Category: Class 11

Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Grammar Reported Speech Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Modal Auxiliaries

Auxiliary Verb (सहायक क्रिया)-जिस Verb में अपना कोई महत्त्व न हो, किन्तु वह मुख्य Verb के साथ मिलकर Tense के बनने में सहायता करे, उसे Auxiliary Verb अथवा Helping Verb कहा जाता है। जैसे –

1. She is going to school.
2. I have finished my work.
3. You will win a prize.
4. I can solve this question.

List of Auxiliary Verbs:

1. Be:am, is, are, was, were
2. Have, has, bad
3. Do, does, did
4. Shall, should
5. Will, would
6. Can, could
7. May, might
8. Must, have to, am to, etc.
9. Ought to
10. Used to
11. Need
12. Dare

Types of Auxiliaries

सहायक क्रियाएँ दो प्रकार की हो सकती हैं –

(1) Primary Auxiliaries
Be :am, is, are, was, were; do, does, did; have, has, had.

(2) Modal Auxiliaries
Will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must (am to, is to, are 10. have to, etc.) ought to, used to, need, dare.

The use of Some Modals

Will and Shall का प्रयोग Will और Shall सम्बन्धी प्रयोग के लिए निम्नलिखित नियम ध्यान में रखिए –

In assertive Sentences

(1) यदि किसी भविष्य की घटना का केवल साधारण रूप में ही वर्णन करना हो, तो- First Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Second और Third Persons के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

I shall finish my work quickly.

(2) यदि वाक्य में किसी भविष्य सम्बन्धी आदेश (command), प्रण (promise), निश्चय (determination), धमकी (threat) आदि का वर्णन हो तो. First Person के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Second और Third Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

I will return your money without fail.

(3) यदि वक्ता अपने किसी भविष्य-सम्बन्धी उद्देश्य (intention) को प्रकट करना चाहता हो, तो वह अपने लिए will का प्रयोग करेगा। अर्थात् ऐसे वाक्यों में First Person के साथ will का प्रयोग किया जाता है। .

I will appear in the Senior Secondary Examination next year.

Would तथा Should का प्रयोग

(1) Would का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है

Will का Past – I told him that I would come.
2. प्रार्थना वाचक – Would you close the window ?
3. शर्त वाचक – He would pass if he worked hard.

(2) Should का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –
1. उपदेश वाचक – You should give up smoking.
2. सम्भावना वाचक – They should be here by now.
3. नैतिक फर्ज – You should do your duty.
4. Shall का Past – He told me that I should/would pass.

Can तथा Could का प्रयोग

(1) Can का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. योग्यता सूचक – She can dance very well.
2. इजाजत सूचक – You can go home now.
3.सम्भावना सूचक – It can happen to anyone.
4.Pt.Cont. की जगह – I can hear people talking.

(2) Could का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1.शर्त वाचक
1. I could lift this box (if I tried.)

2. प्रार्थना वाचक
1. Could (would) you tell me the time?
2. Could (would) you bring me a glass of water.

3. संभावना सूचक
1. One of the prisoners escaped yesterday.
He could be anywhere now.

4.Can का Past
1. He said that I could go.
2. He could come to me any time he liked.

May तथा Might का प्रयोग

(1) May का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. अनुमति/इजाजत सूचक
1. You may go now.
2. May I come in, sir ?

2. सम्भावना सूचक
1. His statement may (can/could) be true.
2. His plan may (can/could) succeed.

3. इच्छा/प्रार्थना/सूचक
1. May you live long !
May our country prosper !

(2) Might का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1.May का Past
1. He said that I might go.
2. I thought that he might help her.

2. भावी सम्भावना
1. He might (may) pass this year.
2. He might (may) reach here by evening.

3. इजाजत होना
1.Might I have your pen?
2. You might do me a favour.

(May की अपेक्षा Might में अधिक झिझक और विनम्रता का संकेत होता है ।)

Must का प्रयोग

Must का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. उपदेश सूचक
1. you must consult some good doctor.
2. you must work hard this year.

2. आवश्यकता सूचक
1.You must be back by evening.
2. The students must bring their books daily.

3. सम्भावना सूचक
1. The child must be hungry.
2. He must have made some big mistake.

4. बनधन/मजबूरी सूचक
1. You must do as you are told.
2. He must his accounts before leaving.

Ought to तथा Used to का प्रयोग

(1) Ought के साथ सदा to का प्रयोग किया जाता है । (Ought to = Should) ought to का प्रयोग (should की तरह) निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है- .

1. नैतिक फर्ज
1. You ought to respect your elders.
2. You ought to have helped the poor.

2. इच्छा-योग्य सम्भावना
1. You ought to win the race this time.

3. इच्छा-योग्य जरूरत
1. He ought to build a new house now.

(इस तालिका में दिए गए सभी वाक्यों में ought to के स्थान पर should का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।)

(2) Ought की भान्ति used भी एक ऐसा modal है जिसके साथ to का प्रयोग करना जरूरी होतो है –

1. He used to live here.
2. He never used to live here.

Need का प्रयोग

(1) Auxiliary के रूप में Need का प्रयोग केवल Negative और Interrogative वाक्यों में किया जाना चाहिए । इसका प्रयोग किसी सन्देह doubt) अथवा मनाही (prohibition) को जोरदार ढंग से व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।

1. Need you go yet ? No, you needn’t.
2. Need she come tomorrow ? No, she needin’t.

(2) Need का Third Person Singular सदा need ही होता है, न कि needs:
1. Need Mohan go there now ?
2. He need not worry any more.

(3) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में need का प्रयोग तभी किया जाता है जब negative उत्तर वांछित हो।
Need you go there ?
No, I needn’t.

(4) Interrogative और negative वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।

Need he do any work?
No, he needn’t do any work.

(5) किन्तु निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग किया जाता है –

1. He need to go mow. (Affirmative)
2. He does not need to go now. (Negative)
3. Does he need to go now? (Interrogative)

यदि ध्यान से देखा जाए तो पता चलेगा कि इन सभी वाक्यों में need को मुख्य क्रिया ..(Principal Verb) के रूप में प्रयोग किया गया है, न कि Auxiliary के रूप में।

(6) Need not की जगह haven’t got to, don’t have to, don’t need to का प्रयोग किया । जा सकता है।

He need not go.

(7) जब needs का प्रयोग must के साथ किया गया हो, तो यह एक adverb का कार्य कर रहा होता है। वास्तव में needs एक Possessive Case है जिसमें apostrophe (‘) का लोप किया जाता है। इस प्रकार

needs = need’s = of need = of necessity = necessarily (adv.)

इस प्रकार हमने देखा कि needs को एक adverb क्यों माना जाता है।

He must needs finish his work by evening.

Dare का प्रयोग

(1) Auxiliary के रूप में dare का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. Negative वाक्यों में ।
2. Interrogative वाक्यों में ।
3. सन्देह में (doubt) व्यक्त करने वाले वाक्यों में ।
4. ऐसे वाक्यों में जिनमें hardly, never, no one, nobody का प्रयोग किया गया हो।

(2) जब dare का प्रयोग auxiliary के रूप में किया गया हो, तो इसके साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
(3) Dare का Third Person Singular सदा dare ही होता है, न कि dares. उदाहरण:

(Negative)
1. He dare not fight with me.
2. He will hardly dare go there again.
अब क्या आप बता सकते हैं कि Need और Dare के प्रयोग के सम्बन्ध में कौन-कौन सी बातें एक जैसी हैं?

Important Questions Solved

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences with suitable modals given in brackets. (May, must, could will)

1. …..I ask a question ?
2. He ….go to call me tomorrow.
3. Who…..win the race ?

Answer:

1. May
2. must
3. will

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must)

1. You….pay the examination fee at the nick of time.
2. Labour hard so that you……pass.
3. He….submit the report next week.

Answer:

1. must
2. may
3. must
4. should.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (should, might, may)

1. He said that …..do the work.
2. …..God protect you !
3. We….help the poor.

Answer:

1. might
2. may
3. should.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (Should, would, ought, needn’t)

1. We ….. to improve the lot of the poor in our country.
2. You ….. have taken all that trouble.
3. He said he …… be moving into his new house next month.

Answer:

1. ought
2. necdn’t
3. would

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets : (Would, can ‘t, may, could)

1. My uncle ….. speak five languages.
2. Can I smoke here ? Yes, you …..
3. Can I smoke here ? No, you ..

Answer:

1. could
2. may
3. can’t.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets : (have, needn’t; ought, used to)

1. The driver ……. to have been more careful.
2. I will do it myself. You ……… come.
3. The candidates …….. to appear for an interview

Answer:

1. ought
2. needn’t
3. have

Question 7.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (might, can’t, would, could)

1. I said I ….. do it.
2. …. I ask you a question.
3. He ….. hear. He is deaf.

Answer:

1. could
2. Would
3. can’t

Question 8.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (ought, shouldn’t can, could)

1. He………. read and write English.
2. He asked if he ………. borrow my bicycle.
3. He ………. worry so much about his matter.

Answer:

1. can
2. coulod
3. shouldn’t

Question 9.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (can, used to, must not, could)

1. I don’t want to see your face. You ……..come here again.
2. He ………. come and see me again in a day or two.
3. He wanted to know if he ……… attend the show.

Answer:

1. must not
2. used
3. could

Question 10.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (Would, should, would, would)

1. …….. you like to have a cup of tea ?
2. He said that he ……… not come the next day.
3. ………. you please stop talking ?

Answer:

1. Would
2. would
3. Would

Question 11.
Fill in the blanks with suitable auriliary verbs. (Board Exam 2009 (Arts)]

1. You …….. not go in this old car.
2. He………. obey the teacher.
3. We ……….. die sooner or later.

Answer:

1. should
2. must
3. have to

Question 12.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliary verbs. (Board Exam 2009 (Sc. & Com.)]

1. We….. love our country.
2. ……….. hire a taxi.
3. He……….. come to day.

Answer:

1. should
2. must
3. should

Question 13.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliary verbs. [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. This letter ……. be posted by today’s mail.
2. Work hard lest you ……….. fail.
3. We………. always obey our parents.

Answer:

1. must
2. would
3. must or should.

Question 14.
Complete the sentences using appropriate forms of modal auxiliary verbs given in brackets : (Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. I come here so that I ………. get a job. (may/can)
2. She ………. come today morning. (will/must)
3. We being the citizens of India……..serve the country. (must/ought to)

Answer:

1. can
2. will
3. ought to.

Question 15.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals.

1. We…………. help the poor.
2. They ……… do this work.
3. Children ………. obey their parents.

Answer:

1. should
2. must
3. should

Question 16.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliary verbs. [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. …………. you teach me.
2. We ………….. respect our teachers.
3. He …………. work hard for success.

Answer:

1. would
2. should
3. must.

Question 17.
Fill in the blanks with suitable model verbs : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. We ………. have a stormy night.
2. He …………speak English fluently.
3. We eat that we ………….. live.

Answer:

1. should
2. can
3. may

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Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Grammar Analysis Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Analysis

Analysis का अर्थ होता है वाक्य के अंगों या अंशों को अलग-अलग कर उनकी जाँच करना। सविधा की दृष्टि से इस कार्य को हम तीन भागों में बाँट सकते हैं –

(A) वाक्य के Clauses को अलग-अलग करना ।
(B) उन Clauses का नामकरण करना ।
(C) वाक्य का नामकरण करना।

[A] How to Find Out Clauses

सबसे पहले हमें यह देखना है कि clause किसे कहते हैं, क्योंकि इसके बिना clauses को अलग-अलग किया ही नहीं जा सकता । कुछ लोग दिये हुए वाक्य को अन्दाज से कई टुकड़ों में बाँट देते हैं। यह तरीका ठीक नहीं। यह तो सच है कि clause किसी sentence का एक भाग होता है, पर sentence का हर भाग clause नहीं भी हो सकता है।

Sentence के उस भाग (part) को clause कहते हैं जिसमें Subject और Finite Verb हों। यदि Subject और उसके Finite Verb का पता लग जाए, तो clauses आप-से-आप अलग हो जाएँगे, पर कुछ लोगों को इनका (Subject और Verb का) पता ही नहीं चलता ? इसलिए यहाँ इन दोनों पर विस्तारपूर्वक विचार करना आवश्यक है।

How to Find Out the Subject

आप जानते हैं कि केवल Noun या उसके equivalents (जो शब्द Noun का काम करें ही Subject हो सकते हैं, जैसे –

1. Noun – This book is good.
2. Pronoun – He is a good man.
3. Infinitive – To walk is healthy.
4. Gerund – Walking is good.
5. Phrase – What to do is difficult to decide.
6. Clause – What he says is quite right.

इस तालीका (chart) की मदद से आप subject को आसानी से पहचान सकते हैं।

[A] How to Find Out the Finite Verb

Finite Verb उस Verb को कहते हैं जिसका Number और Person Subject के अनुसार होता है। जैसे –
1. We go home
2. He goes home.

पहले वाक्य का Subject (We) Plural है इसलिए यहाँ Verb (go) plural है अतः ‘go’ Finite Verbहै इसी प्रकार दुसरे वाक्य में Verb (goes) singular है क्यों की subject (He) singular है इसलिए goes भी finite verb है ।

Note (a): जिस Verb का Number और Person Subject के अनुसार नहीं होता अधात् जो Subject की परवाह नहीं करके सदा स्वतन्त्र रूप में रहता है। उसी Absolute Verbहते हैं। ये Absolute Verbs तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. Infinitive – I like to walk.
2. Gerund – I am fond of walking.
3. Participle – (i) Present Participle – Going there he saw a tiger.
(ii) Past Participle – Having gone there they saw a tiger.

तो, इस प्रकार Finite Verb और Absolute Verb में बहुत अन्तर है । Finite Verb सदा Subject के अनुसार होता है पर Absolute Verb कभी भी Subject के अनुसार नहीं होता, जैसे –
1. Having gone there he saw a tiger.
2. Having gone there they saw a tige

पहले वाक्य में Subject (he) Singular है और दूसरे में (they) Plural; पर Verb का रूप एक ही है। यही लक्षण Infinitive और Gerund का भी है।

इसलिए Absolute Verb को कभी भी Finite Verb नहीं समझना चाहिए, नहीं तो clauses ठीक-ठीक अलग हो ही नहीं सकते ।

Note (b) : कभी-कभी Infinitive (to + verb) का to चिह्न छिपा रहता है और केवल verb का प्रयोग होता है। इन वाक्यों को लें –

1. He can speak.
2. He should speak.
3. he must speak.
4. He had better speak.
5. I made him speak.
6. He did nothing but speak.

यहाँ speak Infinitive है । यह Finite Verb नहीं है। इसे Infinitive without to कहा जा सकता है। इसलिए ऐसे Infinitive को Finite Verb का एक भाग मान लेना चाहिए, इसे Finite Verb नहीं समझना चाहिए । इन सभी वाक्यों में केवल एक-एक Finite Verb है –

can speak, should speak, must speak, had better speak.

(ii) Elliptical (Contracted) Sentences.

Kinds of Sub-ordinate clauses

Subordinate Clauses तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause.
3. Adverb Clause.

1.Noun Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद एक संज्ञा (Noun) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Noun Clause कहा जाता है।

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Noun Clause बनाते हैं –

1. That John is a theif was not known to me.
2. He was told that he must not be late again.
3. Listen to what the teacher says.
4. The fact is that he knows nothing.

2. Adjective Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी विशेषण (Adjective) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adjective Clause कहा जाता है।

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Adjective Clause बनाते हैं –

1. The Company that supplied goods has failed.
2. The house where my brother lives has been sold.

3. Adverb Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी क्रिया-विशेषण (Adverb) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adverb Clause कहा जाता है।

1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. Where there is a will, there is a way.
3. You should act as the doctor advises you.
4. He talks as if he were mad.

Noun Clause

Noun Clauses निम्न शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं –

Who, which, what, when, where, whether, why,if, how, that क

Kinds of Noun Clauses

(i) Noun Clause,Object to verbor preposition

Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, Transitive Verb या Preposition के Object (कर्म) के रूप में आता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती हैं.:

I think that he is poor

It depends on what your plan is.

ध्यान दें कि –

Rul I. Who/Which आदि से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause N.C. तब होता जब यह P.c. में ओय हुए Transitive Verb या Preposition का Object होता है।
Rule II. Who/Which/That आदि का अर्थ हिन्दी में ऐसा शब्द होता है, जो ‘क’ से आरम्भ होता है; जैसा-कि, कौन, क्या, कब, कहाँ ।

Example :
1. I don’t know/who has stolen my pen. who = कौन।
2. I don’t know/whether she is poor. whether = कि।
3. Tell me/how you have come. how = कैसे।
4. I find/that he is not honest. that = कि। .
5. I will judge you by/what you do. what = क्या।

(ii) Noun clause (Subject to a verb)

Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, Subject का कार्य करता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
Noun Clause – P.C.
What he says – is right
That he is honest – Is known to all.
Why he killed her – Is a mystery.

(iii) Noun Clause complement to a Verb

P.C.+ N. CI[As Complement]

Noun Clause, Noun 19, (complement) at foref I DÀ वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

जैसे – My opinion is that he is a driver.

(i) My opinion is – Principal Clause
(ii) That he is a driver – Noun Clause Complement to a verb ‘is’.

(iv) Noun clause in apposition to Noun

Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, apposition का कार्य करता है, अर्थात् Noun की व्याख्या करके उसे स्पष्ट करता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –
P.C. [With A Noun] – + N.C. (In Apposition)
I haven’t heard the news – that he has resigned.
I hold the view – that she is guilty.

(a) I have heard the news. – P.C.
(b) That he has resigned – Sub. Noun clause in apposition to the noun new’s.

(v) Noun Clause in apposition to ‘it’

P.C. + N. C. (In Apposition to it.)

ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

P.C. [It + is + noun/adj.] – + N.C. (In Apposition to it)
It is sure – that he will pass.
It is evident – that he a criminal.
(a) It is sure.- P.C.
(b) That he will pass, – Noun Clause in apposition to”It”.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Clause इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं –

that, who, which, why, when, where, how

(i) Kinds of Adjective clause

(1)P.C. [With Noun] + Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause, एक Adjective के समान, किसी noun की विशेषता बताता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
P.C. [With Noun] + Adjective Clause
I know the girl – who is dancing
I have read the book – that is lying here.
ध्यान दें कि –

Rule I. Who/Which/That if # 37114 Ettalin clause Adjective Clause तब होता है जब यह P.C. में आये हुए Noun की विशेषता बताता है।

Rule II. ऐसे Noun और Adjective Clause के बीच कॉमा नहीं रहता।

इन वाक्यों को लें –

1. I don’t know the man/who is standing there. who = जो
2. He desn’t know the place/where he was born. where = जहाँ
3. He doesn’t know the time/when he will reach. when = जब

(ii) Noun + Adjective Clause + P.C.

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट ऐसी होती है –
Noun + Adjective Clause + P.C. [Verb + Other Words]
The reason why she was absent is not known.

The boy/who is here/is intelligent.

(a) The boy is intelligent – P.C.
(b) Who is here – Adj. Clause.

(iii) Noun + Adjective Cl. [Without Conj.] + P.C.

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

(a) The boy is my brother.- P.C.
(b) You help – Adjective clause qualifying Noun ‘boy’
(c) The food/you eat/is not pure.
(d) The boy is my brother. – P.C.
(e) You eat – Adj. clause qualifying the noun-‘food’.

(iv) Noun + Adj. Cl. [Without Conj.] +Prep. + P.C.

