. She’s too young to get married	too and enough.
I want to read and write English well.	In a sentence with two infinitives connected by, the second to is usually omitted.
Everyone wants to be given an opportunity to succeed.	To make an infinitive passive use to be + past participle.

The following verbs can be followed by an infinitive :

1. agree – forget- offer
2. appear – hate – plan
3. attempt- hope- prefer
4. begin- intend- prepare
5. can/can’t afford- know how- pretend
6. choose- learn- promise
7. continue- like- seem
8. decide – love- start
9. deserve- manage- try
10. expect- need- want
11. wish- would like- refuse

D. 3. Find out at least four examples of infinitives used in the lesson
Answer:
Examples of infinitives from the lesson
to return, to celebrate, to land,
to become, to go, to circle, to get married
to be given, to inspire.

D. 4. Fill in the blanks with an infinitive.
Example : I like to eat samosa.

Question 1.

1. I don’t like ______ but I have to it anyway.
2. I can’t afford ______
3. I’ve decide ______
4. I want ______ but I don’t have enough time.
5. I don’t want ______ but I have to do it.
6. I sometimes forget ______
7. I love ______
8. I need ______ and ______ every day.
9. I don’t know how ______ but I would like to learn.
10. I would like ______

Answer:

1. I don’t like to agree, but I have to it anyway.
2. I can’t afford to purchase it.
3. I  decided to continue.
4. I want to study, but I don’t have enough time.
5. I don’t want to prepare, but I have to do it.
6. I sometimes forget to play.
7. I love to swim.
8. I need to read and to write everyday.
9. I don’t know how to learn, but I would like to learn.
10. I would like to try.

D. 5. Fill in the blanks with the passive of the verb in brackets.

Example : She has to be told (tell) the truth about her friend’s illness.

1. Children have ______ (teach) right from wrong.
2. He has ______ (take) to the doctor immediately.
3. Children need ______ (give) love.
4. It is important ______ (respect) by our friends.
5. Anuj doesn’t want ______ (see) in that dress.
6. She is too young ______ (permit) to drive.

Answer:

1. Children have to be taught right from wrong.
2. He has to be taken to the doctor immediately.
3. Children need to be given love.
4. It is important to be given respect by our friends.
5. Anuj doesn’t want to be seen in that dress.
6. She is too young to be permitted to drive.

E. Let’s Talk

E. 1. Talking about the daily routine

Question 1.
Give each student a card with time written on it for the whole day. The teaher asks questions like ‘What did you do yesterday at 6.00 a.m ? ” The student should write the answer in the past tense from e.g. ‘Woke up’ against the time-mentioned. The teacher continues to ask questions and the students complete writing their daily routine on the card.

Now each student can talk about their daily routine, with the help of the activity they have done, the whole day or he/ she did yesterday at a particular time of the day.
Answer:
Anikt: What did you do yesterday at 6.00 am ?
Preet: Woke up.
Raja: What did you do yesterday at 7.00 a.m. ?
Pallavi : Took my breakfast.
Raju: What did you do yesterday at 8.00 a.m. ?
Vijay: Gone to school.
Pawar: What did you do yesterday at 5.00 p.m. ?
Ranu: Gone to field to play.

F. Let’s Write

Question 1.
Read the following table. It gives you some information about the famous astronaut Kalpana Chawala.

Year – Details:
1976 – bom in Kamal, Haryana, India Graduated, Tagore School, Kamal 1988 Ph. D. in Aerospace Engineering, Uni versity of Colorado started work at Nasa 1995 Became an astronaut in Johnson space centre
1997 – Made her first flight in space for 15 days
Jan, 2003 – Flight in Columbia shuttle
Feb, 2003 – Columbia shuttle broke apart, died

With the help of the information given in the table, write a brief account of Kalpana Chawala.
Answer:
Kalpna Chawla was bom in a small town Kamal in Haryana, India. In 1976, she graduated from Tagore School, Kamal. In 1988, she got her Ph.D. degree in Aerospace Engi¬neering from University of Colorado and started working at NASA. She became an astronaut in Johnson space centre in 1995.