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट ऐसी होती है –

(v) P.C. + Adj. Clause [With As/But]

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

ध्यान दें कि-Rule 1. As/But से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause Adjective Clause तब होता है जब यह P.C. में प्रयुक्त Noun के बाद आता है और उस Noun की विशेषता बताता है ।

Adverb Clauses

Kinds of Adverb Clause

Sub-ordinate Adverb clause के निम्न प्रमुख भेद हैं –

(i) Adverb clause of Time : Principal Clause + Adverb Clause of Time कुछ Adverb clauses से समय (time) का भाव व्यक्त होता है और इनकी बनावट होती है –

Adverb Clause of Time इन Subordinating conjunctions से आरम्भ होते हैं –

as, after, as soon as, as long as, as quickly as, before, when, whenever, while, since, till, than, until, the moment/ the minute.

Note (a):-No sooner से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause होता है Principal और than से आरम्भ होनेवाला होता है Adverb Clause : जैसे –

No sooner had the thief entered than I woke up.
(a) No sooner had the thief entered than I woke up.
(b) Than I woke up-Adv. Cl.

(ii) Adverb clause of place

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Place:

कुछ Adverb Clauses से स्थान (Place) का बोध होता है और उनकी बनावट होती है –

कुछ और वाक्य लें –
1. I live where he lives.
2. He feels happy wherever he lives.
3. Where there is a will there is a way.

ध्यान दें कि Adverb Clause of Place इन Subordinating conjunctions से aid – where, wherever.

(iii) Adverb Clause of Condition

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Condition

कुछ Adverb Clauses से शर्त (condition) का बोध होता है और इनकी बनावट होती है –

P.C. + Adverb Clause (Showing Condition]
Or, Adverb Clause (Showing Condition) + P.C.

1. Unless you work hard, you can’t get success.
2. Write to me in case you need money.
3. If you work hard, you will get success.
4. He has to do the work, whether he likes it or not.
5. Hand he gone to Delhi, he would have seen the Red Fort.
6. Were I the Chief Minister, I would abolish examinations.
7. You may stay here so long as you behave well.
8. You may take this book provided you return it to me in a week.

ध्यान दें कि ऐसे Adverb Clauses इन Subordinating conjunctions से आरम्भ होते हैं –

if, unless, in case, supposing, provided.

(iv) P.C. + Adverb Clause of Comparison

कुछ Adverb Clauses से तुलना (comparison) का बोध होता है जैसे –

1. Mohan is as rich as Sohan.
2. Radha is richer than Mohan.
3. The more you have, the more you want.

ध्यान देखो ऐसे Adverb Clauses इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –

as, than, the + comparative degree

(v) Adverb clause of concession ·

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Concession
कुछ Adverb Clauses से यद्यपि-तथापि (concession) का बोध होता है। इसलिए Adverb Clause में जो कुछ कहा जाता है उसके विपरीत (Contrast Principal Clause में कहा जाता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

P.C. + Adverb Clause [Showing Concession]
Or, Adverb Clause (Showing Concession) + P.C.

1. Though he is poor, he is happy.
2. Although he started late, he caught the bus.
3. Even if though she deceives me, I won’t harm her.
4. However rich he may be, he is not happy.
5. However hard he may work, he can’t get success.
6. Wherever he may go, he can’t be happy.
7. Considering/admitting that he is very old, he is in good health.

‘Adverbs of Concession इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं, क्योंकि इनका अर्थ होता है -“यद्यपि”

though, although, even if, even though, for all, no matter, it doesn’t matter, come what may, say what you will, however + adjective/adverb, adjectivel adverb + as, much + as, whatever (चाहे कुछ भी), wherever (चाहे कहीं भी), considering that, admitting that, not withstanding that.

(vi) Adverb clause of Cause

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Casue

कुछ Adverb Clauses से कारण (cause) का बोध होता है और उनकी बनावट होती है –
P.C. + Adverb Clause (Showing Cause)
Or
Adverb Clause (Showing Cause] + P.C.

1. He missed the train because he started late.
2. As he was ill, he was absent yesterday.
3. Since he is poor, he should be helped.
4. Now that he is dead, we shouldn’t criticise him.
5. I am glad that he has passed.
6. I am sorry that she has failed.
7. I am glad that you agree with me now.
8. He needn’t be punished in as much as he offers an apology.

ध्यान दो की ऐसे Adverb Clauses of Causes इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –

as, because, since, now that, considering that, in that, in as much as, seeing that, noun + that, adjective + that.

(vii) Adverb clause of Purpose

कुछ Adverb Clauses से उद्देश्य (purpose) का बोध होता है और इनकी बनावट होते है –

1. We work that/so that/in order that we may be happy.
2. He died that/so that/in order that man might learn a lesson.
3. Note down the point, lest you should forget it.

ध्यान दो की ऐसे Adverb Clauses of Causes इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –
that, so that, in order that, lest.

(viii) Adverb clause of Result

P.C. + Adverb Clauses of Result/Consequence

कुछ Adverb Clauses से कार्य होने के परिणाम/फल (result/consequence) का बोध होता है और Principal Clauses के कारण (cause) का भाव व्यक्त होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

कुछ और वाक्य लें –

1. He is so great that he forgives even his enemies.
2. The door is so high that the baby can’t reach it.
3. She ran so fast that she won the race.

ध्यान दें कि ऐसे Adverb Clauses आरम्भ होते हैं that से और Principal Clause में _so या such आता है। इस प्रकार, वाक्य में so…..that/such….. that का प्रयोग होता है।

(ix) Adverb Clause of Manner

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Manner

कुछ Adverb Clauses से कार्य करने की रीति/ढंग (manner) का बोध होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

[C] How to Name a Sentence

इस प्रकार, clause को पहचान लेने के बाद, अन्त में हमें यह देखना चाहिए कि अमुक वाक्य किस तरह का है। कुछ लोग वाक्य को पहले ही पहचानकर clauses को अलग करते हैं और तब नामकरण करते हैं। मेरी समझ में यह तरीका तो घोड़े के आगे गाड़ी रखने के समान है। हम वाक्य का नामकरण कर ही कैसे सकते, जब तक यह पता ही न चले कि अमुक वाक्य में कितने clauses है और वे किस प्रकार के हैं ? इसलिए sentence का नामकरण अन्त में होना चाहिए । पर, यह किया कैसे जाय? इसके लिए वह जानना आवश्यक है कि वाक्य कितने प्रकार के होते हैं।

बनावट की दृष्टि से Sentence चार प्रकार का होता है –
(i) Simple
(ii) Compound
(iii) Complex
(iv) Mixed.

(i) Simple Sentence =1 Principal Clause.
(ii) Compound Sentence = at least 2 Principal Clause.
(iii) Complex Sentence = Simple Sentence + Subordinate Clause.
(iv) Mixed Sentence = Compound Sentence + Subordinae Clause.

इस प्रकार हम देखते हैं कि Simple और Compound Sentences में Subordinate Clause नहीं रहता, पर इन दोनों में अन्तर यह है कि Simple में एक ही Principal Clause रहता है ओर Compound में एक से अधिक अर्थात् कम-से-कम दो) Principal Clauses.

Complex Sentence में सिर्फ एक ही Principal.Clause रहता है जैसे कि Simple में, पर Complex में कम-से-कम एक Subordinate Clause का रहना आवश्यक है।

Mixed Sentence में कम-से-कम दो Principal Clauses और कम-से-कम एक Subordinae Clause का रहना आवश्यक है।

Some Important Solved Questions

Question 1.
Pick out the principal clauses in the following sentences :

1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. We love them, that love us.
3. As far as I know, Ram Lal is not to blame.

Answer:

1. The mice will play.
2. We love them.
3. Ram Lal is not to blame.

Question 2.
Pick out the principal clauses in the following sentences.

1. The place where I reside is far off from here.
2. He that is down needs fear no fall.
3. The man whom I met at the railways station is my friend.

Answer:

1. The place is far off from here.
2. He needs fear no fall.
3. The man is my friend.

Question 3.
Pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences. [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. As he entered the room, he saw a snake.
2. I know who he is.
3. Walk carefully lest you should fall.

Answer:

1. As he entered the room – Sub-ordinate clause.
2. Who he is sub – ordinate clause.
3. Lest you should fall – Sub-ordinate clause.

Question 4.
Analyse the following sentences : [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. If I were a bird, I would fly.
2. I believe in the principle that fortune favours the brave.

Answer:

1. (i) I would fly-Principal clause.
   (ii) If I were a bird — Subordinate, Adverb clause of condition.
2. (i) I believe in the principal – Principal clause.
   (ii) That fortune favours the brave – Sub-ordinate Noun clause.

Question 5.
Analyse the following sentences: [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. The principal liked your idea; so did I.
2. When bell rang students came out of the class.

Answer:

1. (i) The principal liked your idea – Principal clause.
   (ii) So did I – Co-ordinate clause to (i).
2. (i) Students came out of the class – Principal clause.
   (ii) When the bell rang – Sub-ordinate Adverb clause.

Question 6.
Identify the following sentences whether they are compound or complex. [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. The sun rose and the fog dispersed.
2. He returned home when the evening came.
3. I know Rani who is a clever girl.

Answer:

1. Compound sentence
2. Complex sentence
3. Complex sentence.

Question 7.
Pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences : (Board Exam. 2009 (Art)]

1. He said that he was going to the school.
2. I have read the book that is lying there.
3. As he is ill, he is absent.

Answer:

1. That he was going to the school- Sub-ordinate clause
2. That is lying there – Sub-ordinate clause
3. As he is ill-Sub-ordinate clause.

Question 8.
Pick out the Principal clauses in the following sentences : [Boare Exam. 2009 (Sc. & Com.)]

1. That he will come today is certain.
2. I know who he is.
3. Walk carefully lest you should fall.

Answer:

1. It is certain
2. I know
3. Walk carefully.

Question 9.
Identify sub-ordinate clause in the following sentences : (Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. That he will come today is certain
2. He that is down needs fear no fall.
3. As he came into the room all rose to their feet.

Answer:

1. That he will come.
2. That is down.
3. As he came into the room.

Question 10.
Pick-out the sub-ordinate clauses and name them : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. He said not to go to school became he was ill.
2. Ram said that he was present.
3. The boy who is coming is my friend.

Answer:

1. He was ill
2. He was present.
3. Who is coming.

Question 11.
pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. That he is honest is beyond any doubt.
2. I do not know when he came from.
3. The book that you took is mine.

Answer:

1. He is honest.
2. He came from.
3. You took is mine.

Question 12.
pick out the subordinate clauses in the following sentences : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. I know the girl who is dancing.
2. Sing while you play.
3. I don’t follow what you say.

Answer:

1. Who is dancing.
2. You play.
3. What you say.

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Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Idioms and Phrases

(परीक्षाओं में प्रायः पूछे गए phrases का संकलन)

प्रयोग के अनुसार phrase कई प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. जो phrase noun का काम करते हैं, वे noun phrase कहलाते हैं। इनका प्रयोग subject, object या complement के समान होता है। जैसे –

He has seen many ups and down in life.
Birds of a feather flock together.

2. जो phrase adjective का काम करते हैं वे adjective phrase कहलाते हैं । वे noun या pronoun की विशेषता बताते हैं। जैसे –
I dislike your hole-and-corner policy (secret policy – गुप्त नीति)

3. जो phrase verb का काम करते हैं, वे verbal phrase कहलाते हैं । जैसे –

To be about-To be engaged in (व्यस्त होना, व्यस्त रहना)- What is he about ? (वह किस काम में व्यस्त है ?)
To be after-to desire (प्राप्ति की इच्छा करना)- What is he after ? What does he want to have ?

4. जो phrase adverb का काम करते हैं वे adverbial phrase कहलाते हैं। जैसे-
He left the city bag and baggage.
He threw himself into the work heart and soul.

Note – विद्यार्थी अक्सर भूल से ‘bags and baggage’ के पहले या ‘heart and soul’ के पहले ‘with’ का प्रयोग करते हैं। उन्हें यह ख्याल रखना चाहिए कि ‘bag and baggage’

का अर्थ ही होता है ‘with all belongings’, उसी प्रकार ‘heart and soul’ का अर्थ होता है ‘with all heart’.

5. जो phrase preposition का काम करते हैं वे prepositional phrase कहलाते हैं। Prepositional phrase के बाद सदा noun या pronoun का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –
He is superior to me in point of age.

6. जो phrase conjunction का काम करते हैं वे conjunctional phrase कहलाते हैं।
जैसे – He fled away as soon as he saw the police.

7. जो phrase interjection का काम करते हैं ये interjectional phrase कहलाते हैं।
जैसे – Woe to me ! Well done !

Some Noun Phrase in Common Use

A lame excause – unsatisfactory (असन्तोषजनक बहना) – Headache is a lame excuse for absence.
A man of letters – a scholar (बिद्वान आदमी) – Radhakrishna was man of letter.
A man of spirit – courageous (उत्साही आदमी) – Shivaji was a man of spirit.
All in all (सर्वसर्वा)- The headmaster is all in all in the school.
Bed of roses – comfortable place (सुखद स्थान) – A thorn is not a bed of roses.
Hue and cry – noise (हल्ला – गुल्ला) – The villagers raised a hue and cry at the sight of the robbers.
Ins and outs – details (सभी बातें) – I know the ins and outs of the matter.
Jack of all trades – One who knows something of eveything (हरफन मोला) – A Jack of all trades is generally the master of none.
Pros and cons – Everything in favour of or against (पक्ष एवं विपक्ष की सभी बातें) – I thought over the pros and cons of the matter.
Ups and downs – rise and fall (उस्थान और पतन) – He has seen may ups and downs in his life.
Up and doing – busy, active (व्यस्त,फुर्तीला) – One should be always up and doing.

Some Adjective Phrases in Common Use

At sixes and sevens – in a disorderly manner (अवयव स्थित दशा में) – He keeps his books at sixes and sevens.
High and low – everywhere (हर जगह) – He searched for his cycle high and low.
In black and white – in writing (लिखित रूप) – Give your statement (en) in black and white.
In vogue – in force (प्रचलित) – Purda system is still vogue among the Muslims.
Null and void – Invalid (बेकार,नाजायज) – The old rules becomes mull and void when are replaced by new ones.
Right or wrong – whether the action is right or wrong (उचित हो या अनुचित) – I must do it, right or wrong.

Slow and steady (धीमा और अविचल व्यक्त) Slow and steady wins the race.
Through thick and thin – through difficult and easy obstacles (कठिनाईयों में) – My friend has helped me through thick and thin.

Some Adverbial Phrases in Common Use

Above all – before any other consideration (सर्वपरि) -Above all, be careful about your studies.
After all-in spite of every fact to the contrary (सब कुछ विपरीत होते हुए भी) – After all, he is a good man. (यद्यपि उसमें कुछ दोष है, फिर भी वह अच्छा आदमी है)
Again and again इन तीनों phrases का एक ही अर्थ है
Over and over again These three phrases mean ‘very often’ ‘बार – बार’
Time and again – Boys should pronounce difficult words time and again.
As a matter of fact – really (वात्सव में) – He lives in a fine style, but as a matter of fact, he is mean fellow.
As far as (जहाँ तक) – As far as I know, he is an honest man.
As it were – मानो (यह adverbial clause है) – A teacher is, as it were, the father of a child.
Asif – मानो – यह conjunctional phrase है । As if के बाद subject और verb से बना हुआ clause लिखना आवश्यक है ।
Sometimes she weeps and sometimes she laughts, as if she were mad.
At all-in the least (जरा भी)- Negative sentence को जोरदार बनाने के लिए बहुधा इसका प्रयोग होता है He does not read at all.
At once- immediately (शीग्र) – He came at once.
At present – (वर्तमान समय में) – At present he is living in Bihar.
At random – without any aim (बिना लक्ष्य के) – He fired at random.
By and by – after an interval; after a time (कुछ समय के बाद) – You will feel better by and by.
By far- decidedly (निशचित रूप से) – He is by far the best in the class.
By all means – in every possible wasy (हर तरीकेसे) – Do it by all means.
By no means in no way (किसी भी तरह से नहीं) – You can, by no means. take away my cycle.
By the by incidentally (किसी भी बात के सिलसिले में अचानक) – by the by our English teacher told us something about planets and stars.
Hither and thither – to and fro (इधर – उधर) – A mad man was moving hither and thither on the road.
Far and away beyound all comparison; decidedly (निर्व्वाद रूप से) – He is far and away the best speaker in the province
Far and wide/Far and near – इन दोनों phrases का एक ही अर्थ है – everywhere (सर्वत्र)
His fame spread far and wide.
He searched for his lost son far and near.
For good and all – for ever (सदा के लिए) – The Englishman left India for good and all.
Heart and soul – whole – heartedly (दिल और जान से) – He threw himself into the work heart and soul.
In fact – really (वास्तव में) – He weres a fine look, but in fact he is a rogue.
In the long run – eventually (अंततोगत्वा) – You will succeed in the long run.
In time, at proper time, not late (ठीक समय पर) – We should go to school in time.
In vain – with no tangible result (निष्फल) – He laboured hard to pass the examination but in vain.
Little by little gradually (धीरे – धीरे) – He is progressing little by little.
Now and then- occasionally (बहुध) – He comes to my house now & then.
Of course, naturally (जैसा स्वाभाविक है) – He failed at the examination and, of course, he was sorry for it.
Off and on – irregularly (अनियमित रूप से कभी – कभी) – He read English off and on.
On and on- continuously, regularly (नियमित रूप से लगातार) – He worked on and on for many years.
Once for all (सदा के लिए) – I tell you once for all that you should never smoke again.
On the contrare rather (प्रत्युक इसके विपरीत) – I do not admire him; on the contrary I hate him. इसका प्रयोग Conjunction की तरह भी होता है।
On the whole – (taking everything into consideration (वस्तुत सब प्रकार से) – on the whole, he appears to be a good man (considering all his merits and demerits he appears to be a good man)
One and all – apeveryone (सभी) – One and all did not accept this leadership.
Over and above – in addition to; besides (अतिरिक्त) – He lost his book and was beaten over and above for his carelessness. इसका प्रयोग Prepositional Phrase की तरह भी होता है Over and above what he lost, he was beaten for his carelessness.
Over and over again – same as ‘again and again’.
So far as (जहाँ तक) – So far as I know, he is poor,
Sooner or later-eventually (कालक्रम से) – A thief will be caught sooner or later.
The other day – not long ago – इसका प्रयोग भूतकाल में होता है इसका अर्थ है ‘कुछ दिन पहले, हाल ही में किसी दिन अभी – अभी उसी दिन’ – He came to my house the other day.
Time and again-Same as ‘again and again’.
Through and through – fully (पूर्णतया) – He read the book through and through. He was drenched through and through.
To and frombackward and forward (आगे पीछे) – He was moving to & fro.

Some Adverbial Phrases (Idioms with Adverbs)

As usual (पहले जैसा) – The train was late today as usual.
At any rate (किसी भी हालत में) – It is bad; at Any rate, not good.
At times (कभी – कभी)- Even a sinner feels ashamed of himself at time.
At most (अधिक – से – अधिक) – I can give you at most ten rupees.
Far and near (Far and wide) (सर्वत्र) – This news has spread far and near (far and wide).
For long (बहुत दिनों तक) – A good man is remembered for long.
Once again or, over again or, once more (एक बार और) – Can you do it once again (over again, once more).

Prepositional Phrases (Idioms with Preposition)

By way of (रूप में) – I told you by way of advice.
In keeping with (मेल से) Your action should be in keeping with your speech.
In accord with (अनुसार,समान) – Your news is not in accord (accordance) with us.
In harmony with (मेल से, सौहार्दपूर्ण)- Your attitude is not in harmony with us.
In agreement with (अनुकूल, एकमत)- What can I do if he does not act in agreement with me.
In search of (खोज में)- I am in search of knowledge.
In proportion to (अनुपात में) – He is not paid in proportion to his labour.
On the eve of (कुछ पहले)We had a dinner on the eve of the Pujas.
On the ground of (आधार पर) – You are excused on the gound of ignorance
Owing to (कारण से), He is absent owing to his illness.
With an eye to (ध्यान में रखकर), Let us work with an eye to future.

Some Verbal Phrases in Common Use

To be after – tobe in pursuit of (किसी वस्तु की प्राप्ति के फेर में रखना) – What is he after ? (वह किसी चीज़ की प्राप्ति केलिए परेशान है ?)
To be at home in to be expert in (निपुण होना) – He is quite at home in English.
To be at home to be at ease (घर की तरह आराम से रहना – I am quite at home in his house.
To be at large – to be free from restraint (बंदनामुख्त होना) – His dog is chained in the daytime, but it is at large in the night.
To be in fault – to be guilty (दोषी होना) The accused was in fault.
To be at fault – to be puzzled (घबड़ा जाना) – My memory was in fault, so I could not recite the poem correctly.
To bring out – to publish (प्रकाशित करना) – The Anjana Prakashan of Patna will bring out its new edition next year.
To cut short (काम होना) – His life was cut short due to cholera.
To come across – happen to meet or find by chance (अचानक मुलाक़ात होना, अचानक पा जाना) – I came across an old friend of mine in the park.
To fall short of – to become less (काम होना) – His income falls short of his expenditure. (उसकी आमदनी खर्च से काम है)
To fall flat on – to have to effect (प्रभाव नहीं डालना) – His speech fell flat on the audience.
To get rid of –to be free from (छुटकारा पाना) – A man can get rid of temptations (प्रलोभन) by practising virtue (सद्गुण).
To get by heart – to memorize (याद करना) – You must get you lesson by heart.
To hold good to be applicable to (लागू होना) – This rule holds good in this case.
To look down upon – to look with contempt (घृणा की दृष्टी से देखना) – We should not look down upon the poor.
To make room – to accommodate (स्थान देना) – The gentleman moved a little and made room for me in the compartment.
To pur up with (सहना) – I cannot put up with such an insult.
To run short-to be exhausted (घाट जाना) – Food ran short in my house.
To take care of -to be careful (सावधान होना) – Take care of your money, otherwise you will repent.
To take hold of – to catch (पकड़ना) -The police took hold of the robbers in the den.
To take place to happen (होना) – His marriage will take place tommorrow.
Attend to (ध्यान देना)-You must attend to your work.
Blow out (फुंक कर बुजाना) – Blow out the candle.
Break away (भाग जाना) – I saw the thief but he broke away.
Breaks in (ट्रैनिंग देना) – He breaks in his horse.
Break into (अचानक) – A thief broke into my house.
Bring forth (जन्म देना)-Trees bring forth new leaves in spring.
Bring up (पालन पोषण होना या किया जाना) – I was brought up by my mother.
Call in (बुला भेजना) – Call in a doctor at once.
Call up (याद करना) – I cannot call up that old incident.
Carry on (आगे बढ़ना) – It is useless to carry on this business.
Deals in (व्यापार करना) – The merchant deals in rice.
Dwells in (रहना निवास करना) – He dwells in a dirty house.
To fall in (एक ख़तार में खड़ा होना) Boys were asked to.
Fall out (झगड़ा करना)Sometimes even fast friends fall out.
Fall flat (असर ना होना) – All my appeals fell flat on the mob.
Get over (विजय पाना) – I got over the difficulty at last.
Give up (पूर्ण रूप से छोड़ना) – One must give up bad habits.
Give way (गिर जाना) – The house gave way during rain.
Go through (सभी संकटों का सामान करना) – I am prepared to go through fire and water to help my friend.

Hanker after (for) (तीव्र इच्छा , आकांक्ष होना) – He always hankers after (for) money.
Held in (रोख कर रखा जाना) – The spirited horse was held in.
Keep off (अलग करना) – Keep off bad company.
Look into (जांच करना) – He is looking into the case.
Look after (देखभाल करना) – A mother looks after her children.
Make up (i) (पूरा करना) – The enemy was asked to make up.
(ii) (तय करना) – You should make up your mind soon.
Put off (i) (स्थागित करना) – Don’t put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
(b) The meeting was put off.
(ii) (छोड़ देना) – You should put off these dirty clothes.
Run after (पीछा करना) – Do not run after money.
Run short (ख़त्म हो जाना) – My money has run short.
Set free (मुख्त करना छोड़ देना)-All Ithe prisoners were set free.
Take after (सदृश होना) – Children take after their parents.
Take up (आरम्भ करना) – You should take up the work now.
Turn out (i) (एकचित्र होना) – The whole village turned out to welcome her.
(ii) (बन्ध करना) – Please turned out the tap.
(iii) (निकाल दिया जाना) – He was turned out of the examination hall.

Some Prepositional Phrases in Common Use

As to – regarding (विषय में)As to whether he will consent, it is too early to say.
At home in-expert (निपुण) in – I am at home in mathematics.
At the bottom of (के मूल में) – The eldest son was at the bottom of all the quarrels in the house.
According to (के अनुसार) – The police acted according to the orders of the officer.
Because of owing to (के कारण) – He did not go to school because of his illness.
By dint of – with the help of (आधार पर) – He got success over the river by means of a boat.
By force of की सहायत से) – He regained his health by force of regular exercise.
By means of – by the use of (के प्रयोग द्वारा) – He crossed the river by means of a boat.
By virtue of – on the ground of (आधार पर) – He deserves free-studentship by virtue of his merit.
By the side of – beside (के बगल में) The child was sitting the side of his mother.
For the sake of – to earn (उपार्जन करना) – He labours hard for the sake of money.
For want of – due to the shortage to (की कमी के कारण) – Crops failed for want of rain.
In accordance with according to (के अनुरूप) – Your actions are not in accordance with your words.
In case of – in the state (event) of (की हालत में) – Do not lose heart in case of failure.
In common with along with (साथ – साथ) -The monitor was fined in common with other boys.
In connection with (के सम्बन्ध में) – I went to my friend’s house in connection with my brother’s marriage.
In course of – while progressing (के सिल सिले में) – The leader said many things in course of his speech.
In defence of – in projection of (के बचाव में) – The pleader argues in defence of his client.
In defiance of – in violation of (के विरुद्ध) – The sepoys rebelled in defiance of law.
In face of – against, in the presence of (बावजूद सामना करते हुए) – He kept on making progress in face of difficulties.
In favour of – on the side of (के पक्ष में) – Our leaders are in favour of compulsory primary education.
In front of-opposite (के सामने) – There is a tank in front of my house.
In honour of – as a mark of respect (के विचार से) – The school was closed for two days in honour of the Governmer’s visit to the schvol.
In honour of as a substitute for (के बदले में) – He gave me a watch in liew of the money lent out to him.
In point of – in resepect of (के विचार से) He is superior to me in point of age or in respect of age.
In quest of (की खोज में) – He is in quest of a good job.
In spite of – notwithstanding (बावजूद होते हुए भी)-In spite of hard labour he failed at the examination.
In stead of – in place of (के विजय) – He wasted his time instead of working hard.
In view of – considering (के विचार से) – He deserves help in view of his poverty.
In sight of (दृष्टिगोचर होना) – He came in sight of ariver, i.e., he saw a river.
In the event of -in case of (की हालत में) – Try again in the event of failure.
In the guise of – In false dress (के बनावटी वेश में) -The robbers entered the house in the guise of policemen.
In the teeth of – again (विषम स्थति के बावजूद) – He moved the resolution in the teeth of opposition.
In order to – to (के लिए) – Labour hard in order to get through the examination.
In regard to – in connection with (के सम्बन्ध में)-I have nothing to say in regard to this matter
On account – due to (के कारण) – He did not go to schol on account of his illness.
With a view to – with the aim of (के उद्देश्य से) – He joined college witha view to getting higher education.
(स्मरण रहे कि with a view to के बाद verb में ing का व्यवहार होता है)
With an eye to keeping in view (को ध्यान में रहते हुए) – He lays by something with an eye to the future.
With reference इन तीनों phrase का अर्थ है “In connection with’
With regard to (के सम्बन्ध में) Have you got any thing to say with
With respect to reference to his conduct, or with regard to his conduct ?

Some Conjunctional Phrases in Common Use

As soon as (ज्यों ही) – The bell rang as soon as I reached the school.
As well as -and (और) – He as well as Hari is in fault.
In as much as – because (क्योंकि)-He must be punished inasmuch as he has neglected his task. [Inasmuch को तोड़-तोड़कर in much नहीं लिखें]
In case-if (यदि)-Try again, in case you fail.
In order that – so that (जिससे की) – it denos purpose-He work in order that he may pass the examination.
No less than (कम नहीं) – He is no less quality than you are.
No sooner than (ज्यों ही) – No sooner had I reached the school than the bell rang.
So long as या as long as (जब तक) – It never denotes ‘time before’ -You will get money as long as you work. So long as the world lasts, the sun will shine over us.

Miscellaneous Idioms and Phases in Common Use

As usual -as in the ordinary practice (सदा की भांति) – I went there in the morning, as usual.
At best (अधिक-से-अधिक) – At best he is only a moderate speaker.
All in all – vested with all power (सरसावा सभी अधिकारों से युक्त) – The headmaster is all in all in his school.
At the eleventh hour – at the last moment (अन्तिंम क्षण में)-A doctor was called in at the eleventh hour when the patient was dying.
All the same – (i) of equal importance (एक ही बात) – It is all the same whether it is done by you us by me.
In all – total (सब मिलाकर) – There are, in all, 620 students in my school.
Let loose -to free (बंधनमुक्त करना)- He lets his dog loose at night.
Make good to compensate (क्षतिपूर्ति करना) – You will have to make good the loss I have incurred owing to your negligence.
Nick of time at the opportune moment (ठीक समय पर) -A doctor came in the nick of time.
Out of temper -angry (क्रुद्ध) – This man seems to be out of temper.
Of no avail – usless (निरर्थक)-Your excuses are of no avail.
Over head and ears (पूर्णतया) – He is over head and ears in debt.
On no account – in no case (किसी भी हालत में नहीं) – School fees, once deposited, can on no account be refunded or cannot be refunded on any account.
On all hands-by all (सभी के द्वारा)-It is admitted on all hands that honesty is the best policy.
On an average – taken as an average (औसत रूप से) – On an average, he earns Rs. 40/- a month.
On one’s account – for one (कि की खातिर) – I am ready to undergo difficulties on your account.
On the strength of – on the ground of (के बल पर) He was awarded a scholarship on the strength of my recommendation.
Part and parcel portion (भाग)-Kashmir has long been a part and parcel of India.
Rhyme or reason valid cause (ठोस कारण)-He turned out his servant without rhyme or reason.
Red-hunded while committing crime (अपराध करते समय) – The thief was caught red-hunded (चोरी करते समय).
Somehow or other – anyhow (किसी तरह)-He managed somehow or other to purchase a motor car for himself.
To learn by heart -to get by heart (याद कर लेना) – He learnt all the lessons by heart.
To rain cats and dogs -to rain heavily (मूसलधार पार बरसाना)-It was raining cats and dogs when he came.
To build castles in the air. – to imagine (हवाई महल बनाना) – It is no use building castles in the air.
To end in smoke – to have no effect (निष्फल होना)-All their attempts to reform the society ended in smoke.
To fall flat-have no effect (बेअसर) – His speech fell falt on the audience,
To go a long way – to do much (बहुत कुछ करना) -The reconmmendation of the headmaster went a long way in securing him a good service.
To hold water to be valid (जायज होना) – Your arguments do not hold water (are not sound or valid).
To lay stress-to emphasize (जोर देना) – The congress leaders laid streass on the need of basic education.
To nip in the bud -to destroy in the beginning (आरम्भ में ही नष्ट कर देना)-All his plans were nipped in the bud owing to his sudden illness.
To poison the ears of-to give false reports (कान भरना, झूठी शिकायत करना) – They were poisoning the ears of the Secretary against that man.
To call to order-(अनुशासित करना) – The teacher called the boys to order when they were making a noise.
To be at one-to agree (सहमत होना) – am at one with him on this point.
Upon one’s sweet will – on one’s own desire (अपनी इच्छा पर) -It depends upon my sweet will whether I do it today or tomorrow.

Micellaneous Phrases

Bed of roses (आनन्दप्रद वस्तु)-Life is not a bed of roses.
A bird’s eye view (सरसरी नजर) – I took a bird’s eye view of the whole place.
Cast Iron will (दृढ़ जो मुड़ना सके)-Sardar Patel was a man of cast iron will.
Chicken hearted (कायर)-A Soldier must not be chicken hearted.
A fair hand (साफ लिखावट)-A candidate gets credit for a fair hand.
A fool’s paradise (झूटी आशा में) -If you hope to pass, you are in a fool’s paradise.
French leave (बिना आज्ञा सा सूचना की अनुपस्थिति)-The student was fined for taking french leave.
With an iron hand (कढ़ाई से)-The riot was supressed with an iron hand.
Jack of all trades (किसी काम में निपुण नहीं, किन्तु सभी कार्यों में हाट डालना)-If · you are a jack of all trades you are master of none.
Maiden speech (जीवन में प्रथम सार्वजनिक भाषण) – The M.P.’s maiden speech was not impressive.
Nick of time (एन मौके पर)-He reached in the meeting at the nick of time.
An open secret (जो गुप्त बात सबको मालूम हो)-It is an open secret that casteism is a key to success in Bihar.
Pandora’s box (वरदान के रूप में अभिशाप)-Several inventions have proved to be a pandora’s box for mankind.
Rank and file (साधारण जनता) – Necessary steps should be taken by the government for the welfare of the rank and life.
Tall talk (घमण्ड भरी लम्बी चौड़ी बातें करना)-One must work, for more tall talk won’t do.
Up to mark (उचित योग्यता के अनरूप) – Most of the students were quite up to the mark.
White elephant (लाभ के स्थान पर हानि की वस्तु)-A motor car is a white elephant for teacher.
Yellow journalism (समाचार पत्रों में सस्ती तथा सनसनी पत्रकारिता, पीत पत्रकारिता) Yellow journalism cannot be appreciated.

Important Questions Solved

Question 1.
Use three of the following idioms and phrases in sentences as to bring out their meaning. [Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
Take after, Make out, Apple of discord, Broken reed, Bring up.
Answer:
Take after – The son takes after his father.
Make out – The police could not make out anything from the available information.
Apple of discord – The house is an apple of discord between the two brother.
Broken reed – Don’t realy on him, he is a broken reed between the two brothers.
Bring up-After his father’s death he was brought up by his uncle.

Question 2.
Use the following idioms and phrases in sentences of your own so as to bring out their meaning clearly. (Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
Answer:
Ups and downs, Rainy day: Vook and corner.
Answer:
Ups and downs – He has seen many ups and donws in his life.
Rainy day – One must lay be something against rainy day lest one should suffer.
Nook and corner – I looked into every nook and corner of my room but I could not find my pen.

Question 3.
Identify idioms and phrases in the composition given below. [Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) Old habits die hard.
(b) Seeing the police, the thief took to his heels.
(c) There is an old lady at the door asking for you.
Answer:
(a) die hard
(b) took to his heels
(c) asking for.

Question 4.
Identify idioms and phrases in the composition given below: (Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) She is intelligent, labourous and above all honest.
(b) By and by every one left the place.
(c) He is a Jack of all trades but master of none.
Answer:
(a) above all
(b) by and by
(c) Jack of all trades.

Question 5.
Use any three of the following idioms and phrases in sentence : (Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
At hand, At any cost, Apples of one’s eye, Look for, Part and Parcel.
Answer:
At hand-My examination is at hand.
At any cost-I have to do it at any cost.
Apples of one’s eye-She is apple of her mother’s eye.
Looks for–He is looking for good job.

Question 6.
Use three of the following idioms and Phrases in sentences of your own : [Board Exam. 2009 (Art)]
ups and downs, tum over, without fail, off and on, above all.
Answer:
Ups and downs-Mohan has seen many ups and down in his life
Turn over – Vikas turned over everything of his room.
Without fail – We must do our duties without fail.
Off and on – He goes to the market off and on.
Above all-Above all we should be kind to poor.

Question 7.
Use the following idioms and phrases in sentences of your own so as to bring out their meaning clearly : [Board Exam. 2009 (Sc. & Com.)]
Ups and downs, Rainy day, Nook and courner.
Answer:
Ups and downs – We should not be disheartened by ups and downs in our life.
Rainy day – We should make necessary arrangement for rainy day in order to avoid inconvenience.
Nook and corner – Every nook and corner of my house is neat and clean.

Question 8.
Use the following Idioms and Phrases in sentences of your own as to bring out their meaning clearly : (Sample Paper 2010 (A)]
(a) call off
(b) come accross
(c) look after.
Answer:
(a) The strike was called off after almost all theiremands were coneded.
(b) While going to the market came across an astrologer who to me lost of things about my past.
(c) Ram looks after the business of his father after his death.

We believe the information shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English Poem Grammar Idioms and Phrases Questions and Answers as far as our knowledge is concerned is true and reliable. In case of any queries or suggestions do leave us your feedback and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on several state board Solutions at your fingertips.

Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Grammar Translation Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Translation

Question 1.
भारत किसानों का देश है। किसान अपने खेतों में कड़ी मेहनत करते हैं। उन्हें आराम करने का समय ही नहीं मिलता है। फिर भी उनकी आर्थिक स्थिति अच्छी नहीं है।
Answer:
India is a country of farmers. Farmers work hard in their fields. They do not get time even to rest. Evern then their financial condition is not good.

Question 2.
भारत एक विशाल देश है। इसका इतिहास सदियों पुराना है। यहाँ अनेक धर्मों के लोग रहते हैं। यहाँ अनेक भाषाएँ बोली जाती हैं। फिर भी सभी भारतीय हैं।
Answer:
India is a vast country. Its history is centuries old. People of several religions live here. Here several languages are spoken.

Question 3.
तुलसीदास एक महान कवि थे। उनकी अनेक रचनाओं में ‘रामचरितमानस’ सबसे अधिक लोकप्रिय है। यह ग्रन्थ भारतीयों के लिए विशेष महत्व रखता है। यह मात्र अयोध्या के राजा राम की कहानी नहीं, वरन भारतीय समाज का संपूर्ण चित्र प्रस्तुत करता है। भारत तुलसीदास का सदा ऋणी रहेगा।
Answer:
Tulsidas was a great poet. The Ramcharitmanas is most popular among his many works. This book has its special importance for Indians. This is not only the story of King Ram of Ayodhya but it also depicts a complete picture of Indian society. India will always (ever) remain indebted to Tulsidas.

Question 4.
पं० जवाहरलाल नेहरू अपने देश के महान नेता थे। संसार के महापुरुषों में उनकी गिनती होती थी। 1947 ई० में भारत स्वतंत्र हुआ। तब से लेकर अंतिम क्षण तक नेहरूजी भारत के प्रधानमंत्री बने रहे। वे एक कुशल शासक थे।
Answer:
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was a great leader of his country. He was reckoned among the great men of the world. India got independence in 1947. Since then Nehruji remained the Prime Minister of India till the last breath of his life. He was an able administrator.