Kalpana made her first flight in ‘Columbia Shuttle’ in 2003 in January. This shuttle had broke apart on Feb. 2003 during its landing in Florida. Kalpana met her death in this sorrowful accident. But she lived her dream and became inspiration for the millions of youth.

G. Translation

Question 1.
कल्पना चावला हमारे देश की बालक-बालिकाओं के लिए प्रेरणा का स्रोत है । आज बहुत से बच्चे बड़े होकर उसके जैसे अंतरिक्ष की यात्रा करना चाहते हैं। हमें उनका उत्साह बढ़ाना चाहिए। ऐसे बच्चे हमारे देश की शान हैं। विद्यालय के बच्चों में अंतरिक्ष के प्रति रुचि पैदा करना हमारा कर्तव्य है।
Answer:
Kalpana Chawla is a source of inspiration for our country’s boys and girls. Today, many children want to travel in space when they grow up. We should encourage them. Such children are the glory of our country. It is our duty to create interest for space in the school going children.

H. Activity

1. Collect the pictures of all sorts space shuttle and paste them in your note book.
2. Try to find out how a space shuttle works: e.g., what load it carries, which fuel is used to make it run and on what

principle it runs.
You many take the help of your teacher or gather information from Internet
Hints : Do these activities yourselves.

She Lived her Dream Summary in English

Kalpana Chawla was born in a small town Karnal in Haryana. Her family belonged to a traditional middle class. Her father was a businessman. She was the youngest child of four children. Her father wanted her to marry and settle down. Just like other girls do. But Kalpana had a dream. Her dream was to become an astronaut. She didn’t care for her family’s opposition and achieved her dream.

She met her sad death while returning on earth from her ‘Columbia Shuttle’ on Febuary 2003. Millions of people became sad on her death. This was her great achievement. Kalpana lived her dream. She has now become an inspiration for millions of people that if they labour-hard, they can also live their dream.

She Lived her Dream Summary in Hindi

कल्पना चावला का जन्म हरियाणा राज्य के एक छोटे शहर करनाल में हुआ था। उसका परिवार एक पारम्परिक मध्यमवर्गीय परिवार था। उसके पिता एक व्यापारी थे। वह चार भाई-बहनों में सबसे छोटी थी। उसके पिता चाहते थे कि अन्य लड़कियों की तरह वह भी शादी करके अपना घर बसा ले। लेकिन कल्पना ने तो एक सपना देखा था और उसे अपना सपना पूरा करना था।

उसका सपना था एक अंतरिक्ष यात्री बनने का। उसने अपने परिवार के विरोध की परवाह नहीं की और अपने सपने को साकार करके ही दम ली। फरवरी, 2003 में ‘कोलम्बिया शटल’ नामक यान से अंतरिक्ष से धरती आने के दौरान यान में विस्फोट होने से उसकी दुखद मौत हो गयी। लाखों लोग उसकी मौत से गहरे शोक में डब गये । यह उसकी उपलब्धि थी। – कल्पना ने अपने सपने को साकार किया। अब वह लाखों लोगों के लिए प्रेरणा बन गयी है कि यदि वे भी कड़ी मेहनत करें तो वे भी अपने सपने को साकार कर सकते हैं।