Question 5.
एक कौआ बहुत प्यासा था । वह पानी की खोज में इधर-उधर भटक रहा था। उसके कुछ दूरी पर एक घड़ा देखा। वह वहाँ गया । घड़े की तह में बहुत थोड़ा पानी था।
Answer:
A crow was very thirsty. It was flying about in search of water. It saw a pitcher at some distance. It flew to it. There was very little water at the bottom of the pitcher.

Question 6.
असफलता से हमें निराश नहीं होना चाहिए । सफलता और असफलता बहनें है। असफलत हमारी आँखें खोलती है। वह कमजोरियों को दिखाती है। उन्हें दूर कर हम पुनः सफल हो सकते हैं।
Answer:
We should not be disappointed at failures. Success and failure are sisters Failure opens up our eyes. It reveals our weakness. We can succeed again by removing them.

Question 7.
पुस्तकालय से अनेक लाभ है। इसके द्वारा हमारे ज्ञान की वृद्धि होती है। विभिन्न विषयों के ग्रन्थों के अध्ययन से हमारे ज्ञान का क्षेत्र बढ़ता है। हमारे देश के देहातों में पुस्तकालयों की बड़ी आवश्यकता है। देहात के लोगों के पास पुस्तक खरीदने के लिए पैसे नहीं है।
Answer:
There are several advantages of a library. It develops our knowledge. the sphere of our knowledge increases by the study of books on different subjects. Libraries are greatly needed in the villages of our country. The people of village have no money to buy books.

Question 8.
कुछ लोग खेलकूद को बुरा मानते हैं। वे समझते हैं कि इससे समय नष्ट होता है। किन्तु यह उनका भ्रम है। खेलना एक प्रकार का व्यायाम है। इससे शरीर में बल आता है।
Answer:
Some people consider games and sports to be bad. They think that time is wasted on them. But this is their mistake. Playing is a kind of exercise. It gives strength to the body.

Question 9.
Translate the following sentence into English: [Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) मैं गाँव में रहता हूँ।
(b) मेरे माता-पिता बूढ़े हैं ।
(c) मेरे गाँव में एक मंदिर है ।
(d) मेरे माता-पिता प्रतिदिन मन्दिर जाते हैं ।
(e) मंदिर के सामने मैदान है।
Answer:
(a) I live in a village.
(b) My parents are old.
(c) There is an temple in my village.
(d) My parents go to the temple daily.
(e) There is a field in front of the temple.

Question 10.
Translate the following sentence into English :[Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) मैं भारतीय हूँ।
(b) मैं गाँव में रहता हूँ।
(c) मैं गाँव में रहना पसंद करता हूँ।
(d) गाँव की अबोहवा स्वास्थ्यप्रद है।
(e) मैं कभी-कभी शहर भी जाता हूँ।
Answer:
(a) I am Indian.
(b) I live in a village.
(c) I like to live in a village.
(d) The climate of village is healthy.
(e) Sometimes I go to city also.

Question 11.
Translate the following sentence into English: [Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) मेरा नाम चंदन है ।
(b) मेरे दोस्त का नाम हामिद है ।
(c) हम दोनों एक ही वर्ग में पढ़ते हैं।
(d) साथ-साथ स्कूल जाते हैं।
(e) शाम को एक साथ फुटबाल खेलते हैं।
Answer:
(a) My name is Chandan.
(b) The name of my friend is Hamid.
(c) We both study in the same class.
(d) We go to school together.
(e) We play football together in the evening.

Question 12.
Translate the following sentence into English: [Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) मैं कल नालंदा जाऊंगा ।
(b) मैं बस से जाऊंगा ।
(c) नालंदा ऐतिहासिक स्थल है ।
(d) मेरे साथ मेरे कुछ साथी भी जाएंगे।
(e) हमलोग शाम तक लौट आएंगे।
Answer:
(a) I shall go to Nalanda tomorrow.
(b) I shall go by bus.
(c) Nalanda is a historical place.
(d) A few friends of mine will go with me.
(e) We shall retum by the evening.

Question 13.
Translate the following sentence into English: [Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) पटना बिहार की राजधानी है ।
(b) प्राचीन काल में इस शहर का नाम पाटलिपुत्र था।
(c) यह शहर शिक्षा का केन्द्र है।
(d) आज का पटना आठ-दस मील लम्बा है।
(e) इस शहर के उत्तर में गंगा नदी बहती है और दक्षिण में पुनपुन नदी ।
Answer:
(a) Patna is the capital of Bihar.
(b) In ancient times, the name of this city was patliputra.
(c) This town is the centre of education.
(d) The Patna of today is eight to ten miles long.
(e) The Ganga flows to the north of the city and Punpun to the South.

Question 14.
Translate the following sentence into English: [Board Exam. 2009 (Arts)]
(a) भारत एक कृषि प्रधान देश है।
(b) यहाँ की 80 प्रतिशत जनता कृषि पर निर्भर करती है।
(c) किसान हमें अन्न देते है।
(d) हमें खिसानौं की मदद करनी चाहिए
(e) उन्हें उन्नत बीज और उन्नत मशीन देकर हम उनकी मदद कर सकते हैं।
Answer:
(a) India is a agricultural country.
(b) 80 Percent people here depend on agriculture.
(c) Farmers provide us food grains.
(d) We should help the farmers.
(e) We can help them providing high quality seeds and inproved machinery.

Question 15.
Translate the following sentence into English: [Board Exam. 2009]
(a) मैं गाँव में रहता हूँ।
(b) मेरा गाँव पटना से नजदीक है।
(c) मुझे ग्रामीण जीवन बहुत पसंद है।
(d) मेरे घर के पीछे जंगल है।
(e) मैं प्रतिदिन वहाँ टहलने जाता हूँ।
Answer:
(a) I live in a village.
(b) My village is close to Patna.
(c) I very much like the village life.
(d) There is a forest behind my house.
(e) I go there daily for a walk.

Question 16.
Translate the passage given below into English : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]
(a) मेरे पिताजी नालंदा में रहते हैं।
(b) वे एक स्कूल में पढ़ाते हैं।
(c) नालंदा ऐतिहासिक जगह है।
(d) यह हमरी सांस्कृति धरोहर है।
(e) मेरे पिताजी मेरे मन की बात समझते हैं।
Answer:
(a)My father lives at Nalanda.
(b) He teches in a school.
(c)Nalanda is a historical place.
(d) It is our cultural asset.
(e) My father understands, What I think and feel.

Question 17.
Translate the passage given below into English : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]
(a) यह ताजमहल है।
(b) यह शहजहाँ के प्रेम की निशानी है ।
(c) शाहजहाँ ने इसे मुमताज को यादगार में बनवाया था।
(d) यह विश्व के सात आश्चर्यों में से एक है ।
(e) लाखों व्यक्ति प्रतिवर्ष इसे देखने आते हैं।
Answer:
(a) This is Tajmahal.
(b) It is the sign of Shajhehan’s love.
(c) Sahjehan built it is the memory of Mumtaj.
(d) It is amount the seven wonders of the world.
(e) Lacs of people go to see it every year.

Question 18.
“Translate the passage given below into English: [Model Paper 2010 (A)]
(a) मेरी माँ मुझे बहुत प्यार करती है।
(b) वह मुझे कभी मारती नहीं।
(c) वह मेरी एक अच्छी मित्र है।
(d) वह पढ़ाई में मेरी मदद करती है।
(e) मैं भी उसे बहुत प्यार करता हूँ।
Answer:
(a) My mother loves me much.
(b) She never beats me.
(c) She is my good friend.
(d) She helps me in my studies.
(e) I also love her much.

We believe the information shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English Poem Grammar Translation Questions and Answers as far as our knowledge is concerned is true and reliable. In case of any queries or suggestions do leave us your feedback and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on several state board Solutions at your fingertips.

Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Grammar Reported Speech Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Active and Passive Voice

(Use of Passive Voice)

Active & Passive Voice & Quasi Passive

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए और इसपर विचार कीजिए कि list A और list B के वाक्यों में क्या अन्तर है, विशेषकर उनके verbs के अर्थ और रूप में –

‘A’
I teach English Grammar.
He reads a book.
We hear songs.

‘B’
English Grammar is taught by me.
A book is read by him.
Songs are heard by us.

List A के वाक्यों में transitive verbs-teach, reads, hear से बोध होता है कि उनके कर्ता कुछ करते हैं। I teach; He reads; We hear-इनमें कर्ता की प्रधानता है। क्रिया के person और number भी subject के अनुसार है। लेकिन list B के verbs: is taught, is read, are heard से पता चलता है कि उनके कर्ता कुछ करते नहीं हैं, कर्ता को ही कुछ होता है। इन वाक्यों में वस्तु की प्रधानता है। यहाँ तक कि verb के number और person भी list A के वाक्यों के objects के अनुसार हैं।

इस तरह, इन वाक्यों के विवेचन से पता चलता है कि एक ही transitive verb का दो प्रकार से इस तरह व्यवहार किया जाता है कि एक में subject की प्रधानता झलकती है और ‘दूसरे से object की। Transitive verb के इसी रूप-परिवर्तन को अंगरेजी में Voice द्वारा व्यक्त करते हैं।

वास्तव में, Voice क्रिया का एक प्रकार का रूप है, जिससे हमें यह मालूम होता है कि वाक्य में subject कुछ कर रहा है या subject पर ही किसी के द्वारा कुछ किया जा रहा है।

जिस वाक्य में subject की प्रधानता हो और जिसका finite verb subject के number और person के अनुसार हो, उसे Sentence in Active Voice कहते हैं। और जिस वाक्य में object को प्रधानता देकर finite verb को object के number और person के अनुसार ही रखना पड़ता है, उसे Sentence in Passive Voice कहते हैं।

Note-वस्तुतः, voice तो verbs का ही होता है और वह भी transitive verbs का; लेकिन verbs के voice परिवर्तन के कारण समूचे वाक्य का भी ऐसा रूपान्तर हो जाता है कि, हम कह सकते हैं कि वाक्य active voice में है या passive voice में ।

Some special verbs – Active in form but Passive in sense

बहुत-से verbs ऐसे हैं जिनका रूप active की तरह मालूम होता है, लेकिन अर्थ passive की तरह होता है। इन्हें Quasi-Passive Verbs कहते हैं । जैसे-

1. The table feels hard (=is hard when it is felt)-टेबुल कड़ा मालूम पड़ता है (जब उसका स्पर्श किया जाता है)।
2. Sugar tastes sweet (= is sweet when tasted) चीनी मीठी लगती है (जब किसी के द्वारा चखी जाती है)।
3. Rose smells good (= is good when smelt)-गुलाब अच्छा महकता है (जब सूंघा जाता है)।
4. Your poem reads well (= sounds well when it is read)-आपकी कविता अच्छी लगती है (जब पढ़ी जाती है)।
5. This book sells well (is purchased by many) यह किताब अच्छी तरह बिकती है (जब बेची जाती है तब अधिकांश लोग खरीदते हैं)।

ऊपर के सभी वाक्यों वाक्यों में transitive verbs अपने complement के साथ हैं। अब कुछ ऐसे transitive verbs का अध्ययन कीजिए जिनका न कोई complement है ओर न कोई object ही स्पष्ट रहता है, फिर भी ऐसे verbs रूप में active लेकिन अर्थ में passive होते हैं ; जैसे –

1. A palace is building (एक महल बनाया जा रहा है)
2. The drum is beating (ढोल बजाया जा रहा है)
3. The guns are firing (बन्दूकें चलाई जा रही हैं)
4. This book is printing (यह किताब छप रही है, या छापी जा रहा है)
5. The cow is milking (गाय दूही जा रही है)

How to change Active Voice into Passive Voice

Verb को active voice से passive voice में बदलते समय पूरे वाक्य का रूपान्तर करना पड़ता है। Active voice में जो noun या pronoun nominative case में रहता है, उसको objective case में बदलकर उसके पहले by’ जोड़कर उसे object की जगह पर ले आते हैं। और, जो noun या pronoun active voice में objectie case में रहता है, उसे nominative case में ला subject की जगह पर रख देते हैं और तब इस नए subject के number और person तथा tense के अनुकूल verb to be’ का उपयुक्त रूप जोड़कर verb के past participle का प्रयोग करते हैं।

Verb to be’ के उपयुक्त रूप ये हैं –
Present Tense में is या am या are.
Past tense में was या were.
Past Participle में been.
निम्नांकित तालिका का अध्ययन करें-

How to change Active Voice with two objects into Passive Voice

साधारण नियम तो यह है कि अगर active voice में किसी verb के दो object रहें, तो एक को subject बना दिया जाए और दूसरे को retained object [देखें Chapter 4 के अन्तर्गत Five kinds of object] बनाकर object ही रखा जाए। जैसे –

He gave me a pen.
(i) I was given a pen by him.
(ii) A pen was given to me by him.

Active, voice के verb ‘gave’ के यहाँ दो objects हैं-me (indirect object), pen (directobject). वाक्य (i) में ‘me’ को I में बदलकर pen को ज्यों-का-त्यों retained object बनाकर रखा गया। वाक्य (ii) में pen को ही subject बनाकर ‘me’ को retained object बनाकर रख गया । व्याकरण की दृष्टि से ये दोनों वाक्य शुद्ध हैं और विद्यार्थी दोनों का व्यवहार कर सकते हैं। लेकिन आधुनिक usage के अनुसार वाक्य (i) ही अधिक उपयुक्त है। Allen का कहना है । ‘Active voice में यदि transitive verb के दो objects हैं, तो passive voice में personal object को ही subject बनाना चाहिए।

Verbs which cannot be used in Passive Voice

पहले कहा जा चुका है कि verb को active voice से passive voice में बदलने के लिए subject को object और object को subject बनाना पड़ता है। इससे वह स्पष्ट है कि

(a) जिस verb का object नहीं होता, उसको passive voice में नहीं बदला जा सकता है। चूंकि intransitive verb (अकर्मक क्रिया) का कोई object नहीं होता, इसलिए intransitive verb का passive voice नहीं हो सकता । यह साधारण नियम है, लेकिन कुछ अवस्थाओं में intransitive verb का भी passive voice होता है। जैसे-

(i) अगर intransitive verb के बाद preposition आने से वह transitive verb बन जाए और उसका कोई object रहे, तो उस verb का passive voice हो सकता है। जैसे –
He laughed at the dwarf.
The dwarf was laughted at by him.
They spoke to the man.
The man was spoken to by them.

इन वाक्यों में preposition को verb का ही अंश माना जाएगा औरpassive voice में भी वह verb के बाद अवश्य आएगा ।

(ii) अगर किसी intransitive verb का cognate object रहे, तो उसका passive voice हो सकता है जैसे –

We ran a race.
A race was run by us.
He dreamt a sweet dream.
A sweet dream was dreamt by him.

(iii) अगर किसी intransitive verb का causative verb की तरह व्यवहार हुआ हो, तो उसका passive voice हो सकता है जैसे –

They grow rice.
Rice is grown by them.
We feed the poor.
The poor are fed by us.
The labourers felled a tree.
A tree was felled by the labourers.

(b) Perfect continuous tense–present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, future perfect continuous verbs का passive voice नहीं होता ।

(c) Quasi-passive verbs का साधारणतः passive voice नहीं होता, क्योंकि उनका अर्थ तो होता ही है इसलिए इन वाक्यों के verbs का passive नहीं होगा ।

The poem reads well.
The honey tastes sweet.

Passive Voice में object के पूर्व ‘by’ के स्थान पर अन्य शब्द

ऊपर कहा जा चुका है कि passive voice में बदले जाने पर active voice का subject objective case में बदलकर object की जगह पर आता है और उसके पहले subject objective case में बदलकर object की जगह पर आता है और उसके पहले preposition by का प्रयोग होता है। लेकिन इसके कुछ अपवाद भी हैं :

(i) कुछ passive verbs के बाद by के बदले किसी दूसरे preposition का (जो उस verb के उपयुक्त हो) व्यवहार किया जाता है। जैसे –

इसी तरह, astonished, pleased, disgusted इत्यादि verbs के बाद by नहीं प्रयुक्त होता । किसी दूसरे उपयुक्त Preposition का व्यवहार किया जाता है।

(ii) बहुत-से वाक्यों में जहाँ active voice का subject अनिर्दिष्ट है, जैसे-they, nobody, no one इत्यादि, वहाँ passive voice बनाने में विद्यार्थियों को कठिनाई होती है। उनकी सुविधा के लिए यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण दिए जा रहे हैं –

More about Voice

Interchange of Active Voice and Passive Voice

Voice के प्रसंग में आपको Active voice से Passive voice में बदलने के कुछ प्रमुख नियमों से अवगत कराया गया है। यहाँ हम interrogative, imperative, complex, compound sentences इत्यादि को active में Passive voice में बदलने के तरीके पर विचार करें।

Infinitive वाले वाक्य का Passive Voice

अगर वाक्य में finite verb, intransitive रहे और उसके बाद infinitive का प्रयोग हो तो infinitive को उसके past participle रूप में कर देने से वाक्य passive voice में हो जाएगा। जैसे –

Imperative Verb got Passive Voice

Imperative के transitive verbs के passive voice बनाने में इस वाक्य को let से प्रारम्भ करते हैं (भले ही वाक्य में पहले से let नहीं रहे) और तब verb के बदले उसके passive infinitive, without to का प्रयोग करते हैं। जैसे –

Note-विद्यार्थियों को उचित है कि बायीं ओर के वाक्य में subject you जो लुप्त है, उसे लिखकर, voice का परिवर्तन करें। जैसे –

Read this book = (you) read this book.
और यह passive voice में हो जाएगा –
Let this book be read by you.

Interrogative sentence a transitive verb का Passive voice में परिवर्तन

(1) अगर interrogative sentence, auxiliary verb से शुरू हो –

विद्यार्थी अगर अलती से बचना चाहते हों तो उन्हें चाहिए कि voice परिवर्तन के पहले ऐसे वाक्य को assertive sentence में बदल लें। फिर, ऊपर दिए गए साधारण नियमों के अनुसार वाक्य का voice बदल दें। और, voice परिवर्तन के बाद sentence को पुनः interrogative sentence के रूप में लिख लें; जैसे –

Did you read this book? इस वाक्य में verb ‘read’ active voice में है। हम इसको – passive voice में बदलने के पहले –

1. इसको assertive sentence के रूप में लिखें-You read this book.
2. यह passive voice में हो जाएगा-This book was read by you.
3. अब इसको interrogative sentence के रूप में लिखें-Was this book read by you?

कुछ अन्य उदाहरणों का अध्ययन करें –

(2) अगर transitive verb वाला interrogative sentence ‘who’ से प्रारम्भ हो तो passive voice में बदलने के लिए ‘who’ को active voice का subject मानकर साधारण नियमों के अनुसार वाक्य को passive में बदल देंगे, जैसे-

Active:
1. Who did this?
2. Who killed the dog
3. who reads this book

Passive:
1. By whom was this done?
2. By whom was the dog killed?
3.By whom is this book read?

Note-Who का objective case ‘whom’ होता है।

(3) अगर transitive verb वाला interrogative sentence why, when, where, how इत्यादि question word से शुरू हो –

तो इस question word को पहले वाक्य से निकालकर ऊपर (1) में दिए गए तरीके से passive voice बना लें और तब question word को पुनः passive voice के वाक्य के शुरू में जोड़ दें; जैसे

1. Why did you read this book ?
2. When did he kill the dog ?
3. How did they admit all students ?
4. How did you like the dinner ?

इन वाक्यों से ‘अगर why, when how को हटा लें तो इनका सही रूप रहता है जो (1) में दिए गए वाक्यों का है, तो हम (1) में बताए गए नियम के अनुसार इनका passive में रूपान्तर कर लेंगे और तब क्रमश: why, when, how को वाक्य के आरम्भ में जोड़कर लिखेंगे –

1. Why was this book read by you ?
2. When was the dog killed by him ?
3. How were all students admitted by them ?
4. How was the dinner liked by you ?

Change of transitive verb in complex and compound sentences from the active voice to the passive voice –

अगर किसी वाक्य में एक से अधिक finile verb रहें और वे सभी transitive हों तो एक को Passive voice में बदलने पर दूसरे को भी passive voice में बदलना पड़ेगा । जैसे, हम इन वाक्यों को लें –

Active

1. He told me that he had read the book.
2. He wrote this book and gave it to Anjana P&D for publication.
3. She wrote the letter but lore it to pieces.

Passive

1. I was told by him that the book been read by him.
2. This book was written by him and (it was) given (by him) to Anjana (P&D) for publicatipn.
3. The letter was written by her but (it was) torn (by her) to pieces.

ऊपर दिए गए वाक्यों में हम देकते है की प्रत्येक में दो – दो Clauses हैं ।

(i) He told me +that he had read the book..
(ii) He wrote this book + and + (he) have it to Anjana (P & D) for publication.
(iii) She wrote the letter + and + (she) tore it to pieces.

इन वाक्यों को passive रूप में लाने केलिए हम दोनों lauses को अलग अलग passive रूप में ले आते हैं, और तब उनको जोड़ देते हैं।

Note – अगर एक ही clause में एक finite verb रहे और उसके साथ infinitive __verb रहे तो हम दोनों का passive voice में नहीं बदल सकते, क्योंकि double passive का व्यवहार नहीं हो सकता ।

Passive Voice से Active Voice बनाने का नियम

(i) अगर दिए हुए वाक्यों में कुछ शब्द लुप्त हों तो उनको कोष्ठ (brackets) में लिखकर वाक्यों को पूरा कर लीजिए । प्रायः passive voice में by+ object लुप्त रहता है । ऐसी हालत में अपनी ओर से by + उपयुक्त object जोड़कर वाक्य को पूरा का लीजिए । जैसे –

The thief was arrested. = The thief was arrested (by the police).
My watch was stolen. = My watch was stolen (by someone).
It is said that he is poor.=It is said (by them or by people) that he is poor.

The letter was written by her and torn to bits. = The letter was written by her and it was) torn to bits (by her).

(ii) इसके बाद passive voice के वाक्य में से object को निकालकर nominative case में ले आइए और active voice के वाक्य का उसे subject बना लीजिए।

(iii) Passive voice & subject objective case # 3TEC site 3 active voice के वाक्य में object की जगह पर लिखिए।

(iv) Verb to be’ को हटाकर, verb के past participle रूप को नए subject के अनुसार बदल दीजिए।

(v) Passive voice के object के पहले ‘by’, ‘to’ अथवा अन्य कोई preposition रहे तो उसे हटा दीजिए; जैसे –

Important Questions Solved

Change the following sentences from Active to Passive :
Note : उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (italics) में दिया गया है।

Active – Passive

1. He knows me. – I am known to him
2. My father has taught me. – I have been taught by my father
3. Help the poor. – Let the poor be helped
4. He gave me a book. – I was given a book by him.
5. The Headmaster gave him a prize. – He was given a prize by the headmaster
6. Raju has built this house. – This house has been built by Raju.
7. The soldiers took her to the camp. – She was taken to the camp by the soldiers.
8. Who killed the bird? – By whom was the bird killed?
9. Do it at once. – Let it be done at once.
10. The mother looks after the child. – The child is looked after by mother.
11. Motilal Nehru admired Gandhiji. – Gandhiji was admired by Motilai Nehru.
12. Who taught you English? – By whom were you taught English?
13. Who wrote this poem? – By whom was this poem written?
14. They made him captain. – He was made captain by them.
15. Who has stolen my purse? – By whom has my purse been stolen?
16. The teacher guides me. – I am guided by the teacher.
17. Give me your pen. – Let your pen be given to me.
18. Who has killed the tiger? – By whom has the tiger been killed?
19. Gandhiji respected all living creatures. – All living creatures were respected by Gandhiji.
20. We have polluted even wells. – Even wells have been polluted by us.

Question 21.
Change the following sentences into the passive voice : – (Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. She bought a book.
2. I must write a letter.
3. You have taught me.

Answer:

1. A book was bought by her.
2. A letter must be writtern by me.
3. I have been taught by you.

Question 22.
Change the voice of the following sentences : (Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. She will have bought a book.
2. He was sent the letter of appointment by the Government.
3. He was to help me.

Answer:

1. A book will have been bought by her.
2. The Government sent him the letter of appointment.
3. I was to be helped by him.

Question 23.
Change the following sentences into the passive voice : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. She hurt her leg in an accident.
2. One must write answers on both sides of the sheet.
3. Nobody has answered my questions properly.

Answer:

1. Her leg was hurt in an accident.
2. Answers must be written on both sides of the sheet.
3. My question has not been answered properly.

Question 24.
Change the following sentences into the passive voice : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. His behaviour shocked me.
2. All of you can win the race.
3. The recitation pleased the inspector.

Answer:

1. I was shocked by his behaviour.
2. The race can be won by any of yowall of you.
3. The inspector was pleased with the recitation.

Question 25.
Change the following sentences into the passive voice : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. Who taught you the English?
2. We made him captain.
3. He is to write a letter.

Answer:

1. By Whom were you taught English?
2. He was made captain by us.
3. A letter is to be written by him.

Question 26.
Change the following sentences into the passive voice : [Board Exam 2009 (Arts)]

1. Lata will sing a song.
2. The cow eats grass.
3. We crossed the river easily.

Answer:

1. A song will be sung by Lata.
2. The grass is eaten by the cow.
3. The river was easily crossed by us.

Question 27.
Change the following sentences into the passive voice : (Board Exam 2009 (I.Sc. & Com.)]

1. They never helped me.
2. They will punish you for your misdeed.
3. I have always helped Hari.

Answer:

1. I was never helped by them.
2. You will be punished by them for your misdeeds.
3. They never helped me.

Question 28.
Change the following sentences into Passive voice :[Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. Dr. Prasad teaches me English.
2. The committee has repealed the amendment.
3. They have always cheated me.

Answer:

1. I am taught English by Dr. prasad.
2. The amendment has been repealed by the committee.
3. I have always been chated by them.

Question 29.
Change the following sentences into Passive voice :

1. Columbs discovered America.
2. The teacher has taught us grammar.
3. Who wrote Shakuntala?

Answer:

1. America was discovered by Columbus.
2. We have been taught grammar by the teacher.
3. Shakuntala was written by Whom?

Question 30.
Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. I can teach you.
2. Hari has bought a beautiful pen.
3. Mohan was dismissed by the employer.

Answer:

1. You can be taught by me.
2. A beautiful pen has been bought by Hari.
3. The employer dismissed Mohan.

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Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Tenses

Tense

Tense- (E) Excla – क्रिया के रूप को Tense कहा जाता है । (The tense of a verb shows the time when an action takes place)

Kinds of Tense

Tense के तीन भेद होते हैं –
1. Present Tense (वर्तमान काल)
2. Past Tense (भूतकाल)
3. Future Tense (भविष्य काल)

Preseent Tense

जब क्रोई कार्य वर्तमान समय में होता है तो Present Tense कहते हैं, जैसे – Ram reads a book. He is writing a letter. Mohan has gone home. Sohan has been reading in this school for four years.

Past Tense

जब कोई कार्य बीते हुए समय में हुआ था, हो रहा था, हो चुका था, होता आ रहा था तो ऐसी क्रिया को Past Tense कहते हैं –

जैसे – He went home. He was going home. He had gone home. He had been teaching for ten years.

Future Tense

जब क्रिया से आनेवाले समय का बोध होता है, उसे Future Tense कहा जाता है जैसे-I shall go home.

1. Present Tense

Kinds of Present Tense
I. Present Simple/Indefinite
ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

Subject+full verb[Present Simple]

Present Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित परिस्थितियों में किया जाता है :

Rule I. ऐसे वाक्यों से चिरन्तन सत्य (eternal truth) या सिद्धांत (principle) का बोध होता है और इसलिए इनसे Past, Present, Future तीनों प्रकार के Time का भाव व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. The sun rises in the east.
2. The sun sets in the west.

Rule II. ऐसे वाक्यों से स्थायी कार्य (permanent activity) या स्वभाव (nature) का बोध होता है इसलिए इनसे Past, Present, Future तीनों प्रकार के Time का भाव व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. we hear with our ears.
2. We see with our eyes
3. The rose smells sweet.
4. He lives in India.

Rule III. ऐसे वाक्यों से आदत (habit) या कार्य के बार-बार होने (repetition) का बोध होता है और इसलिए इनसे Past, Present, Future तीनों प्रकार का Time व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. I like fish very much.
2. He knows English.
3. He always comes on time.
4. She never comes on time.

Rule IV. ऐसे वाक्यों से भविष्य में होनेवाले कार्यक्रम/निर्णय (firm decision/programme) को बोध होता है और इसलिए इनसे Future Time का भाव व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. He leaves for home tomorrow.
2. The plane takes off at 9 a.m.

इस प्रकार के वाक्यों में Future Time बतानेवाले Adverbs of Time का प्रयोग होता है, जैसे
tomorrow, next day, next week/month/year.

Rule v. ऐसे वाक्यों से ऐतिहासिक वर्तमान (historical present) का बोध होता है और इसलिए इनसे Past Time का भाव व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. Now the Battle of Panaipat begins.
2. Now Akbar calls Birbal and asks.

Rule VI. ऐसे वाक्यों से समय (time) या शर्त (condition) का बोध होता है और Future Time का भाव व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. You will pass if you work hard.
2. I will wait here until he comes back.
यहाँ If you work hard का अर्थ है-If you will work hard और Until he comes back का अर्थ है-Until he will come back.

2. Present Continuous Tense

ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

Subject+am/is/are+verb+ing

Present Continuous Tesne का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित परिस्थितियों में किया जाता है :

Rule I. ऐसे वाक्यों से तात्कालिक वर्तमान (immediate present-Now) का बोध होता है; जैसे –
1. The sun is rising now.
2. They are catching fish now.

Rule II. ऐसे वाक्यों से भविष्य में होनेवाले कार्यक्रम/योजना (plan/programme) का भी बोधं होता है और इसलिए इनसे Future Time व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. He is leaving for home tomorrow.
2. She is taking her examination next week.

Rule III. ऐसे वाक्यों से कार्य करने के इरादे (intention) या संभावना (likelihood) का बोध होता है और इसलिए इनसे Future Time का भाव व्यक्त होता है; जैसे –

1. He is going to buy a car.- intention
2. The patient is going to die.- likelihood

3. Present Perfect Tense

Subject+has/have+past participle

Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित परिस्थितियों में होता है।

Rule I. इससे यह बोध होता है कि कोई कार्य तुरन्त समाप्त हुआ है और इसलिए इसका सम्बन्ध वर्तमान समय (Present Time) से नहीं रहता है। जैसे –

1. I have finished the work.
2. He has returned from Delhi.

Rule II. इससे यह भी बोध होता है कि कार्य का सम्बन्ध वर्तमान समय (Present time) से जुड़ा हुआ है, क्योंकि इसका प्रभाव अभी भी जारी है; जैसे –

1. He has lived here since 1970.
2. I have known him for five years.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Subject+has/have+been+verb-ing

इससे यह बोध होता है कि जो काम भूतकाल (past) में आरम्भ हुआ था वह वर्तमान समय (present time) में जारी है, जैसे –

1. It has been raining since Monday.
2. He has been working here since January.

Past Tense

1. Past Indefinite Tense (V₂)

Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है :

(a) भूतकाल में पूरी हुई किसी क्रिया के लिए :
1. We learnt English at school.
2. He killed a snake.
3. My father taught in this school.

(b) भूतकाल के सम्बन्ध में किसी आदत, अथवा प्रायः होने वाली क्रिया के लिए :
1. He came to me every evening.
2. He never told a lie.
3. I always spoke the truth.

2. Past Continuous Tense (was/were + V₁-ing)

Past Progressive (Continuous) Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया भूतकाल में किसी निश्चित समय पर अथवा किसी निश्चित अवधि के दौरान चल रही हो ।

1. He was writing a letter when I saw him.
2. I was reading a novel yesterday afternoon.

Past Progressive तथा Simple Past के अन्तर को अच्छी प्रकार से समझ लेना चाहिए।

Simple Past Tense – भूतकाल में पूरी हो चुकी क्रिया के लिए।
Past Progressive Tense – भूतकाल में जारी रही क्रिया के लिए ।

Past Progressive का प्रयोग उस स्थिति में किया जाता है जब हमारी मुख्य रूचि क्रिया के समाप्ति में न हो, अपितु क्रिया के जारी रहने में हो।

क्रिया के पूरे होने में हमारी रुचि कम होती है और क्रिया के जारी रहने की स्थिति पर अधिक बल होता है। यदि हमारी रुचि क्रिया के पूरा होने में हो तो simple Past का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Completed activity (V₂)

1. He came into the room
2. I saw her
3. I dropped my watch
4. When you telephoned ?
5. It began to rain

Continuing activity was/ were V₁-ing)

1. while I was waiting.
2. as I was passing yesterday.
3. while I was binding it.
4. We were playing.
5. just as we were leaving the house.

3. Past Perfect Tense (had + V₃)

Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है :

(a) ऐसी क्रिया के लिए जो भूतकाल में किसी निश्चित समय (moment) से पहले, या किसी निश्चित समय तक पूरी हो चुकी हो।

1. The patient had died before the doctor came.
2. I had funished my work by evening.

(b) किसी असन्तुष्ट इच्छा को प्रकट करने के लिए।

1. I wish my father had been here at this time.
2. I wish I had worked harder.

(c) Present Perfect अथवा Simple Past वाले किसी वाक्य को Direct कथन से Indirect कथन के बदलने के लिए भी इस Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

1. He said, “The train arrived late.” (Simple Past)
He said that the train had arrived late. (Past Perfect)

2. He said, ” I have left my parents.” (Present Perfect)
He said that he had left his parents. (Past Perfect)

(d) यदि किसी वाक्य में भूतकाल में घटित दो घटनाओं का वर्णन हो, तो उनमें से जो घटना पहले घटी हो, उसके लिए Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है, और जो घटना अपेक्षाकृत रूप से बाद में घटी हो, तो उसके लिए Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग तभी किया जाना चाहिए यदि भूतकाल में होने वाली कोई क्रिया किसी अन्य क्रिया की अपेक्षा पहले पूरी होने का भाव रखती हो।

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

(had + been+V₁-ing)

Past Perfect Continuous Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है यदि कोई क्रिया भूतकाल से आरम्भ होकर भूतकाल में ही किसी निश्चित समय पर चल रही हो; जैसे –

When I reached there at 2 p.m., he had been waiting for me since 1.30 p.m.

Future Tense

Future Tense के निम्नलिखित भेद हैं।

1. Future Simple

(i) First Person + shall + Infinitive (without to)
(ii) Second/Third Person + will + Infinitive [without to]

Rule I. ऐसे वाक्यों से केवल Future time का बोध होता है, अर्थात् यह बोध होता है कि कोई कार्य भविष्य में सामान्य रूप से होगा; जैसे –

1. I shall go to Bombay tomorrow.
2. He will start for Delhi tomorrow.

Rule II. कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

(i) First Person + will + Infinitive [without to]
(ii) Second/Third Person + shall + Infinitive [without to]

ऐसे वाक्यों से भविष्यत्काल के अलावा इच्छा, संकल्प. चेतावनी (will/determination/ intention/threat) आदि भावों का बांध होता है। लिए इसे coloured future कहा जाता है। इस वाक्य को देखें –
He shall pay the fine. [threat]

Rule III. कुछ Interrogative Sentences इस प्रकार के होते हैं –

Shall + I + Infinitive [without to]

1. Shall I open the door ?
2. Shall I make tea for you ?

ऐसे वाक्यों से राय परामर्श/निवेदन (advise/suggestion/request) का भाव प्रकट होता है और Fresent Time का बोध होता है।

Rule IV. कभी-कभी Future Simple से आदत या सत्य का भाव प्रकट होता है और इससे Past, Present, Future तीनों प्रकार के Time का बोध होता है –

1. Boys will be boys.
2. Accidents will happen.

3. Future Imperfect [Progressive]
Subject+shall be/will be+verb+ing

Rule I – इससे यह बोध होता है कि कोई कार्य भविष्य में कुछ समय तक जारी रहेगा; जैसे –

1. I shall be reading a novel.
2. He will be staying here.

Rule – एसे वाक्यों से भविष्य में होनेवाले कार्यक्रम/योजना का भी बोध होता है; जैसेI shall be seeing her tomorrow.

3. Future Perfect

Subject+shall have/will have+past participle

Rule I. इससे यह बोध होता है कि कोई कार्य भविष्य में किसी निर्धारित समय तक समाप्त हो चुकेगा; जैसे –

1. He will have finished the work by next year.
2. She will have returned home by next month.

Rule II. Future Perfect से संभावना (likelihood) या अनुमान (inference) का भी बोध होता है। ऐसी संभावना या अनुमान का संबंध भूतकाल (Past) के कार्यों से रहता है, जैसे –

1. You will have heard this story. [शायद आपने इस कहानि को सूना होगा]
2. You will have seen this man. [शायद आपने इस व्यक्ति को देखा होगा]

इस प्रकार , will have + past participle agt 39ef staru may have + past participle और can have + past participle का होता है।

4. Future Perfect Continuous

Subject + shall/will have been + verb+ing

इससे यह बोध होता है कि कार्य भविष्य में बहुत समय तक जारी रहेगा –

1. I shall have been writing a novel.
2. He will have been reading a novel.

Important Questions Solved

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in brackets.

Question 1.

1. I ……… him last year. (See)
2. The train ……… before we reached the station. (leave)
3. He ……… to school by bus. (go)
4. They ……… here for five years. (live)

Answer:

1. saw
2. had left
3. goes
4. have been living

Question 2.

1. The sun ……… in the east. (rise)
2. He ………. to school every day. (go)
3. I wish I ……… a good man. (was)
4. He ……… the poor yesterday. (feed)

Answer:

1. rises
2. went
3. were
4. fed

Question 3.

1. Have you ……… him ? (See)
2. He ……… the school before the bell rang. (reach)
3. They were ……… Out an hour ago. (see)
4. We ……… a film last night (see)

Answer:

1. seen
2. had reached
3. seen
4. saw

Question 4.

1. We have not ……… him for a year. (see)
2. Who ……… my book ? (steal)
3. My brother ……… home a week ago. (go)
4. The price of mangoes ……… gone up. (has).

Answer:

1. seen
2. stolen
3. went
4. has

Question 5.

1. While we worked, they ……… (play)
2. I ……… working there. (has)
3. She ……… here since 1989. (live)
4. The sun ……… when we went out. (shine)

Answer:

1. played.
2. have been
3. has been living
4. was shining

Question 6.