She Lived her Dream Hindi Translation of The Chapter

Excited (adj) [एक्साइटेड] = उत्तेजित, उत्साहित । Space shuttle (n) [स्पेस शटल) = अंतरिक्ष यान । Broke apart (phr) [ब्रोक अपार्ट] = टुकड़े-टुकड़े हो गया । To land (v) [टू लैन्ड] = जमीन पर उतरना । हवाई जहाज का । Miracle (n) [मिरेकल] = चमत्कार I Million (n) [मिलियन] = दस लाख की संख्या । Orbit (n)[ऑर्बिट] = ग्रह का पथ/रास्ता ।None theless (adv)[नन्दलेस] = तो भी, तथापि । Traditional (adj) [ट्रेडिशनल] = पारम्परिक | Middle class (n) [मिडिल क्लास] = मध्यमवर्गीय | Youngest (adj) [यंगेस्ट] = सबसे छोटी । Project (n) [प्रोजेक्ट] = योजना । Outer (adj) [आउटर] = बाहरी । Airplane (n) [एअरप्लेन] = वायुयान । Instead of (phr) [इन्स्टीड ऑफ] = के बदले में । Shock (v)[शॉक] =

धक्का लगना । Manage (v)(मैनेज] = उपाय या प्रबंध करना । Aeronau-tical (adi) [एअरोनॉटिकल] = वैमानिक, विमान संबंधी | Engineer (n) [इन्जिनियर] = यंत्रकार, अभियंता । Settle down (phr) [सेटल डाउन] = किसी काम को करके या शादी करके स्थायी तौर पर कहीं बस जाना। Strongly (adv)[स्ट्रांगली) = मजबूती से । Oppose (v) [अपोज] = विरोध करना । Postgraduate (n) [पोस्टग्रैजुएट] = एम. ए. की पढ़ाई, परा-स्नातक या स्नातक के ऊपर की पढ़ाई | Degree (n) [डिग्री] = उपाधि । Doctorate (n) [डॉक्टरेट] = डॉक्टर का पद या उपाधि । Instructor (n) [इन्स्ट्रक्टर] = निर्देशक, निर्देश देने वाला | Aviation (n) [एविएशन] = वायुयान चलाना । Research (n) [रिसर्च) = शोध ।Centre (n) (सेन्टर] = केन्द्र 

Selected (v) [सिलेक्टेड] = चुनी गयी। Applicant (n) [एप्लिकेन्ट] = आवेदक, अभ्यर्थी | Flight (n) [फ्लाइट] = उड़ान | Space (n) [स्पेस] = अंतरिक्ष । To circle (v) [टू सर्कल] = चक्कर लगाना । Aerial (adj) [एरिअल] = वायवीय, वायु संबंधी । Packing (v) [पैकिंग] = यात्रा का सामान बाँधना । Aerobatics (n) [एयरोबेटिक्स) = हवाई जहाज का सर्कस | Accepted (v) [एक्सेरटेड] = स्वीकार की | Award (n) [अवार्ड] = पारितोषिक । Citizenship (n) [सिटिजेनशिप] = नागरिकता | Trip (n) [ट्रिप] = यात्रा | Talented (adj)[टैलेन्टेड] = प्रतिभाशाली । Instituted (v) [इन्स्टीट्यूटेड) = प्रारंभ करना या फिर प्रचलित करना । Annually (adv) [एनुअली] = सालाना रूप से, हर साल होने वाला । Bravery (n) [ब्रेवरी] = वीरता, बहादुरी । Service (n) [सर्विस] = सेवा  Achivement (n) [एचिवमेन्ट) = उपलब्धि । Continue (v) [कन्टीन्यू] = जारी रखना । Inspire (v) [इन्स्पायर] = प्रेरणा देना ।

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Bihar Board Class 10 English Grammar Narration Direct and Indirect Speech

Reporting (Narration)
Direct से Indirect Speech बनाने के लिए Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative, Optative and Exclamatory Sentences for जा सकते है। आगे दिए गए Examples को ध्यान से पढ़ें
Change the following sentences into the indirect form of speech.
Note: उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (Italics) में दिया गया है।

A. Assertive Sentences (Statements)

Rewrite the following into indirect form of speech:

1. He said to her, “You were absent yesterday.”
He told her that she was absent the previous day.

2. He said, “It was nine days wonder.”
He said that it had been nine days wonder.

3. The boy said to me. “You are my best friend.”
The boy told me that I was his (boy) best friend.

4. The teacher said in the class, “India is an independent country.”
The teacher said in the class that India is an independent country.