1. He ……… for Patna next week. (leave)
2. It ……… since last night. (rain)
3. The price of things ……… up. (go)
4. She did not ……… a letter. (write)

Answer:

1. leaving
2. has been raining
3. has gone up
4. write

Question 7.
Fill in the blanks with correct Tense of the verbs given in brackets.

1. Columbus ……… America (discover)
2. The cinema show ……… when I reached the hall. (start)
3. After he met with an accident he ……… to a hospital. (take)
4. The old lady ……… the Gita when the guests arrived. (read)

Answer:

1. discovered
2. had started
3. was taken
4. was reading

Question 8.
Put the verbs in any three of the following sentences into the correct tense form: [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. He always (come) late.
2. He (buys) a pen yesterday.
3. He (live) here since 1990.
4. They (be) happy at the turn of the events.
5. Hari (come) tomorrow.

Answer:

1. comes
2. bought
3. has been living
4. became.
5. will come

Question 9.
Fill up the blanks with correct tense form as given in the brackets : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. He ……… hot milk. (likes/is/liking)
2. I ……… my work an hour ago. (have finished/finished)
3. He is ……… today. (coming/comes)

Answer:

1. He likes
2. finished
3. coming

Question 10.
Put the verbs in the following sentences into correct forms : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. Honesty (be) the best policy.
2. The dog (bite) her on the ankle while she (catch) it.

Answer:

1. is
2. bit catching

Question 11.
Choose the correct tense forms of verbs in brackets and fill in the blanks : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. The Ganga ……… a holy river. (are/is)
2. Sania Mirza ……… tennis. (plays/playing)
3. He ……… children. (loves/is loving)

Answer:

1. is
2. plays
3. loves

Question 12.
Put the verbs in the following sentences into correct tense forms : [Board Exam. 2009 (Arts)]

1. It ……… since morning. (rain)
2. The sun ……… (rise) in the east and ……… (set) in the west.

Answer:

1. raining
2. rises sets

Question 13.
Put the verbs in the following sentences into correct tense forms : (Board Exam. 2009 Sc. & Com.)

1. Honesty (be) the best polity.
2. He (leave) Patna a month ago.

Answer:

1. is
2. Patna

Question 14.
Choose the correct tense forms of the verbs given in brackets and fill in the blanks : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. He ……… (come) to see me yesterday.
2. If he comes I ……… (go).
3. Look ! They ……… (work) in the field.

Answer:

1. came
2. shall go
3. are working.

Question 15.
Put the verbs in the following sentences into correct tense forms :

1. Macbeth ……… Written by Shakespeare. (was/would)
2. I wish I ……… a king. (be, will)
3. The senant has been ……… by the master. (beat, beaten)

Answer:

1. was
2. be
3. beaten

Question 16.
Fill in the blanks with correct form of tenses as given in the brackets :

1. He has ……… every law (broke, broken).
2. The report was ……… A guilty. (destorting, distorted)
3. Mind ……… always suspicious. (is/are)

Answer:

1. broken
2. distorting
3. is

Question 17.
Put the verbs in any three of the following sentences into correct tense forms:

1. I(leve) Patna last year
2. He already (buy) a new house
3. He (return) the book tomorrow
4. I (not see) any picture since January

Answer:

1. had left
2. bought
3. will return
4. have not seen

Question 18.
Fill in the blanks with correct tense formed an given in the brackets :

1. My horse ……… very fast. (run)
2. I ……… all my sums. (solve)
3. I ……… to mumbai in next week. (go)

Answer:

1. runs
2. can solve
3. shall go

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Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Transformation of Sentences

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का अध्ययन कीजिए –

1. Patna is the best town in Bihar.
2. Patna is better than any other town in Bihar.
3. No other town in Bihar is so good as Patna.

पहले वाक्य का अर्थ है ‘पटना बिहार में सबसे अच्छा शहर है’ और दूसरे वाक्य का तात्पर्य यह है कि ‘पटना बिहार के किसी भी अन्य शहर से अच्छा है।’ वास्तव में दोनों का अर्थ एक ही है। वाक्यों की बनावट में थोड़ा हेर-फेर है।

तीसरे वाक्य का अर्थ ‘बिहार में कोई भी दूसरा शहर इतना अच्छा नहीं है जितना पटना है।’ इस वाक्य से भी वही अर्थ निकलता है जो पहले या दूसरे वाक्य से निकलता है।

तीनों वाक्यों में केवल adjective के प्रयोग में अन्तर है। पहले वाक्य में superlative degree के adjective का प्रयोग है। दूसरे वाक्य में comparative degree के adjective का ; और तीसरे वाक्य में positive degree के adjective का । पर तीनों वाक्यों में एक ही adjective के तीन degrees हैं। तीनों वाक्यों से sense अभिप्राय) एक ही निकलता है।

अतः, हम यह समझें कि तीनों वाक्यों के रूप में अन्तर है लेकिन अर्थ में नहीं। इसी तरह किसी वाक्य के sense को ज्यों-का-त्यों रखते हुए उस वाक्य के रूप या इस वाक्य की बनावट को बदल देने की क्रिया को Transformation कहा जाता है।

Transformation means the change of a sentence from one grammatical form to another without altering the sense.

1. Removal of ‘Too’ from a sentence :

किसी भी वाक्य में यदि ‘Too’ शब्द का प्रयोग हुआ हो, तो सबसे पहले उस वाक्य का स्पष्ट अर्थ समझ लें और उसे हिन्दी में लिखकर उसका अनुवाद अंगरेजी में इस तरह कर लें कि उसमें ‘too’ का प्रयोग नहीं रहे। यही सबसे सहज उपाय है। जैसे –

(i) He is too weak to walk.
इस वाक्य का हिन्दी में यही अर्थ होगा कि “वह इतना कमजोर है कि वह टहल नहीं सकता है।” इस हिन्दी के वाक्य का अंगरेजी में इस प्रकार अनुवाद किया जा सकता है –

(ii) He is so weak that he cannot walk.
पहले वाक्य में ‘too’ शब्द का प्रयोग है, दूसरे वाक्य में नहीं। दोनों वाक्यों में क्या अन्तर है? ध्यानपूर्वक देखिए –
पहले वाक्य में ……….. too + adjective
दूसरे वाक्य में ……… so (adjective के पहले) + that + subject (he) + cannot …..

अतः, यह स्पष्ट है कि ‘too’ के स्थान पर ‘so …. that…… not ये तीनों शब्द यथास्थान अवश्य रहेंगे। इसके अतिरिक्त, ‘that’ के बाद subject दुहराया जायेगा और उसके बाद verb को उचित tense में negative रूप में रखा जाएगा।

Exercises Solved

Remove ‘Too’ in the following sentences :
Note : उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (italics) में दिया गया है।

2. Interchange of Assertive and Interrogative Sentences

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का अध्ययन कीजिए –

Interrogative – Can it be true ?
Assertive – It cannot be true.
Interrogative – Who is there who does not love his country ?
Assertive – (i) Every body loves his country,(ii) There is no one who does not love his country.
Interrogative – Is there anything greater than love?
Assertive – There is nothing greater than love.
Interrogative – What does it matter if we lose ?
Assertive – (i) It does not matter if we lose,(ii) It matters little if we lose.
Assertive – Everyone wishes to be happy.
Interrogative – Who does not wish to be happy ?
Assertive – It is useless to waste time.
Interrogative – Why waste time?
Assertive – One swallow does not make a summer.
Intrrogative – Does one swallow make a summer ?

Note – (i) ऊपर जो वाक्य दिए गए है उनसे यह स्पष्ट है कि ये उस तरह से interrogative नहीं बनाए गए हैं जिस तरह से Chapter 6 में affrmative sentence को negative या interrogative बनाया गया है जैसे –

• Affirmative – I read a book.
• Negative – I do not read a book.”
• Interrogative – Do I read a book ?

यहाँ इन दोनों वाक्यों के रूप बदलने से अर्थ में भी अन्तर आ गया है। अतः, यह transformation नहीं हुआ क्यों transformation में अर्थ का अन्तर नहीं आना चाहिए।

(ii) ऊपर दिए गए उदाहरणों से यह भी स्पष्ट है कि कुछ प्रकार के वाक्यों को _interrogative से assertive में नहीं बदला जा सकता है; जैसे –

• What is your name?
• Where do you live ?
• Why do you smile ?
• Did you have your meal ?

इन वाक्यों को हम assertive sentence में नहीं बदल सकते । हम उन्हीं Interrogative sentences को assertive में बदल सकते हैं जो वास्तव में rhetorical questions हैं अर्थात् जिनके उत्तर प्रश्न में ही निहित हैं। या यों कहिए कि जिन प्रश्नों का उत्तर res/ no में दिया जा सकता है, उन्हीं interrogative वाक्यों को assertive वाक्यों में transform किया जा सकता है, अन्य interrogativesentences को साधारणत: नहीं।

(iii) Interrogative sentence को assertive या assertive sentence को inter rogative में बदलने के लिए विशेष नियम नहीं है। लेकिन स्मरण रखना चाहिए कि अगर assertive sentence में no/not का व्यवहार हुआ हो तो Interrogative sentence में nod not का व्यवहार नहीं होगा। और, अगर assertive sentence में no/not नहीं रहे तो errogative sentence में no/not का अवश्य प्रयोग होगा । अर्थात्,

(a) अगर assertive sentence affirmative रहे तो interrogative sentence negative question हो जायेगा।
(b) अगर assertive sentence negative at interrogative sentence affirmative question हो जायेगा।
(c) उसी प्रकार Interrogative से assertive में बदलते समय यह देखना पड़ता है कि question में affirmative verb है या negative, यदि verb affirmative हो तो उसे negative बनाया जाता है और यदि negative हो तो affirnative बनाया जाता है।

3. Interchange of Affirmative and Negative Sentences

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का अध्ययन कीजिए –

Affirmative – I was doubtful whether it was you.
Negative – I was not sure whether it was you.
Affirmative – He must not have missed to seet the Taj Mahal.
Negative – He must have seen the Taj Mahal.
Affirmative – I love him.
Negative – I am not without love for him.
Affirmative – I am wiser than you.
Negative – You are not so wise as I.
Negative – None but the poor deserves help.
Affirmative – The poor alone deserve help.
Negative – He does not take winc.
Affirmative – He abstains from wine.
Affirmative – As soon as the train started, he came to the station.
Negative – No sooner did the train start than he came to the station.

इस Chapter 6 में दिए गए affirmative से negative बनाने के जो नियम और उदाहरण दिए गए हैं और ऊपर जो उदाहरण दिए गए हैं, उन्हें विद्यार्थी अच्छी तरह समझने की कोशिश करें।

उपर्युक्त उदाहरणों से यह मालूम होता है कि affirmative से negative अथवा nagative से affirmative बदलने के लिए कोई खास नियम नहीं है। वाक्य के अर्थ को भलीभाँति समझकर आवश्यकतानुसार कोई उचित word या phase चुनकर बैठा दिया जाता है। केवल इसी बात का ख्याल रखना चाहिए कि वाक्य के अर्थ में अन्तर न पड़े और double ‘negative के व्यवहार को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ें

कुछ और उदाहरणों को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ें –

Negative – He is no mean player
Affirmative – He is a good player.
Negative – This is not impossible.
Affirmative – This is possible.
Negative – He was asked not to smoke.
Affirmative – He was prohibited from smoking.
Negative – He did not lose a single match.
Affirmative – He won all the matches.
Negative – He does not go there very often.
Affirmative – He seldom goes there.
Negative – The doctor had never treated his patients unfairly.
Affirmative – The doctor had always treated his patients fairly.

4. Transformation of Sentence into Interrogative

Change the following sentences into Interrogative :
Note : उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (italics) में दिया गया है।

5. Transformation of sentence into Affirmative

Change the following sentences into Affiirmative :
Note : उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (italics) में दिया गया है।

6. Interchange of the Degrees of Comparison

वाक्य के अर्थ में बिना कोई परिवर्तन किए ही adjective या adverb के degree बदल दिए जा सकते हैं। निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में degree के ऊपर ध्यान दीजिए –

superlative – ‘Shakuntala’ is the best drama in Sanskrit.
Comparative – (i) ‘Shakuntala’ is better than any other drama in Sanskirt, या (ii) ‘Shakuntala’ is better than all other dramas in Sanskrit.
Positive – No other drama in Sanskrit is so good as ‘Shakuntala’ (or, as good as ‘Shakuntala’).

उपर्युक्त सभी वाक्यों के अर्थ एक ही हैं । वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त adjective के degree में अन्तर है। ‘Best’ की जगह पर ‘better than any other’ या ‘better than all other’ रखने की आवश्यकता है, यदि comparative degree के adjective का प्रयोग करना हो। यह भी ध्यान रखना चाहिए कि ‘any other,के बाद singular noun होगा और ‘all other’ के बाद plural noun होगा। (स्मरण रहे कि better than any या better than all कभी नहीं लिखें; इसके बाद other शब्द का अवश्य प्रयोग करें।)

यदि positive degree के adjective का प्रयोग करना हो, तो no other + noun in singular number + so good as (या as good as) लिखा जाएगा। निम्नलिखित उदाहरणों से ये बातें और भी स्पष्ट होंगी।

Superlative – Delhi is the best town in India.
Comparative – Delhi is better than all other towns in India. या Delhi is better than any other town in India.
Positive – No other town in India is so (या as) good as Delhi.
Superlative – Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the greatest man in India.
Comparative – Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was greater than all other men in India.
या – Pandit Jawaharlal Nchru was greater than any other man in India.
Positive – No other inan in India was so (as) great as Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

कुछ वाक्यों में degree को दूसरे प्रकार से भी बदला जाता है। निम्नलिखित उदाहरणों का अध्ययन कीजिए –

Superlative – Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the greatest men of the world.
Comparative – Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was greater than most other men of the world.
Positive – Very few men of the world were so great as (or, as great as) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
Superlative – Milton was onc of the greatest poets of England.
Comparative – Miltion was greater than most vlher poets of England.
Positive – Very few poets of England were so great as (or, as great as) Milton.
Superlative – Gold is one of the heaviest of metals.
Comparative – Gold is heavier than any other metal.
Positive – Very few metals are as heavy as (or, so heavy as) gold.

Exercise (86) के पहले दिए गए उदाहरणों और उपर्युक्त उदाहरणों में कुछ अन्तर है। उपर्युक्त उदाहरणों में दिया गया है;-‘one of the best, one of the greatest, one of the heaviest, etc.’ इनके पहले बताए गए उदाहरणों में दिया गया है। ‘the best, the greatest, the heaviest of all, इत्यादि । दोनों प्रकार के वाक्यों के अर्थ में भिन्नता है| The greatest’ का अर्थ है ‘सबसे बड़ा’ और ‘one of the greatest’ का अर्थ है ‘सबसे बड़े-बड़े व्यक्तियों में एक’ । अतः, the greatest का अर्थ ही है greater than all other और one of the greatest का अर्थ है ‘greatest than most other’ । अतः, परिवर्तित वाक्यों में भी भिन्नता रहेगी।

One of the best के स्थान पर comparative degree में better than most other.

The best ” ” ” ” ” ” better than all other या better than any other.

उसी प्रकार positive degree में,
One of the best के स्थान पर Very few …… so good as.
The best ” ” No other ……….. so good as.

7. Interchange of Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences

(i) निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का अध्ययन कीजिए –

Exclamatory – O that I were rich !
Assertive – I wish that I were rich: (या) I earnestly desire to be rich.
Exclamatory – Would that I had not wasted my time when I was young!
Assertive – I wish that I had not wasted my time when I was young.
Exclamatory – If only I could gain the first prize!
Assertive – I wish to gain the firsty prize, (या) I earnestly desire o yain the first prize.

उपर्युक्त उदाहरणों को देखने में मालूम होता है कि यदि exclamatory sentence के आरंभ में (a) If I could only, (b) Would that, (c)O that, (d) If I were इत्यादि हों, तो उन्हें assertive में बदलते समय ‘I wish’ अथवा ‘Tearmestly desire’ आदि कर दिया जाता है।

इस तरह के वाक्यों को पढ़ने से मालूम होता है कि कोई हार्दिक इच्छा व्यक्त की जा रही है। If I were a millionaire ! (यदि मैं लखपति होता !) इस वाक्य को पढ़ने से मालूम होता है कि लखपति होने की इच्छा पूरी नहीं हुई है।

(ii) कुछ अन्य उदाहरणों को देखिए –

Exclamatory – Alas that youth should pass away !
Assertive – It is sad to think that youth should pass away.
Exclamatory – Good heavens! Whatadisaster!
Assertive – It is indeed a great disaster.
Exclamatory – A fireman and afraid of sparks !
Assertive – A fireman should not be afraid of sparks.
Exclamatory – What a piece of work is man !
Assertive – Man is a strange piece of work.

उपर्यक्त उदाहरणों को देखने से मालम होता है कि exclamatorv sentence में जिस बात पर विस्मय प्रकट किया जाता है उसी बात को सीधे-सीधे साधारण रूप में रख देने से assertive sentence बन जाता है। यदि कहें कि ‘कितना सुन्दर यह फूल है।’ तो इसको साधारण तरीके से कहा जा सकता है कि ‘यह फूल बहुत सुन्दर है।’ ठीक उसी तरह अँगरेजी में भी वाक्य का भाव समझकर उसे साधारण प्रकार के वाक्य के वाक्य में परिवर्तित किया जा सकता है । उपर्युक्त वाक्यों के लिए कोई विशेष नियम नहीं बन सकता है। अभ्यास द्वारा विद्यार्थी इस प्रकार के वाक्यों को transform कर सकते हैं।

(iii) कुछ और उदाहरणों को देखिए –
matory – What a fine picture it is !
assertive – It is a very fine picture.
Exclamatory – How sweet it smells !
Assertive – He smells very sweet.
Exclamatory – How funny!
Assertive – It is very funny.

इन वाक्यों के अध्ययन से निम्नलिखित बातें मालूम होती हैं –

(a) Exclamatory sentence यदि how, what या such से आरंभ हो, तो उसे assertive में बदलते समय यह देखना चाहिए कि how, what या such के बाद adjective है या noun. यदि noun है तो how, what या such के स्थान पर ‘great’ आदि शब्द रखकर वाक्य में subject, verb और object या complement को उचित स्थान पर रखिए।

(b) How, what या such के बाद यदि adjective हो तो how, what या such के स्थान पर ‘very’ शब्द रखकर वाक्य में subject, verb और object या complement को उचित स्थान पर रखिए।

(c) Assertive Sentence में सबसे पहले subject, उसके बाद verb, उसके बाद परिवर्तित very या great आदि के बाद क्रमश: adjective या Noun रखना चाहिए।

Miscellaneous Exercises Solved

Question 1.
Transform the following sentences as directed :

1. This box is too heavy to lift (Remove ‘too’)
2. Who Should not punish him ? (Change into passive voice)
3. Can a man live for ever? (Change into ‘Assertive’)
4. He comes to school on time. (Make it emphatic)

Answer:

1. This box is so heavy that one cannot lift it.
2. By whom should he not be punished ?
3. A man cannot live for ever.
4. He does come to school on time.

Question 2.
Transform the following sentences as directed :

1. My father has taught me. (Into passive)
2. You are too lazy to work. (Remove ‘too’)
3. He goes to market in the evening. (Make it emphatic)
4. Bombay is the biggest city in India. (Into positive degree)

Answer:

1. I have been taught by my father.
2. You are so lazy that you cannot work.
3. He does go to market in the evening.
4. No other city in India is as big as Bombay.