5. The teacher said, “The Ganga is a beautiful river.”
The teacher said that the Ganga is a beautiful river.

6. The old man said, “The sun rises in the east.”
The old man said that the sun rises in the east.”

7. The teacher said, “The earth is round.”
The earth The teacher said that the earth is round.

8. The teacher said, “When the cat is away, the mice will play.
The teacher said that when the cat is away mice will play.

9. “I loved my father well”, said the son.
The son said that he had loved his father well.

10. The teacher said, “Honesty pays in the long run.”
The teacher said that honesty pays in the long run.

11. Hermia said, “I am going to leave Athens.”
Hermia said that she was going to leave Athens.

12. The sage told me, “No one can steal your knowledge.”
The sage told me that no one can steal my knowledge.

13. He said to her, “I shall help you in your work.”
He told her that he would help her in her work.

14. “I wrote him a letter yesterday”, said the girl.
The girl said that she had written him a letter the day before.

15. He said, “God is everywhere.”
He said that God is everywhere.

16. The traveller said, “I went from place to place.
The traveller said that he had gone from place to place.

17. He said, “It was a nine days wonder.”
He said that it had been a nine days’ wonder.

18. The teacher said in the class. India is an independent country.
The teacher said in the class that India is an independent country.

19. The girl said, “I never saw such a lovely bird in my life.”
The girl said that she had never seen such a lovely bird in her life.

20. My father said, “The sun rises in the east.”
My father said that the sun rises in the east.

21. The driver said to the passengers, “The bus is damaged.”
The driver told the passengers that the bus was damaged.

22. She said, “I am going home.”
She said that she was going home.

23. He said, “The sunsets in the evening.”
He said that the sun sets in the evening.

24. Hari said, “Charity begins at home.”
Hari said that charity begins at home.

25. Ramesh said to the teacher, “Sir, I am very sorry.”
Ramesh respectfully told the teacher that he was very sorry.

26. He said, “I saw this man long ago.”
He said that he had seen that man long before.

27. The teacher said to the boys, “I will teach you English Grammar today.”
The teacher told the boys that he would teach them English Grammar that day.

28. She said to me, “I shall call on you tomorrow.”
She told me that she would call on me the next day.

B. Commands and Request (Imperative Sentences)

Change the following sentences into indirect speech:

1. He said to me, ‘Please give me a book.”
He requested me to give him a book.

2. She said to me. “Do not sit here.”
She forbade me to sit there.

3. The teacher said to Gopal, “Bring a glass of water.”
The teacher asked Gopal to bring a glass of water.

4. The mother said to her daughter, “Go to the market.”
The mother asked her daughter to go to the market.

5. He said to me, “go home.”
He asked me to go home.

6. The student said to the teacher. “Please help him.”
The student requested the teacher to help him.

7. The teacher said. “Sit down.”
The teacher ordered the boy to sit down.

8. The student said to the teacher, “Please allow me to leave for two days.”
The student requested the teacher to allow him to leave for two days.

9. He said to me. “Please send me your book.”
He requested me to send him my book.

10. The teacher said to the boys, “do not make a noise.”
The teacher forbade the boys to make a noise.

11. Titania said to Bottom. “getaway.”
Titania order Bottom to getaway.

12. The master said to the servant, “Bring me a glass of water.”
The master ordered the servant to bring him a glass of water.

13. The father said to his son, “Don’t smoke.”
The father ordered his son not to smoke.

14. He said to the boys, “Don’t touch these flowers.”
He ordered the boys not to touch the flowers.

15. The boys said to the teacher, “Please teìch us English Grammar.”
The boys requested the teacher to teach them English Grammar.