Question 3.
Transform the following sentences as directed :

1. The tea is too hot for me to take. (Remove ‘too’)
2. He knows me. (Change into passive voice)
3. It this the way to speak to your elders ? (Change into assertive)
4. I helped him. (Make it emphatic)

Answer:

1. The tea is so hot for me that I can’t take.
2. I am known to him.
3. This is not the way to speak to your elders.
4. I did help him.

Question 4.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning : [(Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. Very few people are as honest as Hari. (To comparative)
2. He is too tired to work (Remove ‘too’)
3. He is very intelligent. (To Interoogative)

Answer:

1. Hari is more honest than most other people.
2. He is so tired that he cannot work.
3. Is he not very intelligent ?

Question 5.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. Can you not pluck this mango. (Into Assertive)
2. He is as tall as Ram. (Into comparative)
3. He is too miser to help anyone. (Remove ‘too’)

Answer:

1. You can pluck this mango.
2. Ram is not taller than him.
3. He is so miser that he cannot help anyone.

Question 6.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning: [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. It is too hot to drink. (Remove ‘too’)
2. Work hard and you will succeed. (Rewrite using if)
3. There is no smoke with out fire. (Negative to Affirmative).

Answer:

1. It is so hot that it cannot be drunk.
2. If you work hard you will succeed.
3. Where there’s smoke. There’s fire.

Question 7.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. Mumbai is the biggest city in India. (Comparative)
2. The gate is something closed. (Negative)
3. Every loves his country. (Interrogative)

Answer:

1. Mumbai is bigger than all other cities in India.
2. The gate is not always open.
3. Who doesn’t love his country.

Question 8.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. The sun is too hot to go out. (Remove ‘too’).
2. He is better than any other boy in the class. (Into positive)
3. He is very good. (Into interrogative)

Answer:

1. The sun is so hot that one can not go out.
2. No other boy in class is so good as he.
3. Is he not very good ?

Question 9.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning: [Board Examination 2009 Arts)

1. No other boy in the class is better than Ram. (Into positive)
2. They are rich. (Into interrogative)
3. I am too tired to work. (Remove ‘too’)

Answer:

1. No other boy is so good as Ram.
2. Are not they rich.
3. I am so tired that I cannot work.

Question 10.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning : (Board Examination 2009 Sc & Com)

1. He is too poor to buy this book. (Remove ‘too’)
2. Hari is taller than all other boys. (into positive degree)
3. Can you climb up this tree? (into Assertive)

Answer:

1. He is so poor that he can not buy this book.
2. No other boy is so tall as Hari is.
3. You can not climb up this tree.

Question 11.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning: [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. Very few people are as honest as Rashid. (Into comparative)
2. The sun is too hot to go out. (Remove too)
3. Can you repair the bridge ? (into Assertive)

Answer:

1. Rashid is more honest than most other people.
2. The sun is so hot that nobody can go out.
3. You can not repair the bridge.

Question 12.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. I want to know the reason of your coming late in the class. (Interrogative sentence)
2. India is the poorest country. (to passive sentence)
3. The sun is too hot.forus to go out (Remove ‘too’)

Answer:

1. May I know the reason of your coming late in the class ?
2. No any country is so poor (or as poor as) as India.
3. The sun is so hot for us that we cannot go out.

Question 13.
Transform the following sentences as directed : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. He is too late to catch the train. (Remove “too”)
2. Sita is not as pretty as Gita ! (To positive degree)
3. Kolkata is the busiest city in India. (To positive degree)

Answer:

1. He is solate that he cannot catch the train.
2. Sita is prettier than Sita.
3. No other city in India is as busy as Kolkata.

Question 14.
Transform the following sentences as directed : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. Can a leopard change his sports? (Into Assertive)
2. Calcutta is the busiest city in India. (Into comparative)
3. He is too weak to walk. (Remove “too”)

Answer:

1. A leopard cannot change his sports.
2. Calcutta is busier than any other city in India. Or, Calcuta is busier than all other cities in India.
3. He is so weak that he cannot walk.

Question 15.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning: (Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. It is too hot to go out. (Remove “too”)
2. He is a great miser. (To comparative)
3. Kolkata is the biggest city in India. (To comparative)

Answer:

1. It is a so hot than I cannot go out.
2. Is he not a great miser ?
3. Kolkata is bigger than all other cities in India. Or, Kolkata is bigger than any other city in India.

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Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Letter and Application Writing Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Letter and Application Writing

Kinds of Letters: There are four kinds of letters
1. Private letters-They are written to relatives and friends.
2. Business letters-They are written to merchants or films in connection with the business.
3. Official letters-They are written by one official to another in an official capacity.
4. Applications-They is written for various purposes, e.g., for the job, for grant of leave, etc.

Question 1.
You are Hemant/Himakshi. Write a letter to the editor of ‘National Herald’, New Delhi expressing your anguish over the problems faced by people due to illicit liquor and the deadly chemicals like Anthrax.
Answer:

B/24, Prithvi Raj Road,
New Delhi
March 3,20.

The Editor
National Herald, New Delhi

I Subject: Problems caused by illicit liquor
Sir,
I take this opportunity to express my deep concern and anguish over the problems caused by illicit liquor and deadly weapons like Anthrax. The news of the death of 70 people in Andhra by consuming Tawdy’ and 1 pouch liquor was really disturbing. It is really callous that certain people, in order to make a few fast bucks can play with the lives of other people. It was learnt that the pouch liquor consumed by the people in Andhra was prepared with a methylated spirit-a poisonous substance. Surely, the law dealing with such crimes is inadequate and more teeth should be provided to deal with .such crimes. The punishment should be exemplary so as to have a deterrent effect Similarly, the scare caused among public regarding chemical weapons like Anthrax is of alarming nature. The vulnerable people are being exposed to the threat of such deadly weapons by the extremists. The Govt. Should crackdown on the source of such chemicals that can have widespread damage in the public.

Yours faithfully
Nishant

Question 2.
Write a letter to the Editor of the magazine ‘Expressions’, New Delhi on the deterioration in the standard of living in your city. Give suggestions for improvement Sign yourself as PMR.
Answer:

F104/2, Mira Road, New Delhi
February 16,20
The Editor Expressions

Subject: Regarding deterioration in the standard of living

Sir,

Through the columns of your esteemed magazine, I want to express my concerns over the deterioration in living standard in Sonipat. The city is crying for civic amenities like an efficient sewage system which seems to crumble particularly during the rainy season. The street lighting is pathetic. Potholes have appeared in all the major roads and need immediate attention.

Then ATM facilities are required in the banks. To start with, at least three ATM centers be opened at Subhash Chowk, Hindu College, and Sec-14 Community center. Online Railway Reservation Facilities need to be provided here. Bill collection facilities for electricity and telephone bills should be given in leading banks as well. It will ease the mad-rush at the collection points.

Then Super Bazars are the primary needs today. To provide perfect competition, leading stores should be encouraged to open their outlet in their chain of superstores. All these things will go a long way in improving the living standard in our city and give a face-lift to it also.

Yours truly
PMR

Question 3.
Write a letter to the editor of the Times of India, complaining about the noise pollution in your locality drawing the attention of the Government to take steps to check the same Sign as Gaurav/Gauri, Janta Nagar, Ahmedabad.
Answer.

628/26, Janata Nagar
Ahmedabad
February 19,20

The Editor
The Times of India
New Delhi

Subject: Regarding noise pollution
Sir,
I wish to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards the 1 noise pollution in our locality through the columns of your esteemed daily. Noise pollution seems to have raining decibels in our locality. Big loudspeakers are blaring noise throughout the day. It is not that the noise decibels rise only during the day. Holy noise from the loudspeakers atop the religious places starts early in the morning. Children getting up early to: concentrate on studies find it very frustrating to find so much of distracting I music drumming into their ears. Then the ‘Jaagrans’ held through out the night are another source of noise pollution. More so, incessant use of pressure horns even in silence zones like hospitals is very disturbing for old land sick persons. People seem to have thrown all the norms to winds and are openly flouting the rules. The Govt, needs to curb such things by taking punitive. I hope you will give proper space to these ideas in your daily.

Yours faithfully
Arundhati

Question 4.
Write a letter to the Editor of the ‘Indian Express’, New Delhi complaining about the frequent breakdown in the supply of electricity in your locality. (Tilak Avenue). Sign yourself as PMR.
Answer:
G-37 Tilak Avenue
Ambala
March 10,20………..
The Editor

Indian Express, New Delhi

Subject: Regarding frequent break down of electricity supply

Sir,

I wish to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards the frequent breakdown of electricity supply in our locality.

The electric supply^ias been far from satisfactory for for quite some weeks now. The blame Ts put on the transformers which are old ones and far too small in their capacity. It results into frequent tripping and the fuses burning out. The people manning the complaint centres are rude and indifferent to the problems faced by people. It takes hours to get even minor faults attended to.

Then, there is too frequent and unannounced load shedding in our area. Ours is not a power theft prone area and should be not on The priority when the load shedding is required. But surprisingly, our locality has to bear the brunt all the time.

The add to the woes of people, the voltage situation is also very gloomy. It causes heavy loss to the electrical gadgets and some of the are rendered non-working due to poor voltage. Ban on the use of air-conditioners during peak hours should be strictly enforced to improve the power situation.

Yours truly
AMR

Question 5.
You are Amrit/Amritha of Bangalore. You are disturbed at the nonavailability of essential commodities in the Fair Price Shops of your area. Write a letter to the Editor of ‘The Hindu’ drawing the attention of the authorities to the irregularities in the Fair Price Shops. (Word limit 150 words)
Answer:
B-49, Gulab Bagh
Bangalore
March 23,20 ……….
The Editor
The Hindu, New Delhi

Subject: Regarding non-availability of essential items in Fair Price Shops

Sir,

I wish to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards the nonavailability of essential commodities in the Fair Price Shops in Bangalore.

Life seems to be getting harder and harder for the common man. It is the prime duty of the govt, to ensure that essential commodities like rice, sugar, candles, etc. are available in the Fair Price Shops. But they seem to be performing the vanishing act the moment they appear. Price Shops. But they seem to be performing the vanishing act the moment they appear. ‘Stocks are over’, this is the sign that always welcomes wrong with the distribution system. May be the hoarders and black-marketeers are hand in glove with high-ups in the Govt.

Buying these commodities from the open market makes holes in the pocket of the budget people. It would be heaving sigh of relief for the already burdened common man if the govt, ensured enough supply of essential commodities.

Yours truly
Raman

Question 6.
In a letter to your father, Inform him of your success at the Test Examination and your preparation for the Final Examination.
Answer:

Govinda Mitra Raod,
Patna-4
5th December, 20………….

My dear Father,

Here is a happy pieces of news for you. You will be glad to know that I secured the first position in my class at the Test Examination.

My Final Examination will begin from the 9th March 2009.1 have got a lot of time for my preparation for the Final Examination. I want to use my time properly. I have already read my textbooks thoroughly. Now I am preparing some model questions in each subject. I have made a time-table for my studies. I am preparing each subject well. I devote enough time to writing-work. I hope that I shall finish my preparation by the end of January. Then I will revise my textbooks.

My teachers expect me to secure a good position at the Final Examination. I hope that I shall come up to their expectations.

Please convey my best regards to Mother.

Yours affectionately,
Ravi

Address- Shri Binod Kumar Sharma,
Statin Road,
Darbhanga.

Question 7.
Write a letter to your friend congratulating him on his success in examination.
Answer:

Ashok Road,
Gaya,
June 15, 200…

My dear Rajiv,

I have just heard of your brilliant success in the Senior Secondary School Examination. Accept my heartiest congratulations on your success.

You have achieved a rare distinction. It is not an essay job to secure the first position. I was sure you must achieve this distinction. Your regular and patient labour has been crowned with success. You have brought glory not only to yourself but to all your friends. Your grand success gives me inspiration. I hope your will achieve similar distinction in future.

When will you arrange a dinner to celebrate your brilliant success ? Don’t forget to invite me to the dinner.

With best wishes.

Yours sincerely,
Rina

Question 8.
Your friend is ill. Write a letter of cheers to him.
Answer:

Golakpur,
Patna-6
January 16, 20…

My dear Suresh,

I am sorry to hear of your illness. Today I got a letter from Umesh who has written about your illness.

He says that you are very much nervous. You might be feeling lonely in your hostel. I think your fellow-boarders must be looking after you. It would be better if you are removed to a hospital.

Don’t lose heart. Cheer up. Your disease is not serious. You will recover in a few days. Give up your sadness. You should take complete rest. I hope to hear about your recovery soon.

With best wishes from,

Yours sincere friend,
Shashi

Question 9.
K.A. University, K. a. The city offers a correspondence course leading to a Diploma in Waste Water Management after plus two. You are Deepak/ Deepti Sinha. Write to the Director, Correspondence course, K. A. University for the brochure and prospectus and enquiring about the job opportunities after completing this course.
Answer:

38, Labour Colony, Patna
March 25,20……
The Director
Correspondence Course
Pants University,
Patna City

Subject: Information regarding Diploma in Waste Water Management

Sir,
This has reference to your advertisement in The Hindustan Times regarding the starting of a Diploma in Waste Management in 2008-09 through correspondence. I have appeared for 10 + 2 (Science Stream) exam, in March this year. I would like to blow that are the job opportunities after completing this course. Please elaborate on all the openings through this course.

I am sending a Demand Draft of Rs. 100/- in your favour for sending me the broucher covering other details regarding the course.

Yours Faithfully,
Denesh Singh

Question 10.
Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) has decided to hire one hun¬dred buses for different routes in the city on a per km basis. Write a letter to the Transport Commissioner, DTC, offering ff ve buses to be hired by them on their terms and conditions.
Answer:

Traffic Manager Krishna Bus Service, Patna
Bihar
October 16,20……..
The Transport Commissioner Delhi
Transport Corporation

Subject: Regarding Hiring of Private Buses

Sir,

This has reference to your advertisement in The Hindustan Times dated October 10,20………….. inviting offers for hiring private buses from the transporters.

Ours is a Premier Transport Company having its fleet of more than 150 buses playing on different routes in Bihar, Jharkhand and Nepal Border U.P. and M.P. We have been in this business for the last 50 years. As such, we have got the necessary experience and expertise to handle the volume of passengers.

We have read the terms and conditions laid down by the corporation and promise to abide by them. We offer for hire on km basis five buses from our fleet Our buses are new, comfortable and fitted with CNG kits in keeping with the pollution norms in Delhi. We assure you to provide ultra-modem buses and very polite and expert crew members. Our disciplined drivers and polite conductors will give no room for complaint The inspection of the buses can be done at your convenience with prior intimation. Other formalities of depositing surety money and giving a three-year bond would be completed soon.

Yours faithfully
A.K Deo
traffic Manager

Question 11.
You are Ravi/Rajani living at 5 Ganesb Bagh, Gaya 3. There is a frequent power cut and voltage fluctuation in your area causing great ‘ inconvenience and damaging electrical appliance. Write a letter to the Assistant Engineer of the Electricity Board of your area explaining the difficulties you face, seeking quick action.
Answer:

5. Ganesh Bagh.
Gaya 3
Electric Bihar State Electricity Bo&rd, Gaya

Subject: Complaint Regarding Frequent Power Cuts

Sir,

I, on behalf of the residents of Ganesh Bagh, wish to draw your attention towards frequent power cuts and voltage fluctuations in our area. These fluctuations not only anise great inconvenience but also damage electrical appliances. The transformers installed are of a small capacity resulting in low voltage and fluctuations. Many costly TV sets and refrigerators have been damaged here due to high voltage. Fan motors are burnt out. Overload on transformers causes frequent trippings melting of fuses. It is requested that transformers of bigger capacity be installed to regularise power supply in our area. I hope you will take a personal interest in the matter and get the faulty transformers replaced at the earliest –

Yours faithfully
Jitendra

Question 12.
You are John/Urmila, Staff Secretary Grant Public School, Patna The State Transport bus which is playing in your route at 8 a. m. has become irregular, putting a large number of students and office-goers in great difficulty. Write a letter to the Bus Depot Incharge complaining about it and requesting him to send the has regularly.
Answer:

Doon Public School
Patna.
The Bus Depot Incharge
State Transport Bus Service
Patna

Subject: Regarding Irregular.ar Bus Service

Sir,

I wish to draw your land attention towards the irregular bus service on Rute No. 28 from Patna City to Doon Public School. A large number of students and teachers take the morning bus at 8 a. m.- on this route to reach their destination. But for quite some time now, this bus service has become very irregular patting to inconveniences a lot of daily commuters on this route. Due to disturbed timings of the bus, students reach late in their schools and office goers also are hard-pressed. The earlier bus service is at 7.15 a. m. which is too early for the students. If the bus timings are put back on the right track, lots of commuters can be saved from avoidable ordeal every morning. I hope you would ensure its timely departure from its scheduled station and oblige us.

Thanking you in anticipation

Yours faithfully
Dhanunjay

Question 13.
Write a letter to the Police Commissioner (Traffic) about the inadequate parking facilities in the commercial street area of Patna, which is causing a lot of inconvenience to the people. You may also offer your suggestions to solve it. You are Rakesh/Renu No. 12, Jayanagar, Patna.
Answer:

The Commissioner of Police (Traffic)
Civil Lines
Patna
July 16, 2013……

Subject: Complaint regarding inadequate parking facilities in commercial street.

Sir,

I wish to draw your kind attention to inadequate parking facilities in Commercial Street, Patna.

It is one of the busiest areas of the city and is frequented by thousands every day. People have to park their vehicles at whatever vacant space they find. It not only causes inconvenience to the public in general but has resulted in vehicles’ theft as well. This area has become a haven for auto lifters. Encroachments on public land are also on the rise. Pheri-wallas and street hawkers have grabbed all the land meant for pedestrians.

It is requested that parking lots be provided and be let out to private contractors on a yearly basis. Encroachers should be dealt with firmly and the public land is freed from their possession.

It would be easing congestion in the busiest commercial area of the city.

Yours faithfully
Renu

R/o 12, Jayanagar
Patna

Question 14.
Write a letter to the General Manager, BSNL., complaining about the unsatisfactory working our your Telephone.
Answer:

The General Manager
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.
Patna
10th August 20……….

Subject: Complaint regarding telephone

Sir,

I take this opportunity to bring to your kind notice the unsatisfactory working of my telephone (Tel. No. 2454011). Several complaints made earlier have yielded no result. So, it was imperative for me to bring it to your notice.

My telephone has remained dead for the last two weeks. The fault is said to be in the underground cable, which has failed to be rectified. At times, there is huge sound disturbance and the telephone is rendered unserviceable.

It is requested that the telephone may be restored without any further delay. I have already faced a lot of difficulty due to my non-functional tele¬phone. I hope my telephone is restored immediately failing which I will be left with no choice but to move the Consumer Court for deficiency of service.

Yours faithfully,
Kaushik Kataria.

B-3/72, G. M. Road
Patna

Question 15.
You are Akshaya/Kajol of 123, Parade Ground Road, Secunderabad. You are interested in doing a short-term course in computer programming during summer vacation. Write a letter to the Director, Computer World, Powai, Mumbai, enquiring about the duration of such a course and the terms and conditions for admission.
Answer:

123, Parade Ground Road :
Secunderabad
Andhra Pradesh
May 28,20……..