16. He said to me,“Please come as early as you can.”
He requested me to come as early as I could.

17. “Come and sit with me on the bed of flowers”, said Titania to Bottom.
Titania asked Bottom to come and sit with her on the bed of Flowers.

18. Sonal said to her husband, “Please put a shawl on me.”
Sonal requested her husband to put a shal on lier.

19. The banker said to the lawyer. “Come to your senses before it is too late.”
The banker asked the lawyer to come to his senses before it was too late.

20. Ram said to me, “Let us go home.”
Ram proposed to me that we should go home.

21. He said. “Let me go out.”
He wished that he should go out.

22. He said to me, “Please give me a book.”
He requested me to give him a book.

23. I said to her, “Please follow me.”
I requested her to follow me.

24. He said to the child, “Don’t run so fast.”
He forbade the child lo run so fast.

25. She said to me. “Try your luck elsewhere.”
She said to me to try my luck elsewhere.

26. They said to their teacher, “Please forgive us.”
They requested their teacher to forgive them.

27. Her friend said to her. “Prepare all lessons carefully.”
Her friend advised her to prepare all lessons carefully.

28. “Stop that horrible noise”. he said to the children.
He ordered the children to stop that horrible noise.

29. The mother said to her child. “Do not play in the sun.”
The mother forbade her child to play in the sun.

30. The master said to his servant, “Post the letter.”
The master ordered his servant to post the letter.

31. The teacher said o the boys, “Read your lesson well.”
The teacher ordered the boys to read their lesson well.

32. The old man said to the servant, “Close the door.”
The old man ordered the servant to close the door.

33. The captain of the team said to the players, “Try to win.”
The captain of the team advised the players to try to win.

34. The student said to the teacher. “Please help me.”
The student requested the teacher to help him.

35. The commander said to his men, “Fight well.”
The commander ordered his men to fight well.

36. The doctor said to the patient “Take exercise daily.”
The doctor advised them to take exercise daily.

C. Imperative Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

1. The poet said to the little girl, “Where are yow brothers and sisters?”
The poet asked the little girls where her brothers and sisters were.

2. The beggar said to me, “Will you lead me to the station?”
The beggar asked me ill would lead him to the station.

3. Ravi said to me, “Are you going to the market now?”
Ravi asked me if I was going to the market then.

4. “Whom do you want”, He said tome.
He asked me as lo who wanted.

5. He said to me. “What do you want?”
He asked me what I wanted.

6. He said to us, “Do you know me?”
He asked us if we knew him.

7. Shankar said to me, “Are you going to the market now?”
Shankar asked me if I was going to the market then.

8. My mother said to me, “Why are you wasting my time?
My mother asked the why was wasting her time.

9. The hoy said, “What is she doing here?”
The boy asked what she was doing there.

10. He said to him. “What were you doing yesterday?”
He asked him what he had been doing the previous day.

11. “Why are you laughing?” the wife asked him.
The wife asked him why he was laughing.

12. The teacher said to the student, “Do you know which is the smallest country in the world?”
The teacher asked the student if he knew which the smallest country in the world was.

13. “Do you want to go?” the father asked his son.
The lather asked his soil if he wanted to go.

14. The teacher said to the student, “When do you get up in the morning?”
The teacher asked the student when he got up in the morning.

15. Reena said to Meena, “What are you doing?”
Rena asked Meena what she was doing.

16. I said to him, “What is the matter!”
I asked him what the matter was.

17. He said to her. “What do you want?”
He asked her what she wanted.

18. He said,” Where is my bicycle?”
He asked where his bicycle was.

19. The Emperor said to the young man. “Do you know what will happen to you if you fail?”
The Emperor asked the young man if he knew what would happen to him if he failed.

20. “What are you doing here, Helena?” asked Hernia.
Hernia asked Helena what she was doing there.

21. She said,” Why did he not come in with me?”
She asked why he had not come in with her.

22. The banker said. “Why did I make this bet?”
The hanker asked why he had made that bet.

23. He said to the boys. “When were the seven youths shot dead at Ranchi!”
He asked the boss when the seven youths had been shot dead at Ranchi.

24. He said to me. “Have you written the letter?”
He asked me ill had written the letter.

25. They said, “Where is the teacher?”
They asked where the teacher was.

26. The teacher said to the boy. “Do you hope to get through.”
The teacher asked the boy if he hoped to get through.

27. The girl said to me. “Who are you?”
The girl asked me 3who I was.

28. He said to me. “Have you seen my book?”
He asked me if I had seen his book.

29. I said to him.”Are you going to Ranchi today?”
He asked him if he was going to Ranchi that day.

30. He said to me “Why did you laugh at me?”
He asked me why I had laughed at him.

31. Mohan said to me, “How are you?”
Mohan asked me how I was.

32. I said to him, “Don’t you believe me?”
He asked me where the doctor n.

33. The teacher said to the boys, “Have you finished the lesson?”
The teacher asked the boys if they had finished the lessons.

34. Mohan said to his friend, “When did you go to Delhi?”
Mohan asked his friend when he had gone to Delhi.

D. Optative Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

Question 1.

1. He said to me, “May you succeed?”
2. He said to me, “May you live long?”
3. The faiìer said to his son, “May God help you!”
4. He said, “May God pardon this sinner!”

Answers:

1. He wishes that I might succeed.
2. He wished that I might live long.
3. The father prayed that God might help his son.
4. He prayed that God would pardon that sinner.

Question 2.

1. The priest said to me. “May you live long!”
2. He said to me, “May God Bless you!”
3. He said to me. “May you be happy!”
4. I said (o him. “May you be blessed with a son!”
5. The saint said. “May God grant him long life!”

Answers:

1. The priest wished that I might live long.
2. He prayed that God might bless me.
3. He wished that I might be happy.
4. I wished that he might be blessed with a son.
5. The saint prayed that God might grant him a long life.

E. Exclamatory Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

Question 1.

1. the Poet said, “How beautiful is the moon!”
2. He said to Ram. “What a man he is!”
3. The players said, “Hurrah! we have a great victory.”
4. He said to me, “What a man he is!”
5. The farmer said, “What a loss!”
6. “What a clever disguise!” side the princess.

Answers:

1. The poet exclaimed with a plan that the moon was very beautiful.
2. He exclaimed with surprise that he is a strange man.
3. The players exclaimed with joy that they had a great victory.
4. He exclaimed that he was a wonderful man?
5. The farmer exclaimed with sorrow that it was a great loss.
6. The princess exclaimed with wonder that it was a very clever disguise.

Question 2.

1. The Principal said. “Well done, boys!”
2. Sonu said, “What a beautiful sight it is!”
3. He said, “Good morning!”
4. He said, “How dark the night is!”

Answers:

1. The Principal admired the boys and exclaimed that they had done well.
2. Sonu exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful sight.
3. He wished me a good morning.
4. He exclaimed with surprise that the night was very dark.

Question 3.

1. The girl said. “What a fine morning!”
2. He said. “What a fine place it is’”
3. She said. “What a fool I am!”
4. He said, “How clever I am!”

Answers:

1. The girl exclaimed that it was a very line morning.
2. He exclaimed with wonder that it was a very fine place.
3. She exclaimed with regret that she was a great fool.
4. He exclaimed that he was very clever.

Question 4.

1. Sir said,” What a sweet song!”
2. The children said, “Hurrah! we have won the match.”
3. He said, “Alas! lam ruined.”
4. She said, “What a lovely garden it is!”
5. He said. “Alas! How foolish I have been.”

Answers:

1. She exclaimed with delight that it was a very sweet song.
2. The children exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
3. He exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.
4. She exclaimed with wonder that t was a very lovely garden.
5. He exclaimed with regret that he had been great foolish.

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