The Director
Computer World
Powai
Mumbai

Subject: Information regarding short-term computer programming course

I have just passed my 10 + 2 exam, and desirous of joining short-term computer programming course at your institute. Your premier institute is the clear-cut market leader in computer education. So, I have decided to pursue this crash course. I would feel obliged in you send me the following information at the earliest

(i) Exact duration of the course.
(ii) Total fees payable for the course including tuition fees and hostel charges.
(iii) Last but not the least, I would like to know if each student is provided individual computers at your institute. I won’t like to share my computer with any other student at all.

Thanking your

Yours faithfully
Akshaya.

We believe the information shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English Poem Letter and Application Writing Questions and Answers as far as our knowledge is concerned is true and reliable. In case of any queries or suggestions do leave us your feedback and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on several state board Solutions at your fingertips.

Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book Solutions Story of English Chapter 5 Story of English Poetry Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

Rainbow English Book Class 11 Solutions Story of English Chapter 5 Story of English Poetry

Kick start your preparation by using our online resource Bihar Board Class 11 English Solutions. You can even download the Bihar Board Board Solutions for Class 11 Chapter 5 Story of English Poetry Questions and Answers in Prison free of cost through the direct links available on our page. Clear your queries and understand the concept behind them in a simple manner. Simply tap on the concept you wish to prepare in the chapter and go through it.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Story of English Poetry Textual Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete the statements given below:

(a) Words in a poem are used for …………………. and ………………….
(b) In his poetic words, Chaucer did not use the ………………….
(c) The word Renaissance means ………………….
(d) The three great poets of the Elizabethan period are …………………. and ………………….
(e) The faiery Queene is a ………………….
(f) Shakespeare’s Sonnet’s deal with ………………….
Answer:
(a) Words in a poem are used for their sound and images.
(b) In his poetic words, chaucer did not use the Old English irregular lines and alliteration.
(c) The word Renaissance means rebirth and refers to revival of ancient Greek learning.
(d) The three great poets of the Elizabethan period are Christopher Marlowe, Edum Spencer and William Shakespeare.
(e) The Faiery Queene is aromantic epic based on chivalry.
(f) Shakespeare’s Sonnets deal with tragic failure in love and broken friend-ship.

Answer these questions very briefly :

Question 1.
What does Langland do in “The Vision of the Piers the Plowman?
Answer:
Long man writes in his “The vision of Piers the Plowman” a series of dream visions and he attacks the social ills and urges men to “Learn to Love”.

Question 2.
When was the influence of the Renaissance felt clearly in England?
Answer:
The influence of The Renaissance was felt clearly in England during the period from the accession of Elizabeth in 1558 to the death of James-I in 1625.

Question 3.
Who wrote “Austrophel and Stella”?
Answer:
Sir Philip Sidney who was a noble man as well a talent for writing; wrote the beautiful Sonnet; – “A strohel and Stella” in 1591.

Question 4.
Name the two epics in English.
Answer:
The name of two epics are — “Paradise Lost” and “Paradise Regained”, written by John Milton.

Question 5.
Name four leading Romantic poets of the nineteenth century.
Answer:
Four leading Romantic poets of the nineteenth century were –
(i) James Thomson
(ii) Robert Blair
(iii) William Collins
(iv) Robert Burns

Question 6.
Who has described poetry as the criticism of life ?
Answer:
Mathew Arnold has described poety as the criticism of life.

Question 7.
Name any three Pre-Raphaelites poets.
Answer:
The three Pre-Raphaelites poets are –
(i) Date Gabriel Rossetti
(ii) William Morris
(iii) A.C, Swinburne.

Question 8.
What aspects of modern civilization does T.S. Eliot present in his poems?
Answer:
T.S. Eliot in his poems such as the, ‘The Love Song’ of J. Alfred Prufrock’ and “The Wasteland” presents the hollowness and vulgarity of the modem civilization, which does not hae any awareness of spritual values.

Question 9.
What were the two concerns of the American poets writing in English?
Answer:
The two concerns of the American poets writing in English were –
(i) to define the self
(ii) to identify the nation

Question 10.
What were the major concerns of the early Indian poets in English ?
Answer:
The major concerns of the early Indian poets were –
(i) patriotism
(ii) the glorious past of India.

Question 11.
Name four Canadian poets writing in English.
Answer:
Four Canadian poets writing in English are –
(i) Jeannethe Armstrong
(ii) Claire Harris
(iii) Cyril Dabydeen
(iv) Arnold Itwaru.

Question 12.
Discuss John Milton as a poet [Sample Paper2009 (A)]
Answer:
We know that John Milton is a great puritan poet. He is physically challenged but mentally agile, he is second only to Shakespeare. He lost his eye-sight but developed his insight. His style is called grand style, “Paradise lost” and “ParadiseTegained” are his well known epics. His literary reputation reminds us of Surdas in Hindi Literature. His rich sensibility is every inch obvious in his poems. In this way, John Miltan is an unforgettable literary giant in English.

Question 13.
Discuss William Wordsworth as a poet [Sample Paper 2009]
Answer:
Wiliam Wordsworth wrote lyrics; ballads, odes, sonnets, verse- tales and reflective poems. May it be “Lucy-Poems” or “The Prelude”, his love of nature is always prominent. Nature, for him, is a spiritual presence.. It provides creative training to human sensibility.

The Romantic Revival in English poetry is often associated with the work of Wiliam Wordsworth. The movement refers to a renewed interest in Nature and simple life.

We believe the information shared regarding Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English Chapter 5 Story of English Poetry Questions and Answers as far as our knowledge is concerned is true and reliable. In case of any queries or suggestions do leave us your feedback and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on several state board Solutions at your fingertips.

Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 English aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Bihar Board Solutions for Class 11 Book 50 Marks Solutions Unseen Passages for Comprehension Questions and Answers as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapter wise Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension

PASSAGE NO. 1

Today, India looks like it is on course to join the league of developed nations. It is beginning to establish a reputation not just as the technology nerve centre and back-office to the world but also as its production centre. India’s secularism and democracy serve as a role model for other developing countries. There is great pride in India that easily integrates with a global economy, yet maintains a unique cultural identity.

But what is breathtaking is India’s youth. For despite being an ancient civilization that traces itself to the very dawn of human habitation. India is among the youngest countries in the world. More than half the country is under 25 years of age and more than a third is under 15 years of age.

Brought up in the shadow of the rise of India’s service industry boom, this group feels it can be at least as good as if not better than anyone else in the world. This confidence has them demonstrating a great propensity to consume, throwing away ageing ideas of asceticism and thrift. Even those who do not have enough to consume today feel that they have the capability and opportunity to do so.

The economic activity created by this combination of a growing labour pool and rising consumer demand is enough to propel India to double¬digit economic growth for decades. One Just has to look at the impact that thee baby boomers in the US had over decades of economic activity, as measured by equity and housing prices. This opportunity also represents the greatest threat to India’s future. If the youth of India are not properly educated and if there are not enough jobs created. India will have forever lost its opportunity. There are danger signs in abundance.

Fifty-three per cent of students in primary schools drop out, one-third of children in Class V cannot read, three-quarters of schools do not have a functioning toilet, female literacy is applied 45 per cent and 80 million children in the age group of 6-14 do not even attend school.

India’s IT and BPO industries are engines of job creation, but they still account for only 0.2 per cent of India’s employment. The country has no choice but to dramatically industrialize and inflate its domestic economy. According to a forecast by the Boston Consulting Group, more than half of India’s unemployed within the next decade could be its educated youth. We cannot allow that to happen.

India is stuck in a quagmire of labour laws that hinder employment growth, particularly in the manufacturing sector. Inflexible labour laws inhibit entrepreneurship, so it is quite ironic that laws ostensibly designed to protect labour actually discourage employment.

Answer the following questions briefly :

1. What makes the author think India is on the verge of joining the select band of developed nations? [3]
2. Despite the fact that India is one of the oldest civilizations why does the author say it is young? [3]
3. The author feels that if certain problems are not arrested, India would lose its opportunity. Why would India lose this opportunity? [3]
4. What hinders employment growth? [3]

Answers:

1. India’s self establishment as an important nerve centre of technology and its emergence as a great production centre makes the author think that India is on the verge of joining the select band of developed nations.
2. The author says that despite being one of the oldest civilizations India is young because more than half the country is under 25 years of age and more than a third is under 15 years of age.
3. India would lose its opportunity if the youth of India do not get proper education and if jobs are not created for them.
4. Complex labour laws hinder employment in the manufacturing sector and discourage business industry and employment.

PASSAGE NO. 2

The therapeutic value and healing powers of plants were demonstrated to me when I was a boy of about ten. I had developed an acute persistent abdominal pain that did not respond readily to hospital medication. My mother had taken me to the city’s central hospital on several occasions, where different drugs were tried on me. In total desperation, she took me to Egya Mensa, a well-known herbalist in my home-town in the Western province of Ghana. This man was no stranger to the medical doctors at the hospital He had earned the reputation of offering excellent help when they were confronted with difficult cases where western medicine had failed to effect a cure.

After a brief interview, not very different from what goes on daily in the consulting offices of many general medical practitioners in the United States, he left us waiting in his consulting room while he went out to the field. He returned with several leaves and the bark of a tree and one of his attendants immediately prepared a decoration. I was given a glass of this preparation, it tasted extremely bitter, but within an hour or so I began to feel relieved. The rest of the decoration was put in two large bottles so that I could take doses periodically. Within about three days, the frequent abdominal pains stopped and I recall gaining a good appetite. I have appreciated the healing powers of medicinal plants ever since.

My experience may sound unusual to those who come from urban areas of the developed world, but for those in the less affluent nations, such experiences are a common occurrence. In fact, demographic studies by various national governments and intergovernmental organisations such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) indicate that for 75 to 90 per cent of the rural populations of the world, the herbalist is the only person who handles their medical problems.

In African culture, traditional medical practitioners are always considered to be influential spiritual leaders as well, using magic and religion along with medicines. Illness is handled with the individual’s hidden spiritual powers and with the application of plants that have been found especially to contain healing powers.

(a) On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions:
(i) Why did the author’s mother take him to Egya Mensa? What did Egya Mensa do? [3]
(ii) What do the WHO demographic studies indicate? [3]
(iii) What is the status of traditional medical practitioners in African culture?
(b) Find words in the above passage which convey similar meaning as the following : [l+i+l=3]
(i) often repeated (para 1)
(ii) pertaining to changes concerning people (para 3)
(iii) rich (para 3)
Answers:
(a) (i) The author’s mother took him to Egya Mensa because different modem drags had failed to cure his abdominal pain. Egya Mensa prepared decoration of several leaves and the bark of a tree. Only a glass of the decoration relieved him of the pain.
(ii) The WHO demographic studies indicate that 75 to 90 per cent of the rural population of the world depends totally on the herbalist for their medical problems.
(iii) In African culture, the status of traditional medical practitioner is very prestigious.
(b)
(i) persistent
(ii) demographic
(iii) affluent

PASSAGE NO. 3

Early automobiles were sometimes only ‘horseless carriages’ powered by gasoline or steam engines. Some of them were so noisy that cities often made laws forbidding their use because they frightened horses.

Many countries helped to develop the automobile. The internal- combustion engine was invented in Austria, and France was an early leader in automobile manufacturing. But it was in the United States after 1900 that the automobile was improved most rapidly. As a large and growing country, the United States needed cars and trucks to provide transportation in places not served by trains.

Two brilliant ideas made possible the mass production of automobiles. An American inventor named Eli Whitney thought of one of them, which is known as ‘standardization of parts’. In an effort to speed up production in his gun factory. Whitney decided that each part of a gun could be made by machines so that it would be exactly like all the others of its kind.

Another American, Henry Ford, developed the idea of the assembly line. Before Ford introduced the assembly line, each car was built by hand. Such a process was, of course, very slow. As a result, automobiles were so expensive that only rich people could afford them. Ford proposed a system in which each worker would have only a portion of the wheels. Another would place the wheels on the car. And still, another would insert the bolts that held the wheels to the car. Each worker needed to learn only one or two routine tasks.

But, the really important part of Ford’s idea was to bring the work to the worker. An automobile frame, which looks like a steel skeleton, was put on a moving platform. As the frame moved past the workers, each worker could attach a single part. When the car reached the end of the line, it was completely assembled. Oil, gasoline and water were added and the car was ready to be driven away. With the increased production made possible by the assembly line, automobiles became much cheaper and more and more people were able to afford them.

Today, it can be said that wheels run America. The four rubber tyres of the automobile move America through work and play.

Even though the majority of Americans would find it hard to imagine what life could be without a car, some have begun to realize that the automobile is a mixed blessing. Traffic accidents are increasing steadily and large cities are plagued by traffic congestion. Worst of all, perhaps, is the air pollution caused by the internal-combustion engine. Every car engine bums hundreds of gallons of fuel each year and pumps hundreds of pounds of carbon monoxide and other gases into the air. These gases are one source of the smog that hangs over large cities. Some of these gases are poisonous and dangerous to health, especially for someone with a weak heart or a respiratory disease.

(a) On the basis of your reading, answer the following questions :
(i) How does the standardisation of parts help make mass production possible? [3]
(ii) How does the assembly line help make mass production possible? [3]
(iii) Why do some Americans call the automobile a mixed blessing? (Two points) [3]
(b) Complete the following with a word or phrase from the reading :
(i) Another idea, developed by Henry Ford was the [1]
(ii) With the increased production made possible by the assembly line, cars [1]
(c) Pick out the words from the passage which are similar in meaning to the following [1]
(i) a mixture of smoke and fo Upara 7)

Answers:
(a) (i) Standardisation of parts helps mass production possible by allowing each part being made by machines so that it is exactly like the others of its kind.
(ii) Assembly line allows a worker to make only a portion and thereby helps mass production possible.
(iii) The Americans call the automobile a mixed blessing because on the one hand it runs America but on the other hand it causes accidents and air pollution.
(b) (i) the moving platform which brought the work to the worker.
(ii) became much cheaper.
(c) (i) smog

PASSAGE NO. 4

Smoking is the major cause of mortality with bronchogenic carcinoma of the lungs and is one of the factors causing death due to malignancies of the larynx, oral cavity, oesophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach and uterine cervix and coronary heart diseases.

Nicotine is the major substance present in the smoke that causes physical dependence. The additives do produce damage to the body for example, ammonia can result in a 100-fold increase in the ability of nicotine to enter into the smoke.

Levulinic acid, added to cigarettes to mask the harsh taste of the nicotine, can increase the binding of nicotine to brain receptors, which increases the ‘kick’ of nicotine.

Smoke from the burning end of a cigarette contains over 4000 chemicals and 40 carcinogens. It has long been known that tobacco smoke is carcinogenic or cancer-causing.

The lungs of smokers collect an annual deposit of 1 to 1 Vi pounds of the gooey black material, Invisible gas phase of cigarette smoke contains nitrogen, oxygen and toxic gases like carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen oxides. These gases are poisonous and in many cases interfere with the body’s ability to transport oxygen.

Like many carcinogenic compounds, they can act as tumour promoters or tumour initiators by acting directly on the genetic make-up of cells of the body leading to the development of cancer.

During smoking within the first 8-10 seconds, nicotine is absorbed through the lungs and quickly ‘moved’ into the bloodstream and circulated throughout the brain. Nicotine can also enter the bloodstream through the mucous membranes that line the mouth (if tobacco is chewed) or nose (if snuff is used) and even through the skin. Our brain is made of billions of nerve cells. They communicate with each other by chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.

Nicotine is one of the most powerful nerve poisons and binds stereo-selectively to nicotinic receptors located in the brain, autonomic ganglia, the medulla, neuro-muscular junctions. Located throughout the brain, they play a critical role in cognitive processes and memory?

The nicotine molecule is shaped like a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine which is involved in many functions including muscle movement, breathing, heart-rate, learning and memory. Nicotine, because of

(i) Smoking is the major cause of mortality because it causes cancer in various parts of the body like the lungs, the mouth, the larynx, etc. It also causes the blockage of arteries resulting in heart diseases.
(ii) Nicotine in a cigarette makes the people addicted to it because it causes physical dependence.
(iii) Neurotransmitters are actually chemical messengers which help millions of nerve cells to communicate with one another.
(iv) Nicotine produces toxic effects by attaching itself to the acetylcholine sites of the brain.

PASSAGE NO. 5

I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map. I had expected to be near my objective by now, but everything still seemed alien to me. I was only five when my father had taken; me abroad, and that was eighteen years ago. When my mother had died after a tragic accident, he did not quickly recover from the shock of loneliness. Everything around him was full of her presence, continually reopening the wound. So he decided to emigrate. In the new country, he became absorbed in making a new life for the two of us so that he gradually ceased to grieve. He did not marry again and I was brought up without a woman’s care, but I lacked for nothing for he was both father and mother to me. He always meant to go back one day, but not to stay. His roots and mine had become too firmly embedded in the new land. But he wanted to see the old folk again and to visit my mother’s grave. He became mortally ill a few months before we had planned to go and when he knew that he was dying, he made me promise to go on my own.

I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which I found most helpful on the cross country journey, but which I did not think I should need on the last stage. It was not that I actually remembered anything at all. But my father had described over and over again what we should see every milestone, after leaving the nearest town, so that I was positive I should recognize it is familiar territory. Well, I had been wrong, for I was now lost.

(a) On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions:
(i) Why did the author’s father emigrate? [3]
(ii) Why did the author not feel the absence of his mother after her death? [3]
(iii) Why did the author’s father want to go back to his old village? [3]
(iv) Why had the author come back to the land of his birth? [3]
Answers:
(a) (i) After the death of the author’s mother in an accident, the author’s father suffered from the shock of loneliness. Everything around him reminded him of her presence and memories. So he migrated.
(ii) The author did not feel the absence of his mother after her death because his father played the role of his mother also.
(iii) The author’s father wanted to go back to his old village because he wanted to see the old folk again and visit his wife’s grave.
(iv) The author came back to the land of his birth because he had promised his dying father to do so.

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Bihar Board Class 11 English How English Began Textual Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete the statements given below

(a) English language is ………………. than Persian. [B.M.2009 (A)]
(b) English we speak today has come from ………………. of ………………. tribe. [B.M.2009 (A)]
(c) The Anglo saxon were ………………. people. [B.M.2009 (A)]
(d) Through ………………. English belongs to the ancient ………………. family of languages. [BM.2009(A)]
Answers:
(a) English language is much younger than Persian
(b) English we speak today has come from the speech of the Germanic tribe.
(c) The Anglo-Saxon were Germanic People.
(d) Through Germanic English belongs to the ancient Indo-European family of languages.

Answer these questions very briefly :

Question 1.
Who did the natives of English call Saxons?
Answer:
The natives of England called the Germanic invaders as Saxons.

Question 2.
What did the saxons call the natives of England ?
Answer:
The saxons called the natives of England ‘Wealas’ or foreigners.

Question 3.
What languages were called “English” ? [B.M. 2009 (A)]
Answer:
The languages germanic or teutonic which were closely related to Latin, Greek, Sanskrit and other languages of the Indo-European family (or group) of languages.

Question 4.
When did the name England come into us? Which word did it replace.
Answer:
From about AD 1000, the name England came into existence and use. It came into use in place of Anglecynrt.

Question 5.
Write a brief note how English began. [B.M. 2009 (A)]
Answer:
The English we speak today has developed from the speech of the three Germanic tribes called “Angels”, “Saxons” ad “Jutes”, These three tribes are popularly known as the Anglo-Saxon. These tribes attacked England in the fifth century and gave the country its name and its language. The world “English” has been developed from the name Au gels (Old English, “Engle”).

